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L’aggravation des besoins en matière de vieillesse, de dépendance, de handicap, d’isolement et d’exclusion en général, exacerbe les tensions entre solidarités familiales et solidarités collectives. Partout, la crise des solidarités inquiète : crise des solidarités familiales d’une part, en raison de l’individualisme et de la liberté qui fragilisent les responsabilités familiales, crise des solidarités collectives d’autre part, au regard des difficultés économiques et sociales de l’État-providence. L’articulation entre la solidarité familiale et la solidarité collective est une question centrale des politiques sociales et familiales menées par les États modernes. Le discours contemporain témoigne d’une redécouverte des solidarités familiales et d’une mise en valeur de la fonction économique de la famille, au travers des institutions juridiques de l’obligation alimentaire et de la transmission du patrimoine. L’attention portée aux solidarités de proximité vise à pallier la fragilisation des dispositifs de protection issus de la solidarité collective, ici entendue comme l’ensemble des aides sociales et des prestations non contributives de sécurité sociale. L’articulation de la solidarité familiale et de la solidarité collective interroge le législateur sur la place respective à assigner à la famille et à l’État dans la prise en charge de la personne dans le besoin. Cette étude propose de mettre en évidence le glissement d’un système d’articulation édifié sur la subsidiarité de la solidarité collective par rapport à la solidarité familiale vers un modèle fondé sur la complémentarité de la solidarité familiale et de la solidarité collective. Dans cette perspective, la thèse se propose d’étudier l’impact sur les solidarités familiales, des recours et des récupérations exercés par la collectivité contre les débiteurs alimentaires et les transmissions patrimoniales. / The increasing needs related to old age, dependency, disability, loneliness and more broadly exclusion leads to a tension’s exacerbationbetween family solidarities and collective solidarities. The solidarity crisis is a matter of concern as we observea familial solidarities crisis created by individualism and freedom leading to a weakening of familial liabilities and a collective solidarities crisis created by the welfare state’s economic difficulties. Thus, balance between familial and collective solidarities is a key issue regarding social policies conducted by modern States. The contemporary vision brings up the idea of a rediscovery of familial solidarities and an increasing role given to the economic role of the family through legal institutions such as the maintenance obligation and the assets transmission. The attention given to local solidarities tends to correct the weakening of collective solidarities, defined as the set of social supports and free social security benefits. The balance between familial solidarities and collective solidarities brings lawmaker to re think the role of State and family in regards of a person in need. This study demonstrates that solidarities are drifting from a system balanced by the subsidiarity between collective solidarity and familial solidarity to a new model based on complementarity between familial and collective solidarity. From that perspective, this thesis assesses the impact of familial solidarities, remedies and recoveries used by collectivities against food debtors and transmission of assets.

The research study focused on assessing the potential risk of failing to maintain water supply in the Rand Water area. The study analysed all factors and areas that contributes to water supply in the Rand Water area; this included municipalities supplied by Rand Water, the Department of Water Affairs and other factors that directly affect Rand Water supply such as population growth, increased urbanisation and acid mine drainage. The objectives of the study were: (a) is to determine the potential risk of failing to maintain supply in the Rand Water supply area, in other words, the likeliness of water not being supplied adequately to customers. (b) generate timely and credible information to determine the understanding, awareness, and acknowledgement by the sampled management group of the existence of the potential water supply risk in the Rand Water supply area. This will be done through a quantitative study. The research study approach that was utilized was a quantitative methodology; this approach included the distribution of questionnaires to all relevant stakeholders in the Rand Water supply area. To address the problems that are highlighted in the problem statement and achieve the objectives of the study these answered questionnaires were then sent to a Statistical consultant at North-West University‟s Potchefstroom Campus, to be analysed using an SPSS Version 21 statistical program. The questionnaires were divided into the three big municipal customers, these municipalities combined takes a total of 74.35% of Rand Water supply; these are Johannesburg Water which is part of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and other small municipalities and the Department of Water Affairs‟ officials. Many previous studies also were assessed to be able to help this study establish the seriousness of the water challenge, the amount of work that has already been done, factors contributing to the problem and finally, measures that can be put in place to address the problem. The results that were obtained