A comprehensive study was conducted on the effects of de-icer and anti-icer chemicals on cement-based materials. Portland cement mortars and concretes were exposed to over 16 chloride-based and non-chloride-based generic and commercial products and changes in cement-based material properties were measured. Deleterious chemical actions of several types of these products on cement-based materials were observed, departing from the well-known position that attributes the concrete damage from such salts mainly to physical actions under freezing and thawing exposure. Independent of freezing and thawing exposure, mortars and concretes exposed to concentrated calcium chloride and magnesium chloride solutions were found to undergo severe deterioration whereas those exposed to sodium chloride did not. The mechanisms of deterioration are complex with factors such as concentration, temperature, and availability of calcium hydroxide playing important roles. It was found that the formation of calcium oxychloride of the form 3Ca(OH)2.CaCl2.12H2O, and the 3- and 5-form magnesium oxychloride, 3Mg(OH)2.MgCl2.8H2O and 5Mg(OH)2.MgCl2.8H2O, were the main causes for the severe deterioration, and to a lesser extent brucite, gypsum, and magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H). The instability of these oxychloride compounds when subjected to conditions normally encountered in sample preparation is suggested as the reason why field investigations have failed to relate distressed concrete to chemical attack by such de-icer and anti-icer chemicals. Concentrated solutions of calcium magnesium acetate were also found to be harmful to cement-based materials by dissolution of calcium hydroxide and formation of calcium acetate hydrate, whereas low concentrated solutions tended to cause slow deterioration by magnesium attack forming brucite, gypsum, and M-S-H. Potassium acetate chemicals did not cause significant deterioration in mortars when these products were diluted (25% by mass), but undiluted products (50% by mass) caused considerable distress in concrete specimens. The combined effect of chemical attack impairing concrete mechanical properties and subsequent salt scaling damage was proposed as the most likely mechanisms of field deterioration.

A comprehensive study was conducted on the effects of de-icer and anti-icer chemicals on cement-based materials. Portland cement mortars and concretes were exposed to over 16 chloride-based and non-chloride-based generic and commercial products and changes in cement-based material properties were measured. Deleterious chemical actions of several types of these products on cement-based materials were observed, departing from the well-known position that attributes the concrete damage from such salts mainly to physical actions under freezing and thawing exposure. Independent of freezing and thawing exposure, mortars and concretes exposed to concentrated calcium chloride and magnesium chloride solutions were found to undergo severe deterioration whereas those exposed to sodium chloride did not. The mechanisms of deterioration are complex with factors such as concentration, temperature, and availability of calcium hydroxide playing important roles. It was found that the formation of calcium oxychloride of the form 3Ca(OH)2.CaCl2.12H2O, and the 3- and 5-form magnesium oxychloride, 3Mg(OH)2.MgCl2.8H2O and 5Mg(OH)2.MgCl2.8H2O, were the main causes for the severe deterioration, and to a lesser extent brucite, gypsum, and magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H). The instability of these oxychloride compounds when subjected to conditions normally encountered in sample preparation is suggested as the reason why field investigations have failed to relate distressed concrete to chemical attack by such de-icer and anti-icer chemicals. Concentrated solutions of calcium magnesium acetate were also found to be harmful to cement-based materials by dissolution of calcium hydroxide and formation of calcium acetate hydrate, whereas low concentrated solutions tended to cause slow deterioration by magnesium attack forming brucite, gypsum, and M-S-H. Potassium acetate chemicals did not cause significant deterioration in mortars when these products were diluted (25% by mass), but undiluted products (50% by mass) caused considerable distress in concrete specimens. The combined effect of chemical attack impairing concrete mechanical properties and subsequent salt scaling damage was proposed as the most likely mechanisms of field deterioration.

