Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 perdona_mj_dr_botfca.pdf: 1136527 bytes, checksum: 99b19ea2f9eacf69be06f61826f76141 (MD5) / O uso de irrigação pode ser uma alternativa para garantir as produções em anos de estiagem e aumentar a produtividade da cultura do café arábica, mesmo em regiões consideradas aptas à cafeicultura. Já a arborização proporciona um microclima mais favorável ao cultivo do café, o que pode ser benéfico, com melhoria na qualidade e na produção em diversas regiões. A nogueira-macadâmia pode ser uma alternativa para arborização dos cafezais e contribuir com o ingresso de novos recursos, pois, produz nozes de elevado valor. Para essa cultura, em função das práticas culturais e adubação do café, o consórcio irrigado pode ser uma alternativa para diminuir o período de retorno do investimento e alavancar seu desenvolvimento. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o crescimento e a produtividade do café arábica e da nogueira-macadâmia em cultivo solteiro e consorciado, em condições de sequeiro e irrigado, bem como suas rentabilidades e o período de retorno do investimento. Para isso, dois experimentos foram instalados em fevereiro de 2006 e conduzidos por sete anos consecutivos no município de Dois Córregos, região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. O experimento I foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 3x2, com três sistemas de cultivo (A - nogueira-macadâmia solteira (cv. IAC 9-20), B - café solteiro (cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20) e C - nogueira-macadâmia consorciada com café), dois regimes hídricos (sem e com irrigação por gotejamento) e dez repetições. O experimento II foi constituído por dez tratamentos, ou seja, o cultivo do café solteiro (cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20)... / Using irrigation may be an option to ensure production in drought years and increase yield of arabica coffee plantations, including in regions deemed fit for coffee growing. On the other hand, afforestation affords a microclimate that is more suitable to coffee growing, which may be of advantage, with improved quality and production in many different regions. Macadamia trees may be an option for afforesting coffee plantations, besides contributing to inflow of resources, seeing that macadamia produce high-priced nuts. Regarding such crop, in view of coffee growing and manuring practices, irrigated intercropping may be an option toward shortening the return-on-investment period and leveraging the development thereof. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate growth and yield of arabica coffee and macadamia trees plantations, under sole and intercropping systems, in rainfed and drip-irrigated conditions, as well as their profitability and payback period of the investment and the payback period. Accordingly, two experiments have been set in February 2006 and conducted during seven consecutive years in the town of Dois Córregos, Midwest region of the State of São Paulo. The experimental design was a completely randomized. Experiment I was arranged in a 3x2 factorial scheme, with three growing systems (A – macadamia trees sole cropping (cv. IAC 9-20); B – coffee trees sole cropping (cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20); and C – macadamia trees intercropped with coffee trees), two water regimes (with and without drip irrigation)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-06-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_bs_me_guara.pdf: 1757485 bytes, checksum: 644373e17c086aa6bd2de1a3a27e1610 (MD5) / Estudos relacionados a matérias-primas alternativas para a substituição parcial ou total de madeira na produção de produtos engenheirados, mais especificamente de painéis, vem sendo desenvolvidos com a finalidade de diminuir a utilização da madeira e também aproveitar resíduos, que muitas vezes não possuem valor agregado. Por este motivo este trabalho teve o intuito de caracterizar a utilização da casca de noz macadâmia na produção de painéis de partículas, tendo em vista que esta casca é um resíduo com alta resistência, porém raramente possui utilização. Para tanto se testou quatro composições de painéis de partículas, com 0%, 30%, 60% e 100% de casca de noz macadâmia com base na massa de partículas. Avaliou-se a razão de esbeltez das partículas e as propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis com base na norma brasileira ABNT NBR 14810-3 (2006). Foram realizados os ensaios físicos de densidade, teor de umidade, inchamento em espessura durante 2 e 24 horas e absorção de água durante 2 e 24 horas. Os ensaios mecânicos realizados foram de flexão estática, para a determinação do módulo de ruptura (MOR) e do módulo de elasticidade (MOE), e o de tração perpendicular à superfície também conhecido como adesão interna. Com os