for this study provided many relationships between this study‟s selected variables and also highlighted the need to put certain strategies in place to be able to control the growing demand for water in the Rand Water system. The name of the Department of Water Affairs has changed many times over the year. It used to be called DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, then DWEA (Department of Water and Environmental Affairs, then DWA (Department of Water Affairs) and it has recently been changed to DWS (Department of Water and Sanitation. For the purposes of this study this department will be called DWA (The Department of Water Affairs) The results were very relevant as most of the relationships were found between variables that are practically supposed to be related in order for the problem to be dealt with fruitfully. From these results it could be concluded that the risk of failing to maintain water supply in the Rand Water supply area does exist, if certain factors were allowed to trend the way they‟ve been trending without measures in place to counteract them. It could also be concluded that certain measures have been initiated to deal with the problem; this included water demand management. Results indicated that collective efforts from all stakeholders in the Rand Water supply area will be crucial in addressing the water supply challenge and avoid future failure to supply. To close the gap between previous research studies and this research study recommendations were made. Areas of future research were also highlighted; these are areas that can add value in providing valued information to help the challenge of water shortage in the Rand Water supply area. This area of future research studies will also be crucial in identifying other external factors that were not highlighted in the study but contribute to the problem. This area of future research studies will also help when implementing turnaround strategies to avoid the risk of failing to maintain supply in the Rand Water area as it will be able to highlight a different strategy that deals with the problem holistically. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The research study focused on assessing the potential risk of failing to maintain water supply in the Rand Water area. The study analysed all factors and areas that contributes to water supply in the Rand Water area; this included municipalities supplied by Rand Water, the Department of Water Affairs and other factors that directly affect Rand Water supply such as population growth, increased urbanisation and acid mine drainage. The objectives of the study were: (a) is to determine the potential risk of failing to maintain supply in the Rand Water supply area, in other words, the likeliness of water not being supplied adequately to customers. (b) generate timely and credible information to determine the understanding, awareness, and acknowledgement by the sampled management group of the existence of the potential water supply risk in the Rand Water supply area. This will be done through a quantitative study. The research study approach that was utilized was a quantitative methodology; this approach included the distribution of questionnaires to all relevant stakeholders in the Rand Water supply area. To address the problems that are highlighted in the problem statement and achieve the objectives of the study these answered questionnaires were then sent to a Statistical consultant at North-West University‟s Potchefstroom Campus, to be analysed using an SPSS Version 21 statistical program. The questionnaires were divided into the three big municipal customers, these municipalities combined takes a total of 74.35% of Rand Water supply; these are Johannesburg Water which is part of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and other small municipalities and the Department of Water Affairs‟ officials. Many previous studies also were assessed to be able to help this study establish the seriousness of the water challenge, the amount of work that has already been done, factors contributing to the problem and finally, measures that can be put in place to address the problem. The results that were obtained for this study provided many relationships between this study‟s selected variables and also highlighted the need to put certain strategies in place to be able to control the growing demand for water in the Rand Water system. The name of the Department of Water Affairs has changed many times over the year. It used to be called DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, then DWEA (Department of Water and Environmental Affairs, then DWA (Department of Water Affairs) and it has recently been changed to DWS (Department of Water and Sanitation. For the purposes of this study this department will be called DWA (The Department of Water Affairs) The results were very relevant as most of the relationships were found between variables that are practically supposed to be related in order for the problem to be dealt with fruitfully. From these results it could be concluded that the risk of failing to maintain water supply in the Rand Water supply area does exist, if certain factors were allowed to trend the way they‟ve been trending without measures in place to counteract them. It could also be concluded that certain measures have been initiated to deal with the problem; this included water demand management. Results indicated that collective efforts from all stakeholders in the Rand Water supply area will be crucial in addressing the water supply challenge and avoid future failure to supply. To close the gap between previous research studies and this research study recommendations were made. Areas of future research were also highlighted; these are areas that can add value in providing valued information to help the challenge of water shortage in the Rand Water supply area. This area of future research studies will also be crucial in identifying other external factors that were not highlighted in the study but contribute to the problem. This area of future research studies will also help when implementing turnaround strategies to avoid the risk of failing to maintain supply in the Rand Water area as it will be able to highlight a different strategy that deals with the problem holistically. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur individer tagit sig ut ett drogmissbruk och hur de håller sig nyktra. För att uppnå detta har det genomförts kvalitativa intervjuer med personer som själva identifierar sig som nyktra narkomaner. Den insamlade empirin har analyserats med hjälp av den transteoretiska modellen som utgår ifrån att förändring sker stegvis och genom processer. Resultatet visar att individen upplever negativa konsekvenser av droganvändningen och ofta når en personlig botten innan hen bestämmer sig för att sluta. Förändringsprocessen sker bland annat genom att individen får ett andligt uppvaknande. För att kunna bibehålla nykterheten visar studien att relationen till Gud och anhöriga är viktig. Att hitta en ny mening i livet där man hjälper andra människor är också av stor betydelse. / This study examines how individuals have emerged out of substance abuse and how they stay sober. To achieve this we have done qualitative interviews with sober drug addicts. The collected empirical data has been analyzed using the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) that assumes that change occurs gradually and through processes. The result shows that the individual experience negative consequences of the drug abuse and often reaches a personal rock bottom before he or she choose to terminate.  The process of change partly occurs through a spiritual awakening. To maintain the sobriety our study also shows that the relationship to God and relatives are important. Finding a new purpose in life where you help other people is also significant.

I samband med operation exponeras patientens kropp för att kunna genomföra ett ingrepp och det är operationssjuksköterskans uppgift att bevara patientens kroppsliga integritet. Det finns dock inga tydliga riktlinjer för detta och kan vara en svår utmaning för operationssjuksköterskor. Syftet med studien var att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av hur de bevarar patientens kroppsliga integritet. Kvalitativ ansats med intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod valdes för att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors erfarenheter inom området. Urvalet bestod av nio operationssjuksköterskor fördelade på fyra sjukhus inom tre län. Datamaterialet analyserades enligt en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resulterade i sju subkategorier under en och samma kategori. Operationssjuksköterskorna beskrev begreppet integritet som en människas personliga sfär och att varje enskild patients integritet bevaras genom individanpassad vård. Skydda patientens kroppsliga integritet kan göras genom att skyla kroppen och undvika obehöriga blickar, men samtidigt finns faktorer som försvårar bevarandet av patientens kroppsliga integritet. En kombination av professionalism och empati menar operationssjuksköterskorna leder dem till att bevara patientens kroppsliga integritet där patientrelationen är viktig men av olika skäl kan utebli. Slutsatsen av resultatet är att patientrelationen är viktig för att kunna inhämta den information operationssjuksköterskan behöver för att kunna bevara patientens kroppsliga integritet. / During a surgery the patient’s body is exposed in order to carry out the surgery and it is the operating room nurse’s main task to care for and to protect the patient’s bodily integrity. However, at this time there are no clear guidelines on how to treat this subject and it can be a difficult challenge for the nurses. The purpose of this study was to describe the operating room nurses experiences of how they best protect the patient's bodily integrity. A qualitative approach with interviews and data collection methods was chosen to describe the operating room nurses' experiences in the field. The sample consisted of nine surgical nurses, spread across four hospitals in three counties. The data was analyzed according to a qualitative content analysis and resulted into seven sub-categories under the same category. Operating room nurses described the concept of integrity as a human's personal space, and that each patient’s integrity is maintained through individualized care. Protecting the patient’s bodily integrity can be done by covering the body and preventing unauthorized eyes but there are factors that can for different reasons make this difficult. The operating room nurses think that a combination of professionalism and empathy leads them to maintain the patient's bodily integrity where patient relationship is important, but for various reasons may be compromised. The conclusions from the result is that the patient relationship is important in order to obtain the information that the operating room nurse needs to be able to protect the patient's bodily integrity.