The excessive intake of sodium is related to hypertension and consequently to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The consumption of sodium exceeds the nutritional recommendations in most industrialized countries. Sodium chloride is the main source of sodium in the diet. In developed countries, meat products are one of the major sources of sodium in the form of sodium chloride. This study was aimed at producing a Hamburg-type dry fermented sausage with low sodium levels, but keeping the traditional characteristics appreciated in this product. For this purpose, we evaluated potassium chloride and magnesium chloride as partial substitutes for sodium chloride (45, 50 and 55% substitution on mass basis). The pH, temperature, weight loss, lactic acid bacteria counts, aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts, Salmonella, total and fecal coliforms were assessed during and after the production of dry fermented sausages. At the end of the production the sausages were also submitted to proximate composition, mineral, water activity, objective color and sensory analyses. Results indicate that the replacement of 45 to 55% NaCl with KCl or MgCl2 yields Hamburg-type dry fermented sausages that have physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics suitable for trading. These products were within the Brazilian legal limits for moisture, protein, fat, water activity, coliforms and Salmonella. Among the formulations developed, the highest moisture was found in MgCl2-containing sausages, which also had the lowest contents of ash and chloride. Water activity was lower in the sausages with KCl. Although the replacement of 45% NaCl with KCl or MgCl2 have improved the sensory characteristics of Hamburg-type dry fermented sausage, the replacement of 50% NaCl with KCl and 55% NaCl with MgCl2 also appear to be viable, since they yielded products with sensory acceptability similar to that of control. / A ingestão excessiva de sódio está sendo relacionada com hipertensão e conseqüentemente com o aumento do risco de doenças cardiovasculares. O consumo de sódio excede a recomendação nutricional na maioria dos países industrializados. A principal fonte de sódio na dieta é o cloreto de sódio. Em países industrializados, os produtos cárneos são uma das principais fontes de sódio na forma de cloreto de sódio. Com o objetivo de produzir um salame tipo hamburguês com diminuição dos riscos associados ao sódio, mantendo as características já tradicionalmente apreciadas neste produto, no presente estudo avaliou-se a substituição do cloreto de sódio, em diferentes níveis (45, 50 e 55%), por cloreto de potássio e por cloreto de magnésio. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de pH, temperatura, perda de peso, contagens de bactérias ácido láticas, microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios, Salmonella, coliformes fecais e coliformes totais durante a fabricação e ao final da produção dos salames. Ao final da produção dos salames foram avaliados ainda a composição centesimal, minerais, atividade de água, cor objetiva e características sensorais. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a substituição de 45 a 55% do NaCl de salame tipo hamburguês por KCl ou MgCl2 (em base de massa) resulta em produtos com características físico-químicas e microbiológicas adequadas para a comercialização, permanecendo dentro dos padrões legais do Brasil para teores de umidade, proteína, gordura, atividade de água, contagens de coliformes e ausência de Salmonella. Dentre as formulações avaliadas, maior umidade foi encontrada naquelas contendo MgCl2, que também apresentaram menores valores de cinzas e cloretos. Quanto aos valores de atividade de água, estes foram menores nas formulações com KCl. Ainda que as substituições de 45% do NaCl por KCl ou MgCl2 tenham melhorado as características sensoriais do salame tipo hamburguês, as substituições de 50% do NaCl por KCl e de 55% do NaCl por MgCl2 também parecem ser viáveis, uma vez que resultaram em produtos com aceitação sensorial semelhante a do controle.