resultados obtidos notou-se que com a adição de casca de noz macadâmia ocorreu diminuição da resistência mecânica, tanto com relação a adesão interna quanto com relação ao MOR e MOE, sendo que este último diminuiu abruptamente com a adição de apenas 30%; e maior instabilidade dimensional, pois ocorreu o aumento do inchamento em espessura e da absorção de água. Este resultado foi devido principalmente à geometria das partículas de macadâmia que não permitiu uma boa interação entre o substrato e o adesivo. Destaca-se ainda que a alta densidade da casca de noz macadâmia dificultou a interação... / Studies related to alternative raw materials for the partial or total substitution of wood in the production of engineered products, specifically panels, has been developed with the aim of reducing the use of wood and also recycle waste that often have no value. For this reason this study aimed to characterize the use of macadamia nutshell in the production of particleboard, given that this bark is a residue with high strength, but rarely has use. For that four different compositions of particle boards with 0%, 30%, 60% and 100% of macadamia nutshell based on the mass of particles were tested. The slenderness ratio of the particles and the physical-mechanical properties of panels were evaluated based on the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14810-3 (2006). The physical tests performed were density, moisture content, thickness swelling for 2 hours and 24 hours and the water absorption during 2 hours and 24 hours. The mechanical tests performed were the static bending, for determining the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) and the tension perpendicular to surface also known as internal bonding. With the results obtained it was noted that with the addition of Macadamia nutshell there was a decrease in mechanical strength, with respect to internal bonding and MOR and MOE, which latter abruptly decreased with the addition of only 30%; and in the dimensional stability, because occurred the increasing of the thickness swelling and water absorption. This result was mainly due to the macadamia particles geometry, which did not allow a good interaction between the substrate and the adhesive. Note also that the high density of the macadamia nutshell hindered the interaction between particles, because it blocked a sufficient panel compression

Orientador: Francisco Jorge Cividanes / Coorientador: Terezinha Monteiro dos Santos Cividanes / Banca:Eduardo Suguino / Banca: Daniel Junior de Andrade / Resumo: A nogueira-macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden e Betche), originária da Austrália, encontra-se em expansão no Brasil. Por ser uma cultura recentemente introduzida no País, a maioria das informações e as tecnologias recomendadas para sua produção foram adaptadas de pesquisas efetuadas para as condições edafoclimáticas dos Estados Unidos e da Austrália. Esse fato ressalta a necessidade de se desenvolver estudos sobre a fauna entomológica, visando ao manejo integrado de pragas dessa nogueira. No presente estudo, foi realizado levantamento populacional de insetos em nogueira-macadâmia em Jaboticabal, São Paulo. O objetivo foi identificar as principais espécies de insetos fitófagos e predadores e determinar as espécies predominantes por meio de estudos de flutuação populacional desses organismos em relação aos estádios fenológicos da cultura. O total de 540 exemplares de insetos predadores foram coletados pertencentes a 8 ordens, 13 famílias e 37 espécies; os insetos fitófagos totalizaram 7588 exemplares de 5 ordens, 35 famílias e 83 espécies. Os predadores Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuropetra: Chrysopidae), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Allograpta hastata Fluke (Diptera: Syrphidae) e Nusalala sp. (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) e os fitófagos Toxoptera aurantii (Fonscolombe) Hemiptera: Aphididae), Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton (Tysanoptera: Thripidae), Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) (Tysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), Mormidea sp., Piezodorus sp. (Hemip... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden e Betche) is native from Australia and is in expansion in Brazil. It was recently introduced in the country, therefore, most of the knowledges and technologies recommended for production were adapted from researches conducted for soil and climatic conditions in United States and Australia. This fact highlights the importance of studies about the entomological fauna, aiming at the integrated pest management of this walnut. In this study was conducted a population survey of insects in macadamia nut in Jaboticabal, São Paulo. The objective was to identify the main species of phytophagous insects and predators and to determine the predominant species through the study of its population dynamics in relation to the phenological stages of the crop. A total of 540 predatory insects specimens belonging to eigth orders, 13 families and summing up 37 species were collected. A total of 7588 specimens of phytophagous insects from five orders, 35 families and and summing up 83 species were captured. The insect predators Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuropetra: Chrysopidae), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Allograpta hastata Fluke (Diptera: Syrphidae) e Nusalala sp. (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) and the insect phytophagous Toxoptera aurantii (Fonscolombe) Hemiptera: Aphididae), Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton (Tysanoptera: Thripidae), Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) (Tysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), Mormidea sp., Piezodorus sp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Zicca sp. (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Stenocoris sp. (Hemiptera: Alydidae), Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Charidotis marginella (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Ophiderma sp. (Hemiptera: Membracidae), Epitragus sp.3 (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) e Ptilodactyla sp.2 (Coleoptera: Ptilodactylidae) were classified as... (Complete abstract electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garbelini_rcbs_dr_botib.pdf: 487851 bytes, checksum: d58b1e0c9d0eba6f910c42755bfed845 (MD5) / O estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de reguladores vegetais na emergência e no desenvolvimento de plantas de macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche). Para o estudo da emergência de plântulas de macadâmia, as sementes foram tratadas com: T1- água (testemunha) sob Sombrite®; T2- GA4+7 + N-(fenilmetil)- aminopurina (Promalin®) a 200 mg L-1 sob Sombrite®; T3- GA4+7 + N-(fenilmetil)- aminopurina (Promalin®) a 400 mg L-1 sob Sombrite®; T4- GA3 + IBA + Kt (Stimulate®) a 5 mL kg-1 sementes sob Sombrite®; T5- GA3 + IBA + Kt (Stimulate®) a 10 mL kg-1 sementes sob Sombrite® e T6-água (testemunha) sem Sombrite®. Os efeitos dos reguladores vegetais foram avaliados pelo número e porcentagem de emergência de plântulas de cada tratamento. Foram utilizados 6 tratamentos com 450 sementes cada. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o tratamento que promoveu os melhores resultados na emergência de plântulas foi com GA4+7 + N-(fenilmetil)-aminopurina (Promalin®) a 400 mg L-1 sob Sombrite®. Sete meses após o transplantio das plantas jovens de macadâmia, estas foram tratadas com os seguintes tratamentos através de pulverização foliar: Testemunha (água); T2- GA4+7 + N-(fenilmetil)-aminopurina (Promalin®) a 200 mg L-1 em 1, 2 e 3 aplicações; GA4+7 + N-(fenilmetil)-aminopurina (Promalin®) a 400 mg L-1 em 1, 2 e 3 aplicações; GA3 + IBA + Kt (Stimulate®) a 2,5 mL L-1 em 1, 2 e 3 aplicações; GA3 + IBA + Kt (Stimulate®) a 5,0 mL L-1 em 1, 2 e 3 aplicações. Nos tratamentos com 2 ou 3 aplicações, foram realizadas a intervalo de 21 dias. As características avaliadas foram comprimento de caule, diâmetro do caule, teor de clorofila, taxa de assimilação de CO2 (A), condutância estomática (gs), transpiração (E) e concentração interna de CO2 na câmara subestomática (Ci). As avaliações de comprimento e diâmetro do caule foram realizadas antes da aplicação... / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators on seed germination and development of macadamia nut trees (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche). For germination, seeds were treated with: T1- water (control) under shading screen; T2- GA4+7 + N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine at 200 mg L-1 under shading screen; T3- GA4+7 + N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine at 400 mg L-1 under shading screen; T4- GA3 + IBA + Kt at 5 mL kg-1 seeds under shading screen; T5- GA3 + IBA + Kt at 10 mL kg-1 seeds under shading screen, and T6-water (control) without shading screen. The effect of plant growth regulators was evaluated based on the number and percentage of emerged seedlings under each treatment. Experimental design was completely randomized, including 5 treatments with 450 seeds each. The greatest seedling emergence was detected with GA4+7 + N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6- amine at 400 mg L-1 under shading screen. At seven months after transplanting, young macadamia nut trees were subjected to 1, 2 and 3 leaf applications of: water (control); T2- GA4+7 + N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine at 200 mg L-1; GA4+7 + N- (phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine at 400 mg L-1; GA3 + IBA + Kt at 2.5 mL L-1; GA3 + IBA + Kt at 5.0 mL L-1. The