I Sverige idag finns ett statligt vägnät som finansieras och underhålls av de Svenska myndigheterna genom Trafikverket. På Trafikverkets avdelning för underhåll planeras och genomförs underhållsåtgärder för att vägarnas standard ska uppfylla de beslutande kraven som finns. En av de dimensionerande faktorerna vid underhåll av asfaltsvägar är spårdjup, spårdjupen får inte överstiga den specifika underhållsstandarden som finns eftersom om det sker ökar olycksrisken och en försämrad framkomlighet kan uppstå. Ett av syftena med detta examensarbete är att undersöka om det går att förutse var och varför asfaltsbeläggningar inte uppfyller underhållsstandarden som finns. Metoden som används grundar sig i en analys av mätdata som inhämtats genom laserskanning av vägytan med hjälp av en mätbil. Datan presenteras i form av grafer och figurer i Trafikverkets öppna webbportal PMSV3, graferna och figurerna har analyserats för att sedan utgöra resultatet och slutsatserna i arbetet. Resultatet som framgick stämmer som helhet överens med grundinställningen innan arbetet påbörjades, att det går att se en indikation efter några år vart beläggningen kommer att överstiga maximalt spårdjup enligt underhållsstandarden. Men att förutse om och var beläggningen kommer försämras först och mest är svårare i ett tidigt skede. Arbetets slutsatser har bidragit till att flera förslag på fortsatta arbeten har föreslagits, vilket får arbetet att anses lyckat. / In Sweden today, there is a state road network that is financed and maintained by the Swedish authorities through the Swedish Transport Administration. At the Swedish Transport Administration maintenance department, maintenance measures are planned and implemented to ensure that the standards of the roads meet the decision requirements that exist. One of the dimension factors for maintenance of asphalt roads is rut depth, the groove depth must not exceed the specific maintenance standard that exists because, if this happens, the accident risk increases One of the purposes of this thesis is to investigate whether it is possible to predict where and why asphalt pavements do not meet the maintenance standard that exists. The result which appeared to be in agreement with the basic attitude before the work was started, that it is possible to see an indication after a few years where the occupancy will exceed the maintenance standard But to predict if and where the asphalt coating will deteriorate first and most is more difficult at an early stage The work's conclusions have contributed to several ideas for further work being proposed, which makes the work to be considered successful

Executive Summary A company needs guidelines for the organization and its employees to act in the same direction. Core values constitute a fundamental part of a company but they have to be “lived” by the members of the organization in order to be valid. When a company undergoes many changes, there is a risk of losing the core values as focus is put on the survival of the company. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to reach a solution for the maintenance of the core values at Atea Logistics, a company which has faced turbulent periods. However, in order to do so, a first requirement was to get in touch with Atea Logistics’ culture in order to later correctly apprehend the organization’s core values. Hence, this research was guided by the following research question: “How to maintain core values at Atea Logistics?” The conducted study consists of a case study made at Atea Logistics in Växjö, which is a part of the Atea Holding AB. The currently successful group, Atea, was created in 1985 under the name of Owell. Atea is a company which helps organizations and companies increase the benefits of Information Technologies (IT) by providing products and services that simplify the management, operation and development of IT infrastructure. As an IT product supplier, Atea covers the entire cycle from the supply of new IT products to the recycling of old ones. Since we aimed at providing the company with a research that it could benefit from, this thesis has its base in discussions with managers of Atea Logistics. Empirical data were mostly gathered through interviews with several employees and finally interplay between empirical data and theoretical findings occurred. The findings of this complex study comprise that core values have been neglected within the company for several years because of repetitive changes. However, employees have been aware of this situation but still have not focused on this aspect. Several core values have been discovered which have remained since the Owell-time: respect, participation, openness, trust, responsibility and family-friendly. In order for Atea Logistics to maintain these values, several aspects need to be developed such as their clear statement, their communication via different tools (i.e. printed documents, corporate events, an integration process for newcomers, etc.) as well as the alignment of employees with them.

