Organisationer har flera chefsnivåer, på en av dessa befinner sig mellanchefen, även kallad linjechef. I stora drag innebär denna roll ett ansvar över personal på operativ nivå samt ansvar att implementera ledningens beslut. Då vi i litteratur och i tidigare genomförda studier funnit att rollen som mellanchef kan vara påfrestande, då speciellt i offentlig sektor, är det av vårt intresse att undersöka arbetsförhållanden för mellanchefer med fokus på personalhantering.Denna studie syftar till att svara på hur mellanchefer på sjukhus upplever och ser på hantering av konflikter. Genom djupintervjuer av ett antal avdelningschefer har en kvalitativ undersökning genomförts. Utifrån det insamlade materialet kan tre centrala slutsatser urskiljas. Konfliktbegreppet kan vara svårdefinierat då problemsituationer uppfattas olika. Konflikter på arbetsplatsen kan vara stagnerande, men hanteras dem kan de leda till utveckling för både gruppen och individen. Dessutom kan mellanchefers position vara särskilt utsatt på grund av det rådande korstrycket och en upplevelse av rollkonflikt mellan kamratrollen och ledarrollen. / There are levels of management in organisations, one of these is middle management, also known as line management. In broad terms, this role means a responsibility over staff at the operational level and implementation of executive decisions. As we have found in literature and previous studies, that being a middle manager can be stressful, especially in the public sector, it is our interest to study working conditions for middle managers with a focus on human resource management.This study aims to answer how middle managers in hospitals experience and perceive conflict management. Through interviews with department heads, a qualitative study was conducted. Based on the collected material, three major conclusions can be distinguished. Conflict as a concept may be difficult to define as problematic situations can be perceived differently. Workplace conflict can come to a standstill, but if managed, they can lead to development for both group and individual. In addition, the position of middle managers is found to be particularly vulnerable because of the current cross-pressure and an experience of role conflict between the companion role and leadership role.

Η ενότητα αυτή αποτελεί μια συνοπτική επισκόπηση της παρούσας πτυχιακής εργασίας. Πριν παρουσιαστούν περιληπτικά τα περιεχόμενα της εργασίας πρέπει να διατυπωθεί ο σκοπός της, ο οποίος συνίσταται στην εξακρίβωση των συσχετίσεων που υπάρχουν μεταξύ των διαφόρων μορφών επικοινωνίας και των 5 διαφορετικών μεθόδων διοίκησης συγκρούσεων στο ερευνητικό πεδίο της δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης, καθώς και με την εφαρμογή συμμετοχικών διαδικασιών στην διοίκηση της σχολικής μονάδας. Συγκεκριμένα ο εντοπισμός των πιθανών σχέσεων που μπορεί να υπάρχουν μεταξύ της επίσημης ή ανεπίσημης επικοινωνίας μεταξύ συναδέλφων σχολικής μονάδας ή εκπαιδευτικών και διεύθυνσης σχολικής μονάδας και των πέντε μεθόδων διοίκησης συγκρούσεων, καθώς επίσης των σχέσεων της αποκέντρωσης ή της συγκέντρωσης εξουσίας στις διαδικασίες λήψης αποφάσεων με τις πέντε μεθόδους διοίκησης συγκρούσεων στο πλαίσιο της σχολικής μονάδας. Επίσης η παρούσα εργασία σκοπεύει να εξαντλήσει και να εμπλουτίσει την υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία μέσα από τη θεματική και τα ευρήματά της. / The aim of this report is to ascertain the correlations between the diverse patterns of communication and the five (5) different methods of conflict management in the searching field of the secondary education and specifically between the educators and the school unit’s administration. What is studied particularly is the localization of the potential relations that might exist between the formal or informal communication among school unit’s colleagues or teachers and school unit’s administration and the five ways of conflicts management. The data for this survey was collected with questionnaires from secondary education’s educators and directors in various school units. Moreover this very study intends to use up and enrich the existing bibliography through its issues and findings.

