Nesta tese desenvolve-se o conceito literatura da urgência para definir o tipo de escrita realizado sob estados de emergência, situações-limite: no caso específico de Lima Barreto, serve de base para a análise do Diário do hospício produzido pelo autor em 1919-20, quando esteve internado no hospício Pedro II, no Rio de Janeiro. Demonstra-se como esta literatura nasceu conspurcada, contaminada pela loucura e pela rotina no manicômio, sendo simultaneamente uma escrita de si (conceito de Foucault) criada para defender o eu acuado ante a instituição e um documento de valor histórico capaz de denunciar, pelo viés do paciente, minúcias do dia-a-dia psiquiátrico normalmente ausentes da literatura oficial do hospício. Desvela-se ainda como esta urgência contagiou outros escritos de Lima Barreto, tornando-o autor de uma literatura-alforria que transgrediu códigos e esgarçou limites entre vida e obra, pele branca e negra, pobreza e riqueza, ignorância e cultura, literatura popular e erudita, lucidez e loucura. / This thesis develops the concept literature of urgency to define a type of writing produced in some kind of emergency, in situations that are really close to the edge: in Lima Barretos specific case this is the basis to the analysis of Diário do hospício (Hospices diary) written by the author in 1919-20, while he was a patient in the psychiatric hospital Pedro II, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It demonstrates how this literature has appeared already contaminated by insanity and by the hospitals routine, constituting simultaneously a self-writting (lécriture de soi, a Foucaults concept) created to defend a trapped ego dealing with the institution and a document of historical value that accuses, from de the patients point of view, details of the psychiatric routine normally absent from the hospices official literature. This thesis shows how this urgency has contaminated other Barretos writings, contributing to make him the author of a literature-liberation which violated codes and enlarged the limits between life and work, white and black skin, poverty and wealth, ignorance and culture, popular and scholar literature, lucidity and insanity.

This thesis turns to, an among Czech people, little known and unjustly neglected Hispano-American writer Horacio Quiroga and his short-story collection Tales of Love, Madness and Death.

La création qui initie une ouverture où peut se glisser un point d’ancrage est une écriture du sujet que nous articulons au sinthome en tant que solution inédite visant à faire tenir la structure psychique. L’acte créateur est alors déterminé par un choix subjectif qui s’opère en touchant au plus près la dimension du réel, avec le risque psychique de dériver vers un point non représentable. Quel choix fera le sujet, face à ce hors sens, celui de la folie ou celui de la création ? La folie, en tant que Kairos, moment de rupture mais aussi surgissement, serait alors un passage nécessaire vers la création qui engage un remaniement subjectif majeur. Le processus qui permet ce passage est fondamentalement la pulsion de mise enforme que Hans Prinzhorn nomme Gestaltung et qui ouvre la question de la trace signifiante. La Gestaltung pousse à la création et relève d’une organisation du réel par un signifiant souple qui n’est pas exclusivement un mot mais peut aussi faire appelle à la figurabilité telle que nous la rencontrons dans la création artistique en ce qui nous intéresse et notamment dans la peinture, l’architecture ou encore l’écriture. La Gestaltung s’appuie alors sur la fabrique d’objets. Le vouloir de forme est le premier pas qui oriente le sujet vers sa trouvaille signifiante en place et fonction de sinthome mais encore plus impulse chez lui un mouvement vers le sinthome appelé sinthomation. Le sujet, à cette condition d’être engagé dans ce processus de Gestaltung, trouverait à exister et à réinventer du lien social. / Creating, which initiates an opening into which can slip an anchor point, is a writing of the subject that we link to the sinthome as being an original solution aiming at keeping together the psychic structure. The act of creating is then determined by a subjective choice which operates by reaching the dimension of the real as closely as possible, with the psychic risk of drifting towards an unrepresentable point. What will the subject choose when confronted with that meaninglessness? Madness or creation? Madness, in thesense of Kairos, moment of rupture but also emergence, would then be a necessary phase towards creation whichprompts a major subjective reworking. The process which allows this phase is a fundamental urge to shaping that Hans Prinzhorn calls Gestaltung and which raises the question of the signifier, which is not exclusively a word but can also call for figurability as we find it in artistic creation, with regard to what interests us, notably in painting, architecture or writing. Gestaltung then draws on the making of objects. The drive for shaping is the first step that leads the subject to his signifying find acting both for and as a sinthome, but even more triggering an impulse towards the sinthome calls sinthomation. As long as he would be involved in that process of Gestaltung, the subject would find a way to exist and reinvent a social link