<p>Executive Summary</p><p>A company needs guidelines for the organization and its employees to act in the same direction. Core values constitute a fundamental part of a company but they have to be “lived” by the members of the organization in order to be valid. When a company undergoes many</p><p>changes, there is a risk of losing the core values as focus is put on the survival of the company. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to reach a solution for the maintenance of the core values at Atea Logistics, a company which has faced turbulent periods. However, in order to do so, a first requirement was to get in touch with Atea</p><p>Logistics’ culture in order to later correctly apprehend the organization’s core values. Hence, this research was guided by the following research question:</p><p>“How to maintain core values at Atea Logistics?”</p><p>The conducted study consists of a case study made at Atea Logistics in Växjö, which is a part of the Atea Holding AB. The currently successful group, Atea, was created in 1985 under the name of Owell. Atea is a company which helps organizations and companies increase the</p><p>benefits of Information Technologies (IT) by providing products and services that simplify the management, operation and development of IT infrastructure. As an IT product supplier, Atea covers the entire cycle from the supply of new IT products to the recycling of old ones.</p><p>Since we aimed at providing the company with a research that it could benefit from, this thesis has its base in discussions with managers of Atea Logistics. Empirical data were mostly gathered through interviews with several employees and finally interplay between empirical</p><p>data and theoretical findings occurred. The findings of this complex study comprise that core values have been neglected within the company for several years because of repetitive changes. However, employees have been aware of this situation but still have not focused on this aspect.</p><p>Several core values have been discovered which have remained since the Owell-time: respect, participation, openness, trust, responsibility and family-friendly. In order for Atea Logistics to maintain these values, several aspects need to be developed such as their clear statement, their communication via different tools (i.e. printed documents, corporate events, an integration process for newcomers, etc.) as well as the alignment of employees with them.</p>

Bakgrund: Hjärtsvikt är en kronisk folksjukdom som globalt drabbar cirka 26 miljoner årligen med stigande incidens. Sjukdomens symptom påverkar patientens förmåga till att upprätthålla sin egenvård som resulterar i försämrad livskvalitet. Egenvård är en stor och viktig del av patientens behandling och vardag. Sjuksköterskans uppgift är att informera och stötta för att främja patientens egenvård. Därför är det relevant att sjuksköterskan har kunskap om patientens upplevelse av främjande egenvård. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hjärtsviktspatienters upplevelser av vad som främjar egenvård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ design och induktiv ansats genomfördes. Tolv vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades med Fribergs fem steg. Resultat: Fem subteman formade två teman. Att ha socialt nätverk och att hitta motivation formade stöd och motivation. Att känna engagemang till behandling, att ha tillräckligt med information och att ha tillgång till hjälpmedel formade sjukdomsinsikt. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att det fanns främjande upplevelser av egenvård hos patienter. Stöd och motivation var centrala komponenter för att underhålla egenvård. För att främja egenvård framkom det också att sjukdomsinsikt hade en betydande roll. Engagemang till behandling, information och symtomövervakning med diverse hjälpmedel bidrog till ökad sjukdomsinsikt och goda upplevelser av egenvård. / Background: Heart failure is a chronic disease that globally affecting approximately 26 million yearly with increasing incidence. The symptoms of the disease affects the patient's ability to maintain their self-care, resulting in a reduced life quality. Self-care is a large and important part of the patient’s treatment and everyday life. The nurse’s job is to inform and support the patient to promote self-care. Therefore, it is relevant that the nurse has knowledge about the patient’s experience of self-care. Aim: The aim was to describe heart failure patients' experiences of what promotes self-care. Method: A literature review with qualitative design and inductive approach was conducted. Twelve scientific articles were analyzed with Friberg’s five-step. Results: Five subthemes formed two themes. To have social network and to find motivation, formed support and motivation. To feel committed to treatment, to have enough information and to have access to devices, formed disease awareness. Conclusion: The results showed that there were promoting experiences of self-care in patients. Support and motivation were central components for maintaining self-care. To promote self-care, it were also found that disease awareness played an important role. Commitment to treatment, information and monitoring of symptoms with different devices contributed to increased disease awareness and good experiences of self-care.