Bakgrund: Långvarig smärta har konsekvenser på såväl individ- som samhällsnivå och är ett stort folkhälsoproblem. Forskning har visat måttligt till starkt vetenskapligt stöd för multimodal rehabilitering (MMR) vid komplex smärtproblematik. Vad fysioterapeuten använder för åtgärder inom MMR och hur samarbetet med andra yrkeskategorier ser ut finns dåligt beskrivet. Syfte: Att kartlägga fysioterapeutens arbete inom ramen för multimodal smärtrehabilitering inom specialistvården (MMR2). Metod: Webbenkätstudie där data samlades in från 71 fysioterapeuter som arbetade på enheter anslutna till Nationella registret över smärtrehabilitering (NRS). Resultat: Fysioterapeuternas arbete bestod framförallt av undervisning/råd och olika former av träning. Strategier för beteendeförändring, övningar i medveten närvaro/kroppsmedvetenhet och hemövningar var andra vanliga åtgärder. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) och Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) användes i flera moment av rehabiliteringen på många enheter. Rehabilitering i grupp var vanligast med aktiva åtgärder som till exempel träning. Rehabiliteringsperioden var vanligen 8-11 veckor, under vilken patienten träffade en fysioterapeut flera gånger i veckan. Teamen hade ett tätt samarbete med regelbundna teamträffar, uppföljningar och gemensamma åtgärder. Slutsats: Fysioterapeutens arbete inom MMR2 utgår från ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv där tyngdpunkten ligger i att återställa och/eller förbättra kroppsfunktion. Fysioterapeuterna har bred kompetens och lång erfarenhet vilket möjliggör att deras kunskaper om kroppen och rörelsesystemet kan integreras med åtgärder för beteendeförändring. Tillsammans med övriga yrkeskategorier täcker fysioterapeutens arbete in alla domäner i Klassifikation av funktionstillstånd, funktionshinder och hälsa (ICF). För en ökad förståelse kring vad som styr valet av fysioterapeutiska åtgärder inom MMR2 och hur arbetet med dessa åtgärder ser ut i den kliniska vardagen behövs fortsatt forskning. / Background: Chronic pain is a common cause for patients seeking care. The consequences of chronic pain can be seen at both individual and social level. Research has shown moderate to strong scientific support for multimodal rehabilitation (MMR) in complex pain problems. What the physiotherapist uses for interventions within MMR and how the collaboration with other occupational categories works is poorly described. Aim: To study what interventions physiotherapist’s use in multimodal pain rehabilitation in specialist care settings (MMR2) in Sweden. Methods: Web survey study where data was collected from 71 physiotherapists working at units connected to the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP). Results: The most common interventions were teaching/counseling and various forms of exercise. Strategies for behavioral change, mindfulness/body awareness and homework exercises are other commonly used interventions. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) were used in several stages of rehabilitation on many units. Rehabilitation in group were the most common form of work and the interventions are primarily patient active as physical activity. The rehabilitation period were usually 8-11 weeks, where the patient saw a physiotherapist several times a week. The teams worked closely with regular team meetings, follow-ups and sometimes joint actions such as patient education and group training. Conclusion: The physiotherapist's work in MMR2 is based on a biopsychosocial perspective where the focus lies in restoring and/or improving body function. Physiotherapists have broad competence and long experience, enabling their knowledge about the body and the movement system to be integrated with behavioral change technics. Together with other occupational categories, the physiotherapist's work covers all domains in the Functional Classification, Disability and Health Classification (ICF). For increased understanding of the choice of physiotherapeutic interventions within MMR2, and how these interverventions works in the clinical setting, further research is needed.