second and the third applications were performed at 21- days intervals. Shoot length, stem diameter, chlorophyll levels, net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and CO2 concentration inside the substomatal chamber (Ci) were evaluated. Plant height and stem diameter were measured before application of treatments and at 21-day intervals, considering the difference among evaluations. Gas exchange evaluations were performed at the 1st and at the 150th days after application of plant growth regulators. Experimental design was in completely randomized blocks, in the factorial arrangement 4 (4 treatments) x 3 (frequency of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Rogério Seiko Peres Soratto / Coorientador : Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini / Banca: Luiz Carlos Fazuoli / Banca: André Luís Teixeira Fernandes / Banca: Heverly Morais / Banca: Marcelo de Almeida Silva / Resumo: O uso de irrigação pode ser uma alternativa para garantir as produções em anos de estiagem e aumentar a produtividade da cultura do café arábica, mesmo em regiões consideradas aptas à cafeicultura. Já a arborização proporciona um microclima mais favorável ao cultivo do café, o que pode ser benéfico, com melhoria na qualidade e na produção em diversas regiões. A nogueira-macadâmia pode ser uma alternativa para arborização dos cafezais e contribuir com o ingresso de novos recursos, pois, produz nozes de elevado valor. Para essa cultura, em função das práticas culturais e adubação do café, o consórcio irrigado pode ser uma alternativa para diminuir o período de retorno do investimento e alavancar seu desenvolvimento. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o crescimento e a produtividade do café arábica e da nogueira-macadâmia em cultivo solteiro e consorciado, em condições de sequeiro e irrigado, bem como suas rentabilidades e o período de retorno do investimento. Para isso, dois experimentos foram instalados em fevereiro de 2006 e conduzidos por sete anos consecutivos no município de Dois Córregos, região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. O experimento I foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 3x2, com três sistemas de cultivo (A - nogueira-macadâmia solteira (cv. IAC 9-20), B - café solteiro (cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20) e C - nogueira-macadâmia consorciada com café), dois regimes hídricos (sem e com irrigação por gotejamento) e dez repetições. O experimento II foi constituído por dez tratamentos, ou seja, o cultivo do café solteiro (cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Using irrigation may be an option to ensure production in drought years and increase yield of arabica coffee plantations, including in regions deemed fit for coffee growing. On the other hand, afforestation affords a microclimate that is more suitable to coffee growing, which may be of advantage, with improved quality and production in many different regions. Macadamia trees may be an option for afforesting coffee plantations, besides contributing to inflow of resources, seeing that macadamia produce high-priced nuts. Regarding such crop, in view of coffee growing and manuring practices, irrigated intercropping may be an option toward shortening the return-on-investment period and leveraging the development thereof. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate growth and yield of arabica coffee and macadamia trees plantations, under sole and intercropping systems, in rainfed and drip-irrigated conditions, as well as their profitability and payback period of the investment and the payback period. Accordingly, two experiments have been set in February 2006 and conducted during seven consecutive years in the town of Dois Córregos, Midwest region of the State of São Paulo. The experimental design was a completely randomized. Experiment I was arranged in a 3x2 factorial scheme, with three growing systems (A - macadamia trees sole cropping (cv. IAC 9-20); B - coffee trees sole cropping (cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20); and C - macadamia trees intercropped with coffee trees), two water regimes (with and without drip irrigation)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2018-06-08T14:27:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramon da Silva Santos.pdf: 1075873 bytes, checksum: 4e9e4e32c0a2aac8278de237b68b094f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-08T14:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramon da Silva Santos.pdf: 1075873 bytes, checksum: 4e9e4e32c0a2aac8278de237b68b094f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Phenology and reproductive biology assist in understanding the requirements of plants grown for the formation of fruits and seeds as well as in the management of pollinators when needed. This study aims to investigate the