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LianaFA.pdf: 3114958 bytes, checksum: 98adbf744d65a1ab7d9d6e74eb3bea83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The treatment of colored and alkaline effluent has been a challenge to the textile industry. An alternative to remove the colors of those effluents is applying magnesium chloride as a coagulant agent. The magnesium ion, in high pH, hydrolyzes itself, forming the magnesium hydroxide which has a large adsorptive area and positive electrostatic charges able to act as an efficient coagulant. The bittern wastewater from the salt industries has been studied as a potential font of this magnesium ion. Nowadays, this bittern wastewater is evicted into the sea, without any treatment or other use. This thesis has evaluated the potential of applying the wastewater from the salt industries in the treatment of dyeing effluent containing indigo dye and alkaline pH. All the experiments were made in jar tests simulating the chemical coagulation, flocculation and decantation steps ranging the pH and the concentration of magnesium ion. Were obtained removals between 96% and 76% for turbidity, apparent color, and true color, respectively, using 200mg/L Mg2+. The reduction of costs with acid, when were used the salt industries wastewater, comparing with Al2(SO4)3, was 62%. For the degradation of organic matter remaining in the clarified, around 900 mg/L, was applyed the advanced process of oxidation: photo-Fenton. The preliminary results showed 57% reduction in DOC. According to the results obtained, the salt industries wastewater can be applied, as coagulant, in the physical-chemical treatment of the denim dyeing wastewater, so it is not necessary a previous adjust of pH, efficiently and economically / O tratamento de efluentes coloridos e alcalinos tem sido um desafio para as ind?strias t?xteis. Uma alternativa para a remo??o de cor destes efluentes ? a aplica??o do cloreto magn?sio como coagulante. O ?on magn?sio, em pH elevado, se hidrolisa, formando o hidr?xido de magn?sio que possui larga ?rea adsortiva e cargas eletrost?ticas positivas capazes de agir como um eficiente coagulante. Como fonte deste ?on, tem sido estudada a ?gua residu?ria das salinas, conhecida como ?gua-m?e (A-M), rica em diversos sais. Atualmente, ela ? lan?ada diretamente no mar, sem tratamento ou aproveitamento. Esta tese avaliou a capacidade de aplica??o desta ?gua residu?ria no tratamento de efluente de tinturaria contendo corante ?ndigo e pH alcalino. Os experimentos foram realizados em Testes de Jarro, simulando as etapas de coagula??o, flocula??o e decanta??o, variando o pH e a concentra??o do ?on magn?sio. Foram obtidas remo??es m?dias de 96%, 91% e 76% para turbidez, cor aparente e cor verdadeira, respectivamente, utilizando 200 mg/L Mg2+. A redu??o de custos com ?cido, quando se usou A-M em compara??o com o Al2(SO4)3, foi de 62%. Para a degrada??o da mat?ria org?nica remanescente no clarificado, em torno de 900 mg/L, foi aplicado o processo de oxida??o avan?ada: foto-Fenton. Os resultados preliminares apresentaram redu??es de 57% de carbono org?nico dissolvido (COD). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a ?gua residu?ria das salinas pode ser aplicada, como coagulante, no tratamento f?sico-qu?mico do efluente de tinturaria de denim, sem ajustes pr?vios de pH, de forma eficiente e econ?mica

Basische Magnesiumsalz-Hydrate, insbesondere die Chloride, stellen die Bindemittelphasen des Magnesiabaustoffs (auch Sorelbaustoff genannt) dar. Eine besondere Anwendung findet dieser Baustoff aufgrund seiner empirisch bekannten Beständigkeit gegenüber Salz bzw. salzhaltigen Lösungen zur Errichtung geotechnischer Barrieren in tiefen geologischen Formationen des Salinars. Die Bewertung der Langzeitbeständigkeit von Sorel-basierten Baustoffen in salinarer Umgebung erfordert Kenntnisse zu den Löslichkeitsgleichgewichten ausgehend vom ternären Grundsystem Mg(OH)2-MgCl2-H2O bis hin zu komplexeren Systemen bei NaCl-Sättigung und Anwesenheit von Sulfaten. Zielstellung dieser Arbeit war daher die experimentelle Bestimmung von Löslichkeitsdaten basischer Magnesiumchlorid- und Magnesiumsulfat-Hydrate im Temperaturbereich von 25 °C bis 120 °C. Der Einfluss von NaCl-Sättigung auf die Löslichkeit der basischen Magnesiumchlorid-Hydrate wurde im quaternären System Na+, Mg2+ / Cl-, OH- // H2O bei 25 °C untersucht. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse wurden PITZER-Parameter angepasst und erstellt, um thermodynamische Modellierungen auf Basis des Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodells nach PITZER für diese Systeme durchführen zu können.