The aim of this study is to describe how four teachers in middle school work to verbally support students´ language and comprehension of subject-specific concepts, and also illustrate what teachers´ express they consider is linguistic development. The research questions posed in this study are: which multimodal linguistic representations do the teachers use in a group to verbally support students’ linguistic development, and what do the teachers consider to be linguistic methods.   The study is a qualitative study with two different methods. The study set out to explore what multimodal linguistic support the teachers’ use in classroom, through observations using an observation scheme based on communicative representations. To find out, what teachers consider, is linguistic development, an interview in a focus group with the observed teachers was conducted. The sociocultural perspective on language and teaching, where learning is considered as a social process together with others, is used in the analysis collected for data. It was found that the teachers in the study use multimodal linguistic support for the students with learning difficulties. The students are able to be involved in the lessons. The teachers often use subject-specific concepts so that they will be well known and used by the students themselves. The teachers talk about linguistic development as subject-specific concepts and have not reflected that they develop the student’s language through the multimodal linguistic methods they use in their daily work with the group, both individually and collective.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-12-07T11:49:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5234127 bytes, checksum: f7c2442ee1d8d825b4409008fd4a6105 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T11:49:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5234127 bytes, checksum: f7c2442ee1d8d825b4409008fd4a6105 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Life of Human beings, currently, is totally linked to new technologies which, definitely, come to stay, attracted people attention. Those technologies made daily activities easier and faster. All these facilities propose a virtual environment a place of interaction and research, particularly concerning how language is handle by youth. In this context, the way to develop teaching school has been hard and considered like a disadvantage competition being school far from away student’s reality: these use technologies frequently day by day. Considering this fact, we decided to work on this issue in a primary school in the city of João Pessoa, with the main objective, to understand that the use of the media favors the educational practice, when the orientation is focused to the conscious use of the virtual environment to encourage research and systematization of information on the network for the construction of knowledge. Seeing all these statements, we took as theorical background of studies as Levi (2010), Schmitd-Cohen (2013), Moran (2010), among others, these scholar brings important contributions about how technologies as a big phenomena and the urgent modification education environment has to receive, in order can follow this evolutionary process. We also saw studies that underground literacies practices at school, hypertext and multiliteracies concepts. To do that we looked at Marcuschi (2010), Antunes (2003), Xavier (2010)and Rojo (2012), among others scholars. Based on these studies and based on approaches, we realized a research using questionnaires to teachers and students to bound the plot around school/field in Action Research. From this view, we elaborate and developed a pedagogical intervention as searching with didactical sequences just in what is proposed by Schenewly and Dolz (2004) In the early period of sequence, students ninth grade from mentioned school used their previous knowledge about technology to produced videos on semiotics language. They also produced a first version of electronic genre/support Blog. After analyze and reflection about these first productions in modularization period, they received pedagogical support on multiliteracies form to change they knew previously, leaning new concepts and new language production, reflecting about written and making communication on specific functions and goals. At the final production there was a presentation to school community of the Blog “Portal S. A, conscientizando vidas”, electronic genre which lead like a support to publicize their productions. The experience was measured by school like in order to not only for develop communicative competences in our students but also it provides innovator technology contemporary uses as a great helper for teaching and learning construction. / A vida dos seres humanos atualmente está atrelada às inovações tecnológicas que atraem as pessoas por tornar as atividades cotidianas mais rápidas e mais fáceis. Toda essa dinamicidade, especialmente no modo como a linguagem é produzida, faz do ambiente virtual um local de procura e de acesso constante, especialmente pelos nossos jovens. Nesse contexto, a atuação da escola se torna mais difícil, pelo fato de competir em desvantagem com o universo virtual. Diante dessa constatação, decidimos trabalhar essa questão em uma escola de ensino fundamental do município de João Pessoa-PB, tendo como principal objetivo, entender que o uso da mídia favorece a prática educativa, quando a orientação é focalizada para o uso consciente do meio virtual no sentido de incentivar a pesquisa e a sistematização de informações presentes na rede em prol da construção do conhecimento. Para amparar essa prática, fomos buscar, nos constructos teóricos de estudiosos como Lévy (2010), Schmidt/Cohen (2013), Moran (2010) e outros, reflexões sobre as mudanças trazidas pelo fenômeno tecnológico e as modificações urgentes que o setor de educação tem que sofrer para acompanhar esse processo evolutivo. Analisamos, também, pesquisas que amparam as práticas de letramento na escola e os conceitos de hipertexto e de multiletramentos, visitando estudiosos como Marcuschi (2010); Antunes (2003); Xavier (2010), Rojo (2012), dentre outros. Com base nessas abordagens, realizamos uma pesquisa utilizando-se de questionários junto aos professores e alunos para delimitar a problemática na escola/campo da pesquisação. A partir do diagnóstico, elaboramos e executamos uma intervenção pedagógica em forma de sequência didática, segundo o que sugere Schnewly e Dolz (2004). Na fase de produção inicial dessa sequência, os alunos do nono ano da referida escola, utilizaram seus conhecimentos prévios acerca das tecnologias contemporâneas, para realizar produções em vídeo com linguagem multissemiótica. Produziram, também, uma primeira versão do gênero/suporte eletrônico Blog. Após análise e reflexão sobre essas primeiras produções, na etapa de modularização, receberam apoio pedagógico nos moldes dos multiletramentos para transformar o que já sabiam, em conhecimento e preencher as lacunas de aprendizagem, apreendendo conceitos, conhecendo novas formas de produção de linguagem, refletindo sobre a escrita e realizando comunicações com funções e objetivos específicos. A produção final culminou com a apresentação, para toda a comunidade escolar, do Blog “Portal S. A: conscientizando vidas”, gênero eletrônico que serviu de suporte para divulgar suas produções. A experiência foi avaliada pela escola como muito positiva, pelo fato não só de desenvolver nos alunos competências comunicativas, mas por proporcionar o uso inovador das tecnologias contemporâneas como coadjuvantes no processo de ensino e aprendizagem.