Jouant un rôle crucial pour l’efficience des marchés, la banque d’investissement contemporaine se caractérise par l’exercice d’une grande diversité d’activités aussi complexes qu’hétérogènes sous un même toit. Agissant tantôt auprès d’une clientèle de particuliers, d’entreprises, d’institutions financières, de fonds d’investissement ou de gouvernements, et tantôt pour son propre compte, elle compose avec une multitude d’intérêts divergents, ce qui soulève un certain questionnement quant à la portée de l’obligation de loyauté dont elle peut être tributaire envers ses clients. Les implications répétées des banques d’affaires dans la vague de récents scandales financiers ont inévitablement affecté la confiance que les épargnants témoignent envers l’intégrité de cette institution et des marchés financiers en général. Elles ont de plus contribué significativement à relancer le débat concernant la pertinence de contrôler, et même d’éliminer les conflits d’intérêts, un phénomène largement répandu au sein de la banque d’investissement. À titre de mécanismes préventifs, les solutions de marchés et l’autodiscipline des intermédiaires financiers sont imparfaits. La réglementation des conflits d’intérêts se justifie alors afin de pallier les défaillances du marché et de l’autorégulation. Pour autant qu’il maintienne sa réglementation dans un rapport efficience-équité acceptable, l’État est appelé à concevoir des normes de contrôle aux objectifs variés, allant de la réforme structurelle du secteur financier à l’élaboration de principes généraux devant servir de balises à la conduite des intermédiaires financiers. Ainsi, dans une industrie caractérisée par une forte conglomération, la réponse des législateurs semble s’articuler autour du traitement adéquat des conflits d’intérêts, traitement qui s’opère par divers mécanismes, dont la muraille Chine, la divulgation et le refus d’agir. / Playing a key role in market efficiency, the modern investment bank offers a wide variety of services that are as complex as they are different, all under one roof. Acting sometimes in the interest of individuals, businesses, financial institutions, investment funds or governments and sometimes in its own interest, an investment bank must contend with a multitude of diverging interests, which raises certain questions as to the extent of any duty for loyalty it may owe to its clients. Repeated involvement by investment banks in the wave of recent financial scandals has inevitably affected investors’ confidence with respect to the integrity of these institutions and financial markets in general. This factor has significantly contributed to renewing the debate concerning the relevance of controlling, or even eliminating, conflicts of interest, which are a wide-spread phenomenon in the investment banking industry. In terms of preventive measures, market-related solutions and self-discipline by financial intermediaries are inherently flawed. Therefore, in order to offset such deficiencies, it becomes justifiable to regulate conflict of interest situations. Numerous possibilities exist and, as long as regulation is maintained at an acceptable effectiveness/fairness ratio, the State is called upon to establish monitoring standards for various objectives, ranging from a structural reform of the financial sector to developing general principles to serve as guidelines for the conduct of financial intermediaries. Thus, in an industry characterized by a strong tendency for conglomeration, the response from regulators seems to hinge on adequate handling of conflicts of interest, which includes various mechanisms such as the Chinese wall, disclosure and a refusal to act.