phenology and the reproductive biology Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae) and the tangelos Nova and Lee in the Experimental Station of the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (IPA), the municipality of Brejão (PE). The vegetative and reproductive phenophases of M. integrifolia (n = 7), tangelo Nova (n = 6) tangelo Lee (n = 6) were followed every two weeks from July / 2014 to June / 2015. The intensity of flowering and fruiting were estimated, the pattern of flowering was described and the correlation between rainfall and the occurrence of phenophases was tested. The investigation of the floral biology included analysis of anthesis period, stigmatic receptivity, as well as pollen and nectar availability. The reproductive system was determined by means of controlled pollination in the field. The floral visitors and their frequency of visits were determined by means of focal observations. The results are distributed in two chapters: The first one regarding M. integrifolia and the second one regarding the tangelos. In the first chapter the phenological events were not influenced by rainfall. Lepidopterans, himenopterans and dipterans were the most frequently observed visitors, which visited in low frequency. The species is self-compatible, had low fruit set, low reproductive efficiency and pollen limitation. In the second chapter, the varieties showed similar phenological patterns. Flowering occurred three times, with a peak in December (dry period), and there was no significant correlation between precipitation and analyzed phenological phases. The varieties have terminal inflorescences, hermaphroditic, actinomorphic flowers that were visited by Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lipidoptera species; bees were the most frequent. Both plants are self-compatible and the fruits resulted from and the fruits resulted from cross-pollination has similar to those resulted from the natural pollination. Pollen limitation and a low reproductive efficiency were observed, a result that may be related to the frequent pesticide spraying. These compounds may cause floral abcision and reduce pollinators‟ populations (and, consequently, fruit set), especially in plants that need pollinators to. / A fenologia e a biologia reprodutiva auxiliam na compreensão dos requerimentos de plantas cultivadas para a formação de frutos e sementes, bem como no estabelecimento de manejo de polinizadores, quando necessário. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a fenologia e a biologia reprodutiva de Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae) e dos tangelos Nova e Lee na Unidade Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), município de Brejão (PE). As fenofases vegetativas e reprodutivas de M. integrifolia (n= 7), do tangelo Nova (n=6) e tangelo Lee (n= 6) foram acompanhadas quinzenalmente no período de julho/2014 a junho/2015. As intensidades de floração e de frutificação foram estimadas, o padrão de floração foi descrito e a correlação entre precipitação pluviométrica e ocorrência das fenofases foi testada. A investigação da biologia floral incluiu análises de período de antese, receptividade estigmática, disponibilidade de pólen e presença de néctar. O sistema reprodutivo foi determinado por meio de polinizações controladas em campo. Os visitantes florais e sua frequência de visitas foram determinados por meio de observações focais. Os resultados obtidos estão dispostos em dois capítulos: o primeiro trata de Macadamia integrifolia e o segundo dos tangelos Nova e Lee (citros). Macadamia integrifolia não sofre influência da precipitação em seus eventos fenológicos; os visitantes florais mais comumente observados Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera e Diptera, os quais visitavam com baixa frequência. Foram registrados baixa formação de frutos nos testes reprodutivos, baixa eficiência reprodutiva e limitação polínica. No segundo capítulo, as varidedades apresentaram padrão fenológico semelhante: a floração ocorreu três vezes, com pico em dezembro (período seco) e não houve correlaçõ significativa entre precipitação e os eventos fenológicos observados. As variedades possuem inflorescências terminais, flores hermafroditas, actnomorfas, que foram visitadas por espécies de Hymenoptera, Diptera e Lepidoptera, sendo as abelhas as mais frequentes. Ambas variedades são auto-incompatíveis e frutos resultantes de polinização cruzada apresentaram características semelhantes em relação àqueles formados por polinização natural. Similarmente ao observado para macadâmia, as variedades apresentaram baixa eficiência reprodutiva e limitação polínica. Esses resultados podem ser resultado da aplicação semanal de pesticidas, que podem causar abscisão floral e reduzir as populações de polinizadores (e, consequentemente, a formação de frutos).