While Canadian social work education has increasingly moved towards a dominantly anti-oppressive practice (AOP) approach (Larson, 2008), major gaps continue to persist in the universal application of AOP principles and values (Gormley & Quinn, 2009). This is particularly true of conceptions of mental health/illness, which have largely remained biomedical, ultimately encouraging an “us versus them” mentality between social workers and service users (Reid & Poole, 2013). This dichotomy creates challenging experiences for social work students who experience mental health disabilities and/or Madness, existing “in the hyphen” (Probst, 2014, p. 25), occupying both spaces at different or overlapping times in their lives. Despite this, there is limited research about these social work students, therefore, it was of interest to hear their stories and insights, learn more about their own identity formation, as well as their experiences in the classroom, field practicum, and early in their careers. This project takes a critical social work theoretical approach, incorporating elements of anti-oppressive practice (AOP) and Mad studies to better understand and analyze participants’ experiences. Similarly, an eclectic methodological approach was employed, incorporating elements of critical social work research, narrative approach, anti-oppressive practice, and Mad studies. In total, four semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were completed, and a thematic analysis was conducted to highlight both the commonalities and differences between participants’ experiences. From this, seven major themes emerged including feelings of unworthiness as a barrier to accessing support and the challenges of negotiating an invisible disability. Suggestions for future directions and next steps are presented, including mandatory mental health education for professors and students, and the creation of a more supportive and inclusive mental health culture within social work education. / Thesis / Master of Social Work (MSW)

Bakalauro darbo objektas – beprotybė Syvlijos Plath ir Virginijos Woolf romanuose. Darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti romanus psichoanalitiniu aspektu ir charakterizuoti personažų beprotybę. Tikslui pasiekti buvo iškelti šie uždaviniai: 1) ištirti beprotybės sąvoką literatūroje; 2) išnagrinėti beprotybės sąvoką psichoanalitinėje teorijoje; 3) išnagrinėti romanus psichoanalitiniu aspektu ir charakterizuoti juose vaizduojamą beprotybę. Bakalauro darbo metodologiją sudaro: 1) beprotybės literatūroje bei psichoanalizėje teorinės medžiagos tyrimas; 2) psichoanalitinė kritika kaip pagrindinis analizės metodas ir psichoanalitinis beprotybės romanuose konceptualizavimas; 3) tarpdiscipliniškumas kaip psichoanalitinio diskurso bei teorijos naudojimo literatūroje pagrindas, kuriuo remiantis pritaikomas Julijos Thompson Klein „kryžminio-apvaisinimo“ metodas. Šiame darbe beprotybė yra nagrinėjama literatūriniu (teorijos) ir psichoanalitiniu aspektu pasitelkiant Jaqueso Lakano teorijas bei sąvokas. Psichoanalitinei analizei buvo pasirinkti Silvijos Plath „Stiklo gaubtas“ (1963) ir Virginijos Woolf „Ponia Dalolvei“ (1925) romanai. / Madness in novels by Sylvia Plath and Virginia Woolf is the object of the Bachelor Thesis. Sources of the research are S. Plath’s novel The Bell Jar and V. Woolf’s novel Mrs Dalloway. The aim of the present research is to carry out psychoanalytical research of the novels in order to characterize madness. In order to achieve the aim the following objectives have been set: 1) to investigate the concept of madness in fiction; 2) to explore the psychoanalytic approach theory of psychoanalysis and madness; 3) to perform a psychoanalytic research of the novels in relation to madness. The methodology applied in the present Thesis included: 1) theoretical analysis in order to research views on madness both form literary and psychoanalytical aspects; 2) psychoanalytical criticism as the main method of analysis and psychoanalytic conceptualization of madness; 3) interdiciplinarity that enabled incorporation of psychoanalytic theories into the analysis employing the Cross-Fertilization method presented by Julie Thompson Klein. In the Bachelor Thesis madness is investigated both from the literary (theory) standpoint and from the aspect of psychoanalysis by incorporating concepts and theories coined by Jaques Lacan. For practical analysis, S. Plath’s “The Bell Jar” (1963) and V. Woolf’s “Mrs Dalloway” (1925) were chosen. In the course of the research the scientific literature in relation to madness in fiction, psychoanalysis and madness in psychoanalysis of J. Lacan, were studied and... [to full text]