Submitted by Raissa Viviani Silva (rai.viviani@gmail.com) on 2018-05-18T20:07:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - FINAL.pdf: 1418071 bytes, checksum: fe6a2edeed81c23b62249cc4cfdf1352 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-05-22T13:28:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rv_me_bauru.pdf: 1327635 bytes, checksum: 0057b938497adc52761fd88e9cdec3cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T13:28:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rv_me_bauru.pdf: 1327635 bytes, checksum: 0057b938497adc52761fd88e9cdec3cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-29 / Altas Habilidades/Superdotação (AH/SD) é um tema que há tempos desperta interesse na sociedade. Atualmente no Brasil, pesquisadores, buscam investigar as medidas mais eficazes de identificação e atendimento com vistas à escolarização desse público. No entanto, apesar do reconhecimento da importância de uma identificação e intervenção adequada, esses processos ainda se deparam com muitas barreiras que dificultam o acesso desses alunos ao atendimento educacional especializado. Devido a esse contexto, a presente pesquisa, tem por objetivo verificar a compatibilidade entre as avaliações dos professores e os resultados dos instrumentos aplicados nos alunos com indicadores de AH/SD por meio de uma avaliação multimodal, que engloba o desempenho intelectual, escolar e criativo em uma escola da rede de ensino estadual do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os professores do ensino fundamental, do 1º ao 9º ano responderam à Lista de Observação de Sala de Aula, que resultou na indicação de 30 alunos compondo assim a presente amostra. Para a avaliação da Inteligência foram utilizados dois instrumentos: Escala Weschler de Inteligência (WISC-IV) e as Matrizes Progressivas de Raven. Como medida da criatividade utilizou-se o Teste de Criatividade Figural Infantil (TCFI), e o desempenho escolar foi avaliado por meio do Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE). Considerando os resultados obtidos nos instrumentos, a maioria dos alunos atingiu pontuação média superior e superior no Raven, WISC-IV e TDE, em contrapartida, a maioria dos alunos atingiu classificação Inferior no TCFI. Para confirmar as AH/SD, foi criado um protocolo de avaliação sendo que, da amostra geral, um total de 20 alunos correspondeu aos critérios, confirmando as AH/SD. Houve ainda, a correlação dos resultados obtidos pelos alunos nos instrumentos. Verificou-se correlação negativa moderada entre o Fator 2 do TCFI com os subtestes de Aritmética e Resultado Total do TDE; correlação positiva moderada entre o Fator 1 do TCFI com o IMO do WISC-IV; entre o Percentil total do TCFI com o QI total do WISC-IV e entre o subteste de Leitura do TDE com o ICV do WISC-IV. Como apontado pela literatura, não se verificaram correlações significativamente fortes entre os resultados dos instrumentos, o que indica a necessidade de maiores investigações referentes às relações entre os constructos avaliados. Os resultados iniciais apontam para a importância das iniciativas de identificação, bem como a avaliação no campo das AH/SD e ainda, ressaltam a necessidade em investir na formação dos professores, tendo em vista seu papel central na identificação e atendimento de alunos com AH/SD. / Giftedness is a subject that has caused interest in society for a long time . Currently in Brazil, researchers seek for investigate the most effective measures of identification and educational services in a view of schooling this public. However, despite knowing the importance of adequate identification and intervention, these processes still face many obstacles that hamper the access of these students to specialized educational services. In this context, the presen t research aims to raise the hypothesis of a multimodal evaluation, which has objective of evaluate intellectual, schol ar and creative performance of students with giftedness indicators nominated by their respective teachers in a s tate education al school network in the interior of the State of São Paulo. Primary school teachers, from 1st to 9th grade, responded to the Classroom Observation List, which resulted in an indication of 30 students composing the present sample. In the intelligence evaluation, two instruments were used: Weschler Intelligence Scale (WISC - IV) and Raven Progressive Matrices. As a creativity measure, the Infant