The majority of South African household live in poverty with a limited variety of foods available in their home. In most rural villages domestic poultry plays an important role in improving household food security, but is limited by shortage of feed and high feed costs. Using non-conventional feed ingredients in poultry diets may ease the situation of malnutrition in rural populations, providing the family with high quality animal protein at more affordable prices. Macadamia oil cake meal (MOCM) is an inexpensive by-product from the macadamia oil industry of the Limpopo Province. Although it is relatively high in crude protein (20-25%), MOCM has never been considered as a feed ingredient for poultry feeds. The high and varying fibre content (up to 25%, depending on the extrusion method applied) of MOCM may render it unsuitable as an ingredient for high producing poultry such as broilers. The question, however, arouse whether the inclusion of MOCM in the growing diet of meat-producing chickens typically found in rural areas, would be cost-effective. Calcium (Ca) in poultry rations is usually supplied as calcium carbonate from limestone. Wood ash (WA) from fireplaces at homestead in rural villages was found to be rich in Ca (approximately 26%) and has the potential of being a free and readily available Ca supplement that could easily be added to the diet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of MOCM and WA as alternative feed ingredients in growth rations for chickens in rural areas. New Hampshire chickens were randomly divided into eight treatment groups with four replicates per treatment and twelve chicks in each replicates. The chicks were housed in an environmentally controlled broiler house from day-old to 15-weeks of age. Four diets were formulated, one without MOCM and the other three containing different levels of MOCM, viz. 10, 50 and 100% plus salt and a trace nutrient mixture. Each of these treatments was split in two with one receiving limestone (CaCO3) and the other WA, as Ca sources, giving eight treatments in total. All the treatments received diets with a Ca level close to 1 %. Parameters measured on weekly basis were body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was determined. The analysis of the carcass composition and tibia bone strength was done at the end of the 15 week period. An analysis of variance with the ANOVA model (SAS) was used to determine the significance between different treatments for the balanced data. Significance of difference (5%) between means was determined by multiple comparisons using Tukey t-test. The treatment of 100% MOCM was terminated at eight weeks since the chickens had retarded growth and low body weight gains, demonstrating that the 100% MOCM diet both with and without Ca were not feasible. The BW and feed intake of the diet of 100% MOCM plus WA was, however,significantly higher than the diet of 100% MOCM plus lime. However, the inclusion level of up to 50% MOCM had no significant differences in (muscle and fat), except for FI, BWG and FCE between treatment diets. In conclusion, the results prove that MOCM can be added to the ration at a 10% concentration level without any adverse effect on growth. Higher inclusion levels of MOCM might also be beneficial,especially when included at an older age of the bird. Wood ash proved to be an efficient Ca source, as the substitution of limestone with WA showed no negative effect on the tibia bone parameters measured. Copyright / Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

M. Tech. (Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of Technology / The abundance of agricultural waste materials has led to its use as adsorbents for trace metal adsorption. The raw Macadamia nutshell (RMN) powder was treated with a hydrochloric acid solution to obtain acid modified Macadamia nutshells (AMM), and with sodium hydroxide solution to obtain base modified Macadamia nutshells (BMM). Then, the AMM and BMM materials were grafted with 0.5 M, 1 M, and 2 M acrylic acid. The different AMM grafted materials were labelled 0.5 GAM, 1 GAM and 2 GAM representing the different grafting ratios. The same naming order was followed for the BMM grafted materials, that is, 0.5 GBM, 1 GBM and 2 GBM corresponding to different concentrations used. The prepared Macadamia based adsorbents were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur (CHNS) analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The determination of surface properties such as the point of zero charge (pHPZC), bulk density and the surface negative charge was accomplished with appropriate wet chemistry methods. The adsorption of selected trace metals (Cu(II), Cd(II), Co(II), and Cr(VI)) was done in batch experiments. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used for the determination of metal ions concentrations and total Cr. The ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy was used for the determination of Cr(VI) concentration remaining in solution after adsorption. The RMN, AMM, and BMM adsorbents showed potential in removing more than 45% Cu(II) ions, but less than 30% for both Cd(II) and Co(II) ions. However, more than 90% removal of Cr(VI) ions was achieved with the same adsorbents. Consequently, only the adsorption of Cr(VI) was further investigated in the study due to the higher removal efficiency displayed by the Macadamia based biosorbents. The optimum adsorption conditions for the RMN, AMM, and BMM materials were found to be pH 2, 100 mg/L initial concentration of Cr(VI), 600 min contact time and 0.2 g adsorbent mass. The ideal conditions for the 0.5 GAM and 0.5 GBM were found to be pH 2, 25 mg/L initial concentration of Cr(VI), 180 min contact time, and 0.15 g adsorbent mass. The optimum temperature was found to be 40℃ for all materials. A volume of 20 mL was used for all batch experiments. The RMN, AMM, BMM, 0.5 GBM, and 0.5 GAM adsorption mechanisms were better described by the Langmuir isotherm which predicted a monolayer sorption process. The kinetic data fitted better to the pseudo second-order rate model which signified a chemisorption type of interaction. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption reaction was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. The Macadamia based materials showed greater potential as adsorbents for the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution compared to the other selected trace metal ions [Cd(II), Cu(II) and Co(II)].

Orientador: Antonio Marsaioli Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T01:14:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_FlavioAlvesda_D.pdf: 2135599 bytes, checksum: 1cb50b2bea2c0d7059788a4f01434a15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

No presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho do etanol e isopropanol, absoluto e azeotrópico, na extração de óleo de macadâmia e milho. Nesse sentido, foram realizados experimentos de extração em batelada para determinar os efeitos do tipo de solvente e temperatura sobre o índice de retenção, rendimento de extração, qualidade do óleo e fração proteica. Assim, torta parcialmente desengordurada de macadâmia sem pré-tratamento prévio à etapa de extração (teor de lipídios 57,4 ± 0,7 % em base seca) foi submetida a extração, nas temperaturas de 60, 75 e 90 °C, enquanto as extrações de óleo do gérmen de milho em pellets (teor de lipídios 12,61 ± 0,05 % em base seca) foram realizadas a 50, 60, 70 e 80 °C. Os experimentos de extração em correntes cruzadas foram realizados a 70 e 75 °C para o gérmen de milho e a macadâmia, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que o rendimento de extração de óleo de macadâmia e milho é influenciado pelo tipo solvente, temperatura e pré-tratamento do material, sendo que com isopropanol absoluto, a 90 °C, foi possível extrair 66 % do óleo de macadâmia e a 80 °C, 87 % do óleo de milho. O índice de retenção de solução aderida as fibras (IR) foi impactado pelo tipo de solvente e características da matéria-prima, obtendo-se valores de IR maiores nas fases rafinado de macadâmia. A composição em ácidos graxos dos óleos de gérmen de milho extraídos com os solventes alcoólicos foi típica do óleo de milho, com predominância dos ácidos graxos oleico (34 %) e linoleico (48 %). As fases rafinado dos dois materiais apresentaram teor de proteínas maior que as matérias-primas iniciais, no entanto as condições do processo de extração impactaram negativamente no índice de solubilidade de nitrogênio, tornando inviável a produção de concentrado proteico de gérmen de milho. Para o óleo de milho a extração de tocoferóis e tocotrienóis foi maior com etanol, enquanto que com isopropanol conseguiu-se uma maior extração de carotenoides, o que pode ser decorrente da polaridade destes compostos bioativos. Os óleos de macadâmia extraídos com os solventes alcoólicos apresentaram maior estabilidade oxidativa (mais de 37 horas) quando comparados ao óleo bruto obtido por prensagem industrial (11,7 horas), sendo possível inferir que o uso dos solventes alcoólicos possibilita a extração de compostos que contribuem para o aumento da estabilidade do óleo. Nos experimentos em correntes cruzadas foi observado que para desengordurar a macadâmia com etanol e isopropanol absoluto são necessários mais de quatro estágios de contato, enquanto para o gérmen de milho dois estágios