Jouant un rôle crucial pour l’efficience des marchés, la banque d’investissement contemporaine se caractérise par l’exercice d’une grande diversité d’activités aussi complexes qu’hétérogènes sous un même toit. Agissant tantôt auprès d’une clientèle de particuliers, d’entreprises, d’institutions financières, de fonds d’investissement ou de gouvernements, et tantôt pour son propre compte, elle compose avec une multitude d’intérêts divergents, ce qui soulève un certain questionnement quant à la portée de l’obligation de loyauté dont elle peut être tributaire envers ses clients. Les implications répétées des banques d’affaires dans la vague de récents scandales financiers ont inévitablement affecté la confiance que les épargnants témoignent envers l’intégrité de cette institution et des marchés financiers en général. Elles ont de plus contribué significativement à relancer le débat concernant la pertinence de contrôler, et même d’éliminer les conflits d’intérêts, un phénomène largement répandu au sein de la banque d’investissement. À titre de mécanismes préventifs, les solutions de marchés et l’autodiscipline des intermédiaires financiers sont imparfaits. La réglementation des conflits d’intérêts se justifie alors afin de pallier les défaillances du marché et de l’autorégulation. Pour autant qu’il maintienne sa réglementation dans un rapport efficience-équité acceptable, l’État est appelé à concevoir des normes de contrôle aux objectifs variés, allant de la réforme structurelle du secteur financier à l’élaboration de principes généraux devant servir de balises à la conduite des intermédiaires financiers. Ainsi, dans une industrie caractérisée par une forte conglomération, la réponse des législateurs semble s’articuler autour du traitement adéquat des conflits d’intérêts, traitement qui s’opère par divers mécanismes, dont la muraille Chine, la divulgation et le refus d’agir. / Playing a key role in market efficiency, the modern investment bank offers a wide variety of services that are as complex as they are different, all under one roof. Acting sometimes in the interest of individuals, businesses, financial institutions, investment funds or governments and sometimes in its own interest, an investment bank must contend with a multitude of diverging interests, which raises certain questions as to the extent of any duty for loyalty it may owe to its clients. Repeated involvement by investment banks in the wave of recent financial scandals has inevitably affected investors’ confidence with respect to the integrity of these institutions and financial markets in general. This factor has significantly contributed to renewing the debate concerning the relevance of controlling, or even eliminating, conflicts of interest, which are a wide-spread phenomenon in the investment banking industry. In terms of preventive measures, market-related solutions and self-discipline by financial intermediaries are inherently flawed. Therefore, in order to offset such deficiencies, it becomes justifiable to regulate conflict of interest situations. Numerous possibilities exist and, as long as regulation is maintained at an acceptable effectiveness/fairness ratio, the State is called upon to establish monitoring standards for various objectives, ranging from a structural reform of the financial sector to developing general principles to serve as guidelines for the conduct of financial intermediaries. Thus, in an industry characterized by a strong tendency for conglomeration, the response from regulators seems to hinge on adequate handling of conflicts of interest, which includes various mechanisms such as the Chinese wall, disclosure and a refusal to act.

The aim of the project was to explore the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge amongst decision-makers involved in the management of red deer in Scotland. While research exists on the ecology of red deer habitat, no research exists that focuses on the relationship between the deer and the people responsible for their management. Therefore, this thesis is primarily qualitative research which aimed to explore the various aspects of red deer management in Scotland within the socio-ecological context in which it exists. There are numerous groups with interest in red deer management, however this research, due to scope and time restrictions, was limited to two primary groups, the individuals tasked with implementing policy and the practitioners who carry out culling. During the course of the project, under-researched topics surfaced, highlighting areas of practical and theoretical divergence between stakeholders. This thesis therefore aims to explore how differing views and perspectives of two of the key stakeholder groups – the estate-based practitioners (including stalkers, land-managers, and land-owners) and staff of governmental agencies – influence the management of red deer in Scotland. This research indicates that people with different roles hold different relationships with the deer, which affect management decisions and implementation at local, regional, and/or national level. As with other areas within conservation and wildlife management, this research indicates there is a disconnect between blanket governmental policy and site-specific needs, with a lack of inclusion of practitioner knowledge. Potential future research would include additional qualitative research to follow up some of the management issues raised by this research and formulate recommendations for changes to practice, followed by collection of quantitative data assessing the efficacy of interventions.