Figural Creativity Test (TCFI) was used, and the school performance was evaluated through the School Performance Test (TDE). Considering the results obtained in the instruments, the majority of the students reached higher average scores in Raven, WISC - IV and TDE, in contrast, the most of students reached a lower score in the TCFI. In order to confirm the giftedness, an arbitrary evaluation protocol was created and 20 students of the general sample met the criteria, confirming the giftedness. There was also the results correlation obtained by the students in the instruments. There was a moderate negative correlation between the Fa ctor 2 of the TCFI with the subtests of Arithmetic and Total Result of the TDE; moderate positive correlation between the Factor 1 of the TCFI and the WISC - IV IMO; between the total TCFI Percentile with the total WISC - IV IQ and between the TDE Reading subt est and the WISC - IV ICV. As pointed out in the literature, there were no significant strong correlations between the results of the instruments, which indicates the need of further investigations regarding relationships in evaluated constructs. The initial results point to the importance of identification initiatives, as well as the evaluation in the field of giftedness, and emphasizes the need to invest in teacher training, in view of identificatio n central and educational service o n gifted students.

Este trabalho está voltado à avaliação dos problemas do transporte intermodal sob efeito de restrições sazonais que, usualmente, não são consideradas na fase de planejamento e dimensionamento da frota. E, considerando a sobreposição de dois fatores sazonais restritivos ao longo da cadeia de transportes - a variação na produção de grãos ao longo do ano e a sazonalidade das cotas de nível d\'água nas hidrovias -, um modelo de simulação de eventos discretos mostra as impedâncias sofridas no sistema pela junção de fatores restritivos bem fortes. É possível avaliar o impacto dessas restrições não só no nível de utilização dos silos intermediários e silagem do porto, mas também no número de veículos necessários para fazer o transporte de commodities na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Em um sistema de transporte composto pelos modais rodoviário, hidroviário e marítimo, no qual o modelo de simulação abrange desde a produção nas fazendas, passando pelo transporte de caminhão até os armazéns intermediários, posteriormente com o transporte fluvial com destino ao porto para exportação. O presente estudo traz uma série de comparações entre cenários para avaliação dos gargalos existentes neste sistema de transporte intermodal, especialmente avaliando cenários com e sem as restrições sazonais, assim como análises de sensibilidade de performance de equipamentos de carregamento e descarregamento, nos quais a frota e os estoques necessários são substancialmente diferentes se a sazonalidade não for considerada. / This work focuses on the evaluation of the intermodal transport problems under the influence of seasonal constraints that are not usually considered on the phase of planning and sizing the fleet. Considering the superposition of two different seasonal factors along the transportation chain - first one the variation on grain production and the second one the level of water in the waterways throughout the year -, a discrete event simulation model was built to show the real effects of those constraints in the grain supply chain. So, it is possible to evaluate the impact of those constraints not only on the usage level of storages in this system, but also the number of vehicles required to transport this commodities from the Midwest of Brazil to the port. In a complex multimodal transportation system, the simulation model in this work includes roadways, waterways and seaways to transport all the cargo from farms to the final costumer. This study is composed by a number of scenarios to evaluate the bottlenecks in this intermodal transportation system, specially analyzing scenarios with and without seasonal constraints, as well as analysis of sensitivity of performance of equipment of loading and unloading, in which the fleet and the required stocks are substantially different if seasonality is not considered. In other words, it is possible to evaluate the risks involved when managers are making decisions if they do not take in consideration any of those seasonal constraints.