Master of Arts / Department of Modern Languages / Amy L. Hubbell / Much of the critical work on Marie Cardinal's Les Mots pour le dire has focused primarily on the hysteria of the novel‘s narrator and her subsequent journey through psychoanalysis. More recently, research on the novel has expanded to include the issues of the narrator‘s pied-noir identity, nostalgia and memory. While such criticisms shed light on the intent of the novel, they do not necessarily explain the enigmatic and oftentimes overlooked final line of the text: "Quelques jour plus tard c‘était Mai 1968." In this thesis, I propose that this line is the key to understanding the novel; as such, I seek to re-examine Les Mots pour le dire through a feminist lens in order to explicate the seemingly malapropos reference to May 1968 and use it to explain central elements of the novel, including the narrator‘s madness, her tumultuous mother-daughter relationship and her eventual authorship. That the events of May 1968 represent one of the most subversive and socially destructive periods in recent French history as well as a giant shift towards the moral left establishes the value of revolt in Les Mots pour le dire. Specifically, I argue that Cardinal attacks the collusion of the ballasts of patriarchal society, religion, capitalism and class, and how these institutions have profited from the subjugation of women in society. When viewed in this light, the narrator‘s madness cannot simply be the product of her mother‘s psychological abuses. Instead, her madness and subsequent detachment from society symbolize the ultimate rejection of a world in which she finds herself oppressed and manipulated. She thus emerges not as a woman consumed by insanity but as a woman in revolt.

In the last twenty-five years there has been a boom in scholarship on Charles Brockden Brown that connects his work to social developments that occurred in the early American republic. Brown scholars often read him as a man ahead of his time as his writing addresses, hints at, or even inverts social mores. The scholarship around Brown's novel Edgar Huntly has concentrated on how the narrative addresses westward expansion and white settlers' relationship with Native Americans or the ways in which Edgar Huntly connects to Revolutionary society. Kate Ward Sugar engages with this narrative in a different way, exploring the dynamic of sleepwalking as a way to address male homosocial bonds. Scholars though continue to side step the eroticism within this narrative and the implications of somnambulism's status as a mental illness being tied to an unnamed desire. My thesis will therefore address this gap in the scholarship by integrating a queer and historicist reading of Edgar Huntly to suggest that Brown's use of sleepwalking is done to reflect a social fear of the homoerotic. It is the goal of my thesis to explore Edgar Huntly as a narrative that weaves the danger of sodomy to sleepwalking, suggesting an implicit relationship between madness, illness, and same-sex desire. In order to fulfill this goal this thesis will employ a queer historicist approach, which aims to engage with the ambiguity of Brown's work to reveal insights into the early American republic. After all as Brown wrote in Edgar Huntly, "There are two modes of drawing forth the secrets of another, by open and direct means and by circuitous and indirect" (4). To develop this paper's argument, I will need to explore the casual relationship between the loss of Waldegrave's letters and Edgar's emotional distress as the cause of his sleepwalking. Brown himself described this as, "...a supposition not to be endured. Yet ominous terrors haunted me", as Edgar's dread is fixated upon the potential of an unauthorized reader seeing these texts (91). Furthermore, close readings of Brown's description of Edgar's fixation on Clithero will highlight his unspeakable desire. This relationship will also allow us to later compare their fates as Clithero becomes, "a madman whose liberty is dangerous, and who requires to be fettered and imprisoned as the most atrocious criminal," while Edgar leaves for Europe with his fiancé (193). Finally, drawing upon medical and legal texts from this period will show how Edgar Huntly suggests a pathologization of sexuality within the time period, in particular the developing figure of a secularized sodomite. This reading of Edgar Huntly not only expands the scholarship on sexuality in Brown's writing, but also the history of sexuality, pointing towards a social development currently unexplored by scholars of the early American republic.

This qualitative essay explores and compares women’s roles and identities in the gothic novels Rebecca and Jane Eyre. The investigation shall be a social critique on feminine ideals from a feminist perspective. Comparable analysis of the "other women" who act as doubles for the protagonists will be essential to understanding the alter egos of Mrs. de Winter and Jane Eyre. These double personalities raise questions of identity and the roles of femininity. Similarly the power struggles between husband and wives and other feminine influences shall throw further light on prevailing feminine ideals of the times. I shall analyze Daphne du Maurier’s Rebecca in relation to the concepts of the "Angel in the house" and the "Mad Woman in the Attic" with Charlotte Bronte’s novel to explore parallels between the plot and female characters. I shall show how Daphne du Maurier offers varying feminine models and ultimately takes a feminist standpoint with her novel much like Brontë’s Jane Eyre before her. Finally, I will show how the suppression of women by men through gender stereotyping can lead to female rebellion and, in turn, the stigmatization of female madness.