Approximately 75 percent (300 000 km) of the total Swedish road network and 20 percent(20 000 km) of the national road network consists of gravel roads. One of the most significantproblems associated with gravel roads is traffic-generated dust emission, which contributes tothe deterioration of the road surface and acts as a major source of particulate matter releasedinto the atmosphere, thereby involving public economics, road safety, human health, andenvironmental quality. In order to bind the fine granular material, which is prone to rise into theair, dust suppressants are applied on roads on a yearly basis. Methods for evaluating the efficiency of dust suppressants will facilitate in the selection of themost appropriate product and its optimal application rate. For example, methods forsupervision of residual dust suppressant concentration are valuable tools for estimatinglongevity and optimal application rates, and, consequently, effectiveness of different products. Application of the proper dust suppressant to a gravel road ensures road safety and ridingcomfort as well as creating a cleaner and healthier environment for residents in buildingsadjacent to the road. It also reduces the need and cost for vehicle repair, road maintenanceactivities, and aggregate supplementation. Both field-based and laboratory research were performed to evaluate the efficiency of varioussuppressants and the influence such factors as product concentration, leaching, and fine materialcontent have on the efficiency of different products. Within the field-based research, a newlydeveloped mobile methodology was used to measure dust emission on numerous test sectionstreated with various dust suppressants. In general, all dust suppressants tested, except apolysaccharide (sugar) and products, which form a brittle surface crust, i.e. lignosulphonate andbitumen emulsion, showed acceptable dust reduction. Test sections treated with a magnesium- or calcium chloride solution were the most effectivelydust suppressed. The application of solutions instead of a solid salts achieves a more uniformproduct distribution and, therefore, probably a more efficient performance. By applying acalcium- or magnesium chloride solution instead of traditionally used solids, the cost for annualdust control, as well as the environmental impact from the release of these chemicals in theenvironment, can be reduced by 50 percent. A significant problem when using dust suppressants is their tendency to leach during rainfalldue to their soluble properties. Residual chloride could be detected in the gravel wearing courseover a longer period of time than lignosulphonate and, therefore, showed more effective longtermperformance. Optimal percentages of fine material for minimal lignosulphonate andchloride leaching were found to be 15 percent by weight and 10-16 percent by weight,respectively. Ions of calcium chloride seemed to initiate flocculation of clay particles, therebypreventing them from leaching. Still, the fine material in gravel wearing courses has to be replenished regularly as indicated by studies of the longevity of fine material. Loss up to80 percent was found after two years. Toxicity tests show that dust suppressant application for dust control purposes, at traditionallyused application rates, does not constitute a threat to sensitive aquatic life. Tests on subsoilwater samples indicated elevated chloride levels, which possibly could cause corrosion to pipes,but not high enough to flavour drinking water. / QC20100616

Μελετήθηκαν με μία σειρά από επιφανειακά ευαίσθητες τεχνικές δύο πρότυπα συστήματα με ενδιαφέρον για την ετερογενή κατάλυση. (Α) Στο διμεταλλικό σύστημα Sn/Ni διερευνήθηκαν οι συνθήκες και ο μηχανισμός κραματοποίησης του Sn στην επιφάνεια Ni(111). Το πλήρες επιφανειακό κράμα με δομή (√3×√3)R30°(από περίθλαση ηλεκτρονίων) σχηματίζεται θερμαίνοντας στους 7000C πάνω από 1,2 μονοστρώματα Sn. Οι διατεταγμένες δομές c(4x2) και c(2x2) αποτελούν ένα ενδιάμεσο στάδιο της κραματοποίησης σε χαμηλότερες θερμοκρασίες. Με θερμοπρογραμματισμένη εκρόφηση CO διαπιστώθηκε η βαθμιαία παρεμπόδιση της ρόφησης κατά το σχηματισμό του κράματος. Η διεπιφανειακή αλληλεπίδραση Sn/Ni(111) διερευνήθηκε τόσο με φασματοσκοπίες φωτοηλεκτρονίων, όσο και με θεωρητικούς υπολογισμούς από πρώτες αρχές. (Β) Μελετήθηκαν με φασματοσκοπίες ηλεκτρονίων και σκέδαση ιόντων He ρεαλιστικά πρόδρομα καταλυτικά συστήματα Ziegler – Natta (ZN), παρασκευάζοντας διάφορες σχετικές διεπιφάνειες με εξάχνωση MgCl2 σε υποστρώματα Si(111)7×7, Ti(0001) και SiO2. Η ασθενής αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ MgCl2 και Si(111)7×7 γίνεται κυρίως μέσω των ατόμων Mg, τα