Orientador: Denise Bertoli Braga / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T22:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rego_IzabeldeMoraesSarmento_M.pdf: 2252960 bytes, checksum: c4546f902c7c44ae0bf9cba2f4b0b384 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa busca refletir sobre o descompasso que existe entre as metodologias de ensino de língua estrangeira e as necessidades comunicativas da atualidade. Preocupado com essa questão, o estudo discute a inserção das novas tecnologias na aula de espanhol como língua estrangeira. A pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que o uso das novas tecnologias nas tarefas pedagógicas é um caminho necessário para atualizar o ensino de língua estrangeira adaptando-o às demandas do contexto atual no qual se inserem os estudantes universitários. Entende-se que tal contexto exige a familiaridade com as novas tecnologias e com a leitura crítica das informações veiculadas na mídia e isso pressupõe a interação com textos multimodais na língua alvo. O estudo empírico realizado foi centrado em atividades pedagógicas que tinham como objetivo a produção de um texto publicitário. A finalidade central desse estudo foi investigar se a produção de textos publicitários favorece a aquisição de itens de língua, contribui para o desenvolvimento do letramento digital e da leitura crítica dos estudantes envolvidos. Na realização da tarefa pedagógica proposta - produção de uma publicidade contra o consumismo - constatou-se que os estudantes superaram as expectativas iniciais no que se refere ao domínio das ferramentas técnicas, necessárias para produção de textos multimodais na Internet. A análise dos dados indicou que a tarefa proposta favoreceu a aprendizagem da língua espanhola, o desenvolvimento da reflexão social crítica e permitiu levantar questões sobre a competência dos alunos testados em relação à leitura e produção de textos multimodais. Os resultados também apontaram para a necessidade de se trabalhar a reflexão social crítica e a leitura e produção de textos multimodais / Abstract: This study explores the mismatch between foreign language teaching methodologies and the communicative needs of today by analyzing the integration of new technologies in the classroom in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language. It assumes that the adoption of new technologies in the teaching of a foreign language is indispensible for contextualizing learning, and that new technologies are required for the critical reading of reports in the media, presupposing the interaction with multimodal texts in the target language as a way of building familiarity with the foreign context. Empirical research was focused in educational activities that were intended to produce an advertisement. The central goal of this research was to investigate if whether the production of advertising copy promotes the acquisition of language items, contributes to the development of digital literacy and the development of critical reading of the students involved. In carrying out the educational task proposed (the production of an advertising against consumerism) it was found that students exceeded initial expectations with regard to mastery of the technical tools necessary for the production of the multimodal texts on the web. Analysis of the data indicated that the proposed task favored learning of Spanish, the development of critical social reflection and raised questions about the competence of students tested for reading and production of multimodal texts. The results also pointed to the need to work on critical social reflection and the critical reading and production of multimodal texts / Mestrado / Linguagem e Tecnologia / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Le neurofeedback (NF) est une technique consistant à renvoyer à un individu des informations sur son activité cérébrale en temps réel, lui permettant ainsi d'apprendre à mieux en contrôler certains aspects pour la réorganiser de manière durable. Des effets spécifiques sur les fonctions émotionnelles, cognitives ou comportementales du sujet sont supposés accompagner l'entraînement par NF, ce qui fait du NF une technique prometteuse pour la rééducation du cerveau de patients souffrant de troubles neurologiques ou psychiatriques et pour l'optimisation de la performance chez les sujets sains. Le NF a été étudié comme outil de rééducation cérébrale dans un grand nombre de troubles neurologiques et psychiatriques. Pourtant, son déploiement au sein de l'arsenal thérapeutique est restreint par le manque de preuves concluantes sur sa réelle efficacité. Les limitations inhérentes aux modalités de mesures de l'activité cérébrale pourraient être une des raisons à l'origine de cette efficacité débattue. En effet, la plupart des approches de NF reposent sur l'exploitation d'un seul type de modalité, l'EEG et l'IRMf étant les plus répandues. Alors que l'EEG est peu coûteux et bénéficie d'une haute résolution temporelle (milliseconde), sa résolution spatiale (quelques centimètres) est limitée par la conduction volumique de la tête et le nombre d'électrodes employées. De plus, la localisation de sources à partir de l'EEG est imprécise du fait qu'elle constitue un problème inverse mal posé. De manière complémentaire, l'IRMf rend possible l'auto-régulation de régions cérébrales spécifiques avec une haute résolution spatiale (millimètres) mais pâtit d'une faible résolution temporelle (seconde). La combinaison de l'EEG et de l'IRMf s'est révélée fructueuse dans l'étude des fonctions cérébrales chez l'homme, pourtant elle a rarement été exploitée pour des applications de NF. Dans le cadre du NF, elle permet d'évaluer et de valider différents paradigmes de manière transmodale. Mais surtout, elle ouvre un champ de possibilités pour le développement de nouvelles approches de NF qui mélangeraient les deux modalités, soit à l'étape de calibration soit pour produire un signal de NF bimodal. La combinaison de l'EEG et de l'IRMf pose de nombreux défis relatifs à la physiologie, au design expérimental, à la qualité des données, ainsi qu'à leur analyse/intégration et leur interprétation. Ces défis sont d'autant plus grands si l'EEG et l'IRMf sont destinés à être utilisés simultanément pour le calcul du signal de NF, du fait de la contrainte de temps-réel et de la difficulté de définir des tâches expérimentales compatibles avec les natures divergentes de l'EEG et de l'IRMf. La partie théorique de cette thèse vise à identifier les aspects méthodologiques qui diffèrent entre le NF-EEG et le NF-IRMf ainsi qu'à examiner les motivations et les stratégies pour combiner l'EEG et l'IRMf dans le cadre du NF. Parmi ces différentes stratégies de combinaison, nous avons choisi de nous focaliser sur le NF-EEG-IRMf bimodal car il apparaît comme une approche prometteuse et n'a quasiment pas été étudié. La faisabilité de cette approche a récemment été démontrée, faisant ainsi place à un tout nouveau champ d'investigation. Cette thèse vise à répondre aux questions suivantes : quelle est la valeur ajoutée du NF bimodal par rapport au NF unimodal ; existe-t-il des mécanismes spécifiques engagés lorsqu'un individu apprend à contrôler deux signaux de NF ; comment intégrer l'EEG et l'IRMf pour produire un seul feedback ? La partie expérimentale de cette thèse se focalise donc sur le développement et l'évaluation de méthodes de NF-EEG-IRMf. Afin de conduire des expériences de NF bimodal, nous commençons par mettre en place une plateforme EEG-IRMf temps-réel. Ensuite, dans une première étude, nous comparons les effets du NF-EEG-IRMF, du NF-EEG et du NF-IRMf. Enfin, dans une seconde étude nous proposons et évaluons deux types de feedbacks intégrés pour le NF-EEG-IRMf. / NF is the process of feeding back real-time information to an individual about his/her ongoing brain activity, so that he/she can train to self-regulate neural substrates of specific behavioral functions. NF has been extensively studied for brain rehabilitation of patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders. However its effective deployment in the clinical armamentarium is being held back by the lack of evidence about its efficacy. One of the possible reason for the debated efficacy of current approaches could be the inherent limitations of single imaging modalities. Indeed, most NF approaches rely on the use of a single modality, EEG and fMRI being the two most widely used. While EEG is inexpensive and benefits from a high temporal resolution (millisecond), its spatial resolution (centimeters) is limited by volume conduction of the head and the number of electrodes. Also source localization from EEG is inaccurate because of the ill-posed inverse problem. In a complementary way, fMRI gives access to the self-regulation of specific brain regions at high spatial resolution (millimeter) but has low temporal resolution (second). Combined EEG-fMRI has proven much valuable for the study of human brain function, however it has rarely been exploited for NF purpose. In the context of NF, combining EEG and fMRI enables cross-modal paradigm evaluation and validation. But more interestingly it opens up avenues for the development of new NF approaches that would mix both modalities, either at the calibration phase or to provide a bimodal NF signal. Combined EEG-fMRI poses numerous challenges with regard to basic physiology, study design, data quality, analysis/integration and interpretation. These challenges are even greater if EEG and fMRI are both to be used simultaneously for online NF computation, because of the real-time constraint and the difficulty to find a task design compatible with EEG and fMRI' diverging natures. The theoretical part of this PhD dissertation aims at identifying methodological aspects that differ between EEG-NF and fMRI-NF and at examining the motivations and strategies for combining EEG and fMRI for NF purpose. Among these combination strategies, we choose to focus on bimodal EEG-fMRI-NF as it seems to be one of the most promising approach and is mostly unexplored. The feasibility of this approach was recently demonstrated and opened an entire new field of investigation. First and foremost, we would like to address the following questions: what is the added value of bimodal NF over unimodal NF; are there any specific mechanisms involved when learning to control two NF signals simultaneously; how to integrate EEG and fMRI to derive a single feedback ? The experimental part of this PhD dissertation therefore focuses on the development and evaluation of methods for bimodal EEG-fMRI-NF. In order to conduct bimodal NF experiments, we start by building up a real-time EEG-fMRI platform. Then in a first study, we compare for the first time bimodal EEG-fMRI-NF with unimodal EEG-NF and fMRI-NF. Eventually, in a second study, we introduce and evaluate two integrated feedback strategies for EEG-fMRI-NF.