Esse estudo teve por objetivo analisar os desafios apresentados pela literatura no campo da Saúde Mental acerca da relação da cidade contemporânea e a loucura fora dos muros manicomiais, tendo em vista os avanços da reforma psiquiátrica brasileira. Considerando os objetivos desta pesquisa, foi necessário percorrer alguns caminhos, como, inicialmente, o contexto social e histórico de emergência da loucura enquanto um problema social e a institucionalização da psiquiatria no país. Em seguida, foi preciso compreender o movimento da reforma psiquiátrica brasileira e suas proposições, considerando seus atuais desafios e conflitos. E, por fim, analisar as transformações nas grandes cidades, em busca de substratos para se pensar as políticas públicas no âmbito da saúde mental. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa, o qual adotou a pesquisa bibliográfica como procedimento metodológico. Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos através da base de dados Lilacs, no período de 2000 a 2014. Foram selecionados, no total, 14 artigos científicos para a análise. Na análise dos resultados foram utilizadas categorias (temas) predominantes nas obras analisadas: a vivência da loucura na cidade, os muros (in)visíveis na cidade e a transposição dos muros. Diversas narrativas indicam novas experiências e dilemas na circulação da loucura pelos espaços urbanos. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma tendência a novas discussões no campo da saúde mental que problematizam a relação entre loucura e cidade. Dessa forma, evidenciam a relevância de novos debates no campo da saúde mental que considerem a cidade como potencialidade como palco da ação humana onde são produzidos efeitos e afetos no (re)encontro com a loucura. / This study aims to analyze the challenges presented by the literature in the field of Mental Health about the relationship of contemporary urban city and the madness outside the asylum walls, given the advances in brazilian psychiatric reform. Considering the objectives of this research, it was necessary to choose some ways, initially the social and historical context of madness emergency as a social problem and the institutionalization of Psychiatry in the country. Then, it was necessary to understand the movement of the Brazilian psychiatric reform and its propositions, considering its current challenges and conflicts. Finally, it was proposed an analysis of the changes in the big cities in search of substrates to think public policy under the Mental Health. This is an exploratory qualitative study, which adopted the bibliographic research as a methodological procedure. Survey data were obtained through the Lilacs database, from 2000 to 2014. It was selected a total of 14 scientific articles for analysis. In the analysis of the results were used categories (themes) predominant in the works analyzed: the experience of madness in the city, the (in) visibles walls in the city and transposition of the walls. Several narratives indicate new experiences and dilemmas in the circulation of madness by urban spaces. The results indicate a tendency to further discussions in the field of mental health considering the relationship between madness and city. Thus, highlights the need to produce new discussions in the field of Mental Health considering the city as a potential - as a stage of human action - the place which are produced effects and affects in the (re)encounter with madness.

Ce travail a été conçu comme une enquête préliminaire à l’étude de l’influence de la christianisation de l’Occident romain sur les conceptions, les traitements et les usages de la « folie » dans l’Antiquité tardive. Il examine les conceptions et les traitements de la maladie mentale proposés par les sources juridiques et médicales romaines, ainsi que les usages du thème de la « folie » dans les discours philosophique, tragique, comique et historiographique, comme dans la rhétorique judicaire et politique. Au moyen d’une approche d’inspiration fonctionnaliste, il entend rendre compte, simultanément, de l’autonomie de chacun de ces discours et de leurs points de rencontre au sujet de la « folie ». Ses principaux objectifs sont de dessiner les contours de la « folie » comme objet d’histoire et de clarifier la distribution des termes qui la désignent au sein du vaste champ sémantique dont elle est l’objet. / This work surveys conceptions and treatments of mental illness in the Roman Empire until the dawn of Late Antiquity. We investigate legal and medical sources and examine different uses of the idea of “madness” in wide ranging discourse from this period in philosophy, tragedy, comedy, history, as well as in legal or political rhetoric. The historical approach, inspired by functionalist social theories, is designed to further understand the autonomy, and/or analyze the encounters of each of these areas of discourse as they deal with madness. The underlying objective is to extricate the structure of madness concept as a matter of history and to clarify connotations and semantic references in the use of the many terms that refer to madness in Latin sources. The work also provides a preliminary investigation for the study of if, and how, the Christianizing of the western provinces of the Roman Empire influenced conceptions, treatments and uses of “madness” in Late Antiquity.