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No / This paper introduces a new technique called species conservation for evolving paral-lel subpopulations. The technique is based on the concept of dividing the population into several species according to their similarity. Each of these species is built around a dominating individual called the species seed. Species seeds found in the current gen-eration are saved (conserved) by moving them into the next generation. Our technique has proved to be very effective in finding multiple solutions of multimodal optimiza-tion problems. We demonstrate this by applying it to a set of test problems, including some problems known to be deceptive to genetic algorithms.

Föreliggande studie handlar om gymnasielevers tolkningsarbete av lyrik med och utan bildmediet som semiotisk resurs. Studien syftar till att bidra med kunskap om elevers tolkningar av poesi och hur det påverkas av att söka och välja visuella representationer av deras tolkning. För att uppfylla syftet har en lärsekvens bestående av två lektioner konstruerats och sedan prövats i praktiken. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom en triangulering av etnografiska observationer, ljudinspelningar av elevers tolkningsarbete och semistrukturerade fokusgruppsamtal med elever. Materialet har i sin tur analyserats och tolkats genom en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet har diskuterats genom ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av didaktisk design, socialsemiotisk teori och Rosenblatts (2002) transaktionsbegrepp. Studien har ett komparativt anslag vilket innebär att elever har tolkat samma dikt utifrån två metoder. Den ena gruppen har använt bilder för att representera dikten och den andra gruppen har enbart diskuterat dikten. Resultatet visar att elevernas arbete med bildmediet har en stor betydelse för tolkningsarbetet. Det möjliggör att eleverna kan se dikten ur olika perspektiv och underlättar för eleverna att diskutera vilka känslor som läsningen väcker. För samtliga av elevgrupperna har tolkningsarbetet präglats av en osäkerhet och ett sökande efter ett korrekt svar på dikten. Resultatet visar även att gruppen har en stor betydelse för elevernas tolkningsarbete.

A multimodal network (MMN) is a novel mathematical construct that captures the structure of biological networks, computational network models, and relationships from biological databases. An MMN subsumes the structure of graphs and hypergraphs, either undirected or directed. Formally, an MMN is a triple (V,E,M) where V is a set of vertices, E is a set of modal hyperedges, and M is a set of modes. A modal hyperedge e=(T,H,A,m) in E is an ordered 4-tuple, in which T,H,A are subsets of V and m is an element of M. The sets T, H, and A are the tail, head, and associate of e, while m is its mode. In the context of biology, each vertex is a biological entity, each hyperedge is a relationship, and each mode is a type of relationship (e.g., 'forms complex' and 'is a'). Within the space of multimodal networks, structural operations such as union, intersection, hyperedge contraction, subnetwork selection, and graph or hypergraph projections can be performed. A denotational semantics approach is used to specify the semantics of each hyperedge in MMN in terms of interaction among its vertices. This is done by mapping each hyperedge e to a hyperedge code algo:V(e), an algorithm that details how the vertices in V(e) get used and updated. A semantic MMN-based model is a function of a given schedule of evaluation of hyperedge codes and the current state of the model, a set of vertex-value pairs. An MMN-based computational system is implemented as a proof of concept to determine empirically the benefits of having it. This system consists of an MMN database populated by data from various biological databases, MMN operators implemented as database functions, graph operations implemented in C++ using LEDA, and mmnsh, a shell scripting language that provides a consistent interface to both data and operators. It is demonstrated that computational network models may enrich the MMN database and MMN data may be used as input to other computational tools and environments. A simulator is developed to compute from an initial state and a schedule of hyperedge codes the resulting state of a semantic MMN model. / Ph. D.