La vision de nuit des pilotes d’hélicoptère est artificiellement assistée par un dispositif de vision bas niveau de lumière constitué d’un intensificateur de lumière (IL) couplé à une caméra numérique d’une part, et d’une caméra infrarouge (IR) d’autre part. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’améliorer ce dispositif en ciblant les défauts afin de les corriger.Une première partie consiste à réduire le bruit dont souffrent les images IL. Cela nécessite d’évaluer la nature du bruit qui corrompt ces images. Pour cela, une méthode d’estimation automatique du bruit est mise en place. L’estimation repose sur la détection non paramétrique de zones homogènes de l’image. Les statistiques du bruit peuvent être alors être estimées à partir de ces régions homogènes à l’aide d’une méthode d’estimation robuste de la fonction de niveau de bruit par minimisation l1.Grâce à l’estimation du bruit, les images IL peuvent alors débruitées. Nous avons pour cela développé dans la seconde partie un algorithme de débruitage d’images qui associe les moyennes non locales aux méthodes variationnelles en effectuant une régularisation adaptative pondérée parune attache aux données non locale. Une adaptation au débruitage de séquences d’images permet ensuite de tenir compte de la redondance d’information apportée par le flux vidéo, en garantissant stabilité temporelle et préservation des structures fines.Enfin, dans la troisième partie les informations issues des capteurs optique et infrarouge sont recalées dans un même référentiel. Nous proposons pour cela un critère de recalage multimodal basé sur l’alignement des contours des images. Combiné à une résolution par montée de gradient et à un schéma temporel, l’approche proposée permet de recaler de façon robuste les deuxmodalités, en vue d’une ultérieure fusion. / Night vision for helicopter pilots is artificially enhanced by a night vision system. It consists in a light intensifier (LI) coupled with a numerical camera, and an infrared camera. The goal of this thesis is to improve this device by analyzing the defaults in order to correct them.The first part consists in reducing the noise level on the LI images. This requires to evaluate the nature of the noise corrupting these images, so an automatic noise estimation method has been developed. The estimation is based on a non parametric detection of homogeneous areas.Then the noise statistics are estimated using these homogeneous regions by performing a robust l`1 estimation of the noise level function.The LI images can then be denoised using the noise estimation. We have developed in the second part a denoising algorithm that combines the non local means with variational methods by applying an adaptive regularization weighted by a non local data fidelity term. Then this algorithm is adapted to video denoising using the redundancy provided by the sequences, hence guaranteeing temporel stability and preservation of the fine structures.Finally, in the third part data from the optical and infrared sensors are registered. We propose an edge based multimodal registration metric. Combined with a gradient ascent resolution and a temporel scheme, the proposed method allows robust registration of the two modalities for later fusion.