são suficientes. Em relação aos concentrados proteicos de macadâmia, o rendimento foi maior com os rafinados oriundos das extrações com isopropanol absoluto (13 %). Estes concentrados apresentaram boa capacidade de retenção de água e óleo (aproximadamente 2 g/g de concentrado) e estabilidade e atividade de emulsão na faixa de 56 a 59 %, desta forma pode-se sugerir que estes produtos apresentam potencial para seu aproveitamento na indústria de alimentos. A partir dos resultados pode-se inferir que a utilização dos solventes alcoólicos na extração de óleo de milho e macadâmia é tecnicamente viável, no entanto o desempenho dos solventes alcoólicos é influenciado pelas características da matéria-prima e pelo pré-tratamento do material sólido prévio à etapa de extração, obtendo-se maiores rendimentos de extração de óleo com o gérmen de milho em pellets. Também é possível inferir que os solventes em grau absoluto impactam menos na solubilidade das proteínas, permitindo a produção de concentrados proteicos de macadâmia com propriedades funcionais adequadas para seu uso na indústria de alimentos. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of ethanol and isopropanol, absolute and azeotropic, in the extraction of macadamia and corn oil. Accordingly, extraction experiments were performed in batch to determine the effect of solvent type and temperature on retention index, extraction yield, quality indices of oil and protein fraction. Thus, partially defatted macadamia meal without pre-treatment prior to the extraction step (lipid content 57.4 ± 0.7 % on dry basis) was submitted to extraction at temperatures of 60, 75 and 90 °C, while oil extractions of corn germ in pellets (lipid content 12.61 ± 0.05 % on dry basis) were performed at 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C. The crosscurrent extraction experiments were performed at 70 and 75 °C for corn germ and macadamia, respectively. The results showed that the oil extraction yield of macadamia and corn is influenced by the solvent type, temperature and pre-treatment of the material, being that with absolute isopropanol at 90 °C, it was possible to extract 66 % of the macadamia oil and 87 % of the corn oil at 80 °C. The retention index of the solution adhered to the fibers (RI) was affected by the type of solvent and characteristics of the raw material, obtaining higher values of RI in the raffinate phases of macadamia. The fatty acid composition of corn germ oils extracted with alcoholic solvents was typical of corn oil, with predominance of oleic acid (34 %) and linoleic acid (48 %). The raffinate phases of the two materials showed higher protein content than the initial raw materials, however the conditions of the oil extraction process had a negative impact on the nitrogen solubility index, turning the production of protein concentrate from corn germ infeasible. For corn oil the extraction of tocopherols and tocotrienols was higher with ethanol, whereas with isopropanol a greater extraction of carotenoids was obtained, which can be due to the polarity of these bioactive compounds. Macadamia oils extracted with the alcoholic solvents showed higher oxidative stability (more than 37 hours) when compared to crude oil obtained by industrial cold pressing (11.7 hours). It is possible to infer that the use of alcoholic solvents enables to extract compounds that contribute to the increase of oil stability. In the crosscurrent extraction experiments it was observed that to produce defatted macadamia with absolute ethanol and isopropanol more than four stages of contact are required, whereas for the corn germ two stages are sufficient. Regarding protein concentrates of macadamia, the yield was higher with raffinate phases coming from the extractions with absolute isopropanol (13 %). These concentrates showed good water and oil retention capacity (approximately 2 g/g of concentrate) and emulsion stability and activity in the range of 56 to 59 %, therefore it can be suggested that these products have potential for their use in the food industry. From the results it can be inferred that the use of the alcoholic solvents in the extraction of corn and macadamia oil is technically feasible, however the performance of the alcoholic solvents is influenced by the characteristics of the raw material and by pre-treatment of the solid material prior to the extraction step, obtaining the highest oil extraction yields with the corn germ in pellets. Also, it is possible to infer that the solvents in absolute degree impact less on the solubility of the proteins, enabling the production of macadamia protein concentrates with functional properties suitable for use in the food industry.