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-16T12:27:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gilliard Pedro Marques - 2016.pdf: 7292314 bytes, checksum: 8dd9c621180554a91ab4360cf8abfd76 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-16T12:54:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gilliard Pedro Marques - 2016.pdf: 7292314 bytes, checksum: 8dd9c621180554a91ab4360cf8abfd76 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-16T12:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gilliard Pedro Marques - 2016.pdf: 7292314 bytes, checksum: 8dd9c621180554a91ab4360cf8abfd76 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / The Samambaia Stream is located in the municipality of Catalão (GO). In addition to serving the riverbank population in their various activities, since 1974 it began to be used for water capturing and public supply to Catalão town. According to IBGE (2015), in 1970, Catalão population was no more than 30 thousand. However, currently it accounts with 98.737 thousand inhabitants. Faced with this population growth and among other demands for 40 years, a few has been invested and made properly for the environmental improvement of the Hydrographic Basin of Samambaia Stream. The environmental recovery program applied in 2004 denied the riverbank population participation and restricted the seedlings plantation in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs), without any concern with its the maintenance. In September 2014, the Catalão town's High Public Power faced many difficulties in public water supply. This agency by means of the Municipal Water and Sewer Superintendence (MWSS) entered with a precautionary measure request to the Judiciary, which was granted to implement the sealing of irrigation pumps and the obstruction of all forms of water catchment from riverbank population. The achievement of this measure, among other actions, has unfolded in an expressive conflict between riverbank population and Catalão town’s High Public Power. Thus, this work had as main aim to understand the water resources’ management in Brazil, as well as to understand the conflicts for water and its appropriation and expropriation in the riverbank population's territory of the Hydrographic Basin of Samambaia Stream in Catalão (GO), in 2014. Concerning the methodology, it was prevailed by two research stages: the theoretical and documentary research. Among the literature, stands out the authors: Orlando (2005), Campos and Fracalanza (2010), Scantimburgo (2013) and others. In regard of the documents: The Lei Federal no. 9.433, which establishes the National Policy for Water Resources and the losses' collection of riverbank population's productions due to sealing of their water catchment pumps and dam breakage. Finally, it is considered that a public administration that ensures water quantity and quality to the present and future generations still poses as a great challenge in current Brazil. Besides, about the conflict for water in the Hydrographic Basin of Samambaia Stream, it is undeniable the inability of the Municipal Public Power of Catalão town in dialogue and recognize the importance of riverbank population in water management activities. / O Ribeirão Samambaia, o qual localiza-se no município de Catalão (GO), além de servir as populações ribeirinhas nas suas diversas atividades passou a ser utilizado para captação e abastecimento público da cidade de Catalão, desde 1974. Segundo o IBGE (2015), na década de 1970, a população do município de Catalão não passava de 30 mil. Porém, atualmente, conta com 98.737 mil habitantes. Perante este crescimento populacional e entre outras demandas ao longo de 40 anos, pouco se investiu e se fez adequadamente para a melhoria ambiental da Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Samambaia. O programa de recuperação ambiental, aplicado em 2004, negou o direito da participação das populações ribeirinhas, e restringiu o isolamento e plantio de mudas nas áreas de preservação permanentes (APP’s), sem nenhuma preocupação com a manutenção. Em setembro de 2014, o Poder Público Municipal de Catalão enfrentou muitas dificuldades no abastecimento público de água. Ele, por meio da Superintendência Municipal de Água e Esgoto (SAE), entrou com um pedido de Medida Cautelar ao Judiciário, a qual foi concedida para implementar a lacração de bombas de irrigação e a obstrução de todas as formas de captação de água dos ribeirinhos. A consecução desta medida, entre outras ações, desdobrou em um expressivo conflito entre os ribeirinhos e Poder Público Municipal de Catalão. Assim, este trabalho teve como o objetivo geral compreender a gestão das águas no Brasil, bem como o conflito pela água e a sua apropriação e expropriação no território dos ribeirinhos, da Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Samambaia, no município de Catalão (GO), em 2014. Em relação à metodologia, esta perpassou por duas etapas de investigação: a pesquisa teórica e a documental. Dentre a literatura, destaca-se os autores: Orlando (2005), Campos e Fracalanza (2010), Scantimburgo (2013), dentre outros. Em relação aos documentos: a Lei Federal n. 9.433, a qual institui a Política Nacional dos Recursos Hídricos, e o levantamento de perdas das produções dos ribeirinhos decorrentes dos lacres das bombas e arrombamento das represas. Por fim, considera-se que uma gestão que assegure água em quantidade e qualidade às gerações presentes e futuras, ainda se apresenta como um grande desafio no Brasil atual. Além disso, sobre o conflito pela água na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Samambaia, é inegável a incapacidade do Poder Público Municipal de Catalão em dialogar e reconhecer a importância dos ribeirinhos como sujeitos primordiais na gestão das águas.