οποία σε χαμηλές καλύψεις συμμετέχουν στη δημιουργία της υπερδομής (√3×√3)R30°. Η αλληλεπίδραση ενισχύεται μετά από θέρμανση, οπότε παραμένει στην επιφάνεια υπομονοστρωματική ποσότητα Mg. Από την άλλη πλευρά, το MgCl2, ακόμα και σε θερμοκρασία δωματίου αλληλεπιδρά ισχυρά με το Ti(0001), κυρίως μέσω των ατόμων Cl. Μετά από θέρμανση, ποσότητα Cl παραμένει συνδεδεμένη με το Ti ενώ απομακρύνεται από την επιφάνεια το Mg. Ασθενής αλληλεπίδραση παρατηρήθηκε μεταξύ MgCl2 και SiO2, ενώ η θέρμανση άφησε στην επιφάνεια υπομονοστρωματική ποσότητα οξειδωμένου Mg. Τέλος, μεταλλικό Ti που αποτέθηκε σε μικτό υπόστρωμα MgCl2 /SiO2 παρουσιάζει οξειδωτικές καταστάσεις οφειλόμενες στην ύπαρξη ατόμων Cl και O στην επιφάνεια, ενώ η θέρμανση οδηγεί στη δημιουργία επιφανειακών συμπλόκων, τα οποία είναι πιθανόν να προσομοιάζουν αντίστοιχα είδη στους πρακτικούς καταλύτες. / Two model systems, important in heterogeneous catalysis, where investigated using surface sensitive spectroscopies. (A) In the bi-metallic system Sn/Ni, the formation conditions and the mechanism of Sn surface alloying on Ni(111) were initially studied. The epitaxial surface alloy formation with LEED structure(√3×√3)R30°, requires annealing at 7000C of more than 1.2 monolayers Sn. The c(4x2) and c(2x2) structures were found to be an intermediate step of surface alloying. Temperature-programmed desorption showed a gradual blocking of CO adsorption with progressing alloying. The interfacial interactions in Sn /Ni(111) were demonstrated both by electron spectrosopies and via first principle calculations. (B) Surface science compatible model catalysts of the Ziegler-Natta (ZN) system were investigated by electron spectroscopies and He ion scattering on relevant interfaces formed via evaporation of MgCl2 on Si(111)7×7, Ti(0001) and SiO2 and upon evaporation of Ti on a MgCl2 /SiO2 mixed substrate.. The weak interaction between MgCl2 and Si(111)7×7 takes place through the Mg atoms, which at low coverage form a new surface structure, namely (√3×√3)R30°. The interaction was stronger after annealing, whereby a submonolayer coverage of Mg atoms remain on the surface. On the other hand, MgCl2 interacts strongly with the Ti substrate even at room temperature via the Cl atoms. Annealing causes the desorption of MgCl2 followed by decomposition, that leaves on the surface only Cl atoms attached to Ti, while no Mg atoms remain on the surface. Only a weak interaction was observed between MgCl2 and SiO2, while annealing resulted in the desorption and decomposition of MgCl2 leaving on the surface a sub-monolayer coverage of oxidized Mg. Upon Ti metal evaporation on the mixed MgCl2 / SiO2 support at room temperature, Ti appears at higher oxidation states, due to reaction with Cl and O atoms at the surface. Annealing causes the formation of surface complexes, which are very likely similar to species formed on practical ZN catalysts.

Paraplegia or paraparesis caused by temporary cross-clamping of the aorta is a devastating sequela in patients after surgery of the thoracoabdominal aorta. No effective clinical method is available to protect the spinal cord from ischemic reperfusion injury. A small animal (rat) model of spinal cord ischemia is established to better understand the pathophysiological events and to evaluate potential treatments. Eighty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300 g to 350 g were used for model development (45) and treatment evaluation (36). The heparinized and anesthetized rat was supported by a respirator following tracheostomy. The thoracic aorta was cannulated via the left carotid artery for post-clamping intra-aortic treatment solution administration. After thoracotomy, the aorta was freed and temporarily clamped just distal to the left subclavian artery and just proximal to the diaphragm for different time intervals: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 minutes (five animals per group). The motor function of the lower extremities postoperatively showed consistent impairment after 30 minutes clamping (5/5 rats were paralyzed), and this time interval was used for treatment evaluation. For each treatment, six animals per group were used, and direct local intra-aortic infusion of physiologic solution (2 mL) at different temperatures with or without buffer substances was given immediately after double cross-clamp to protect the ischemic spinal cord. Arterial blood (2 mL) was infused in the control group. The data indicate that the addition of HCO3-(20 mM) to the hypothermic (15 degrees C) solution offered complete protection of the spinal cord from ischemic injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)