Magister Educationis - MEd / Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 – ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners’ writing skills. The research also analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to onstruct and convey meaning. The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s) available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing learners’ writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and factors which build on learners’ prior experiences and creativity. / South Africa

Ces dernières années, l’utilisation de la vidéo comme support de diffusion de l’information est devenue prépondérante. Selon certains analystes, d’ici 2017, environ 90% de la bande passante mondiale sera consommée par des services utilisant des flux vidéos. Basées sur ce genre de services, les solutions de cloud gaming se démocratisent. Ces solutions ont été imaginées dans un contexte de développement fort du paradigme de cloud computing, et elles ont été dopées par la prolifération des terminaux mobiles ainsi que par la qualité des réseaux qui ne cesse de croître. Les technologies mises en œuvre dans ce type de solutions se réfèrent au rendu à distance. Pour permettre au plus grand nombre l’accès à ce type d’applications, mais aussi pour maximiser le nombre de clients par serveur, il est primordial de maîtriser au mieux la bande passante nécessaire au bon fonctionnement du service. Toutes les solutions de cloud gaming existantes utilisent une compression vidéo pour la transmission des images générées sur un serveur et à destination d’un client : le pixel règne en maître. Néanmoins, il existe bien d’autres façons de représenter une image numérique, notamment de manière paramétrique. Un certain nombre de travaux – à la fois sur l’image et la vidéo – montrent que cette approche est viable. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un espace de représentation hybride afin de réduire le débit binaire. Notre approche repose à la fois sur une approche pixel, mais aussi sur une approche paramétrique pour la compression d’un même flux vidéo. L’utilisation de deux systèmes de compression nécessite la définition de zones, auxquelles s’appliqueront les différents encodeurs. Pour le cas d’utilisation choisi, l’utilisateur étant un joueur impliqué de manière active dans la chaîne de rendu, il est intéressant d’utiliser un partitionnement de l’image dépendant des zones ou se porte son attention. Pour déterminer les zones importantes à ses yeux, un eye-tracker a été utilisé sur plusieurs jeux et par plusieurs testeurs. Cette étude permet de mettre en avant différentes corrélations, tant au niveau des caractéristiques des images que du type de jeu utilisé. Cette étude permet de connaître les zones que le joueur regarde ou ne regarde pas directement (obtention des « cartes d’attention sélective »), et ainsi de gérer les encodeurs en conséquence. Nous établissons ensuite l’architecture et l’implémentation d’un tel encodeur multimodal (que nous appelons « transmodeur ») afin d’établir la preuve de réalisation d’un tel encodeur. Profitant alors de la maîtrise complète de l’implémentation, nous nous livrons ensuite à l’analyse de l’influence des paramètres de notre transmodeur quant à son efficacité au moyen d’une étude objective. Le transmodeur a été intégré dans la chaîne de rendu utilisée par le projet XLcloud. Un certain nombre d’améliorations (au niveau des performances notamment) seront nécessaires pour une utilisation en production, mais il est dès à présent possible de l’utiliser de manière fluide en se limitant à des résolutions spatiales légèrement inférieures au 720p et à 30 images par seconde / The use of video as an information dissemination support has become preponderant during the last few years. According to some analysts, by 2017 approximately 90% of the world's bandwidth will be consumed by video streaming services. These services have encouraged cloud gaming solutions to become more democratic. Such solutions have been devised in the context of strong development of the cloud-computing paradigm, and they were driven by the proliferation of mobile devices as well as growing network quality. The technologies used in this kind of solutions refer to as remote rendering. They allow the execution of multiple applications, while maximizing the number of clients per server. Thus, it is essential to control the necessary bandwidth to allow the required functionality of various services. The existing cloud gaming solutions in the literature use various methods of video compression to transmit images between sever and clients (pixels reigns supreme). However, there are various other ways of encoding digital images, including parametric map storage and a number of studies encourage this approach (for both image and video). In this thesis, we propose a hybrid representation of space in order to reduce the bit rate. Our approach utilizes both pixel and parametric approaches for the compression of video stream. The use of two compression techniques requires defining the area to be covered by different encoders. This is accomplished by including user to the life cycle of rendering, and attending to the area mostly concerned to the user. In order to identify the area an eye-tracker device was used on several games and several testers. We also establish a correlation between the characteristics of images and the type of game. This helps to identify areas that the player looks directly or indirectly (“maps of selective attention"), and thus, encoders are manager accordingly. For this thesis, we details and implement the architecture and algorithms for such multi-model encoder (which we call "transmodeur") as proof of concept. We also provide an analytical study of out model and the influence of various parameters on transmodeur and describe in effectiveness through an objective study. Our transmodeur (rendering system) has been successfully integrated into XLcloud project for rendering purposes. A number of improvement (especially in performance) will be required for production use, but it is now possible to use it smoothly using spatial resolutions slightly lower than 720p at 30 frames per second