This study is to assemble the available information from the various sources pertaining to the habitat, properties, physical characteristics, uses, and supply of the hardwoods and softwoods available to industry and to industrial arts shops, and to determine the various types used for projects in the industrial arts shops.

The primary purpose of the study is twofold: first, to develop a set of criteria that can be used effectively to evaluate projects that will develop in students those skills and concepts emphasized in the goals and objectives of industrial arts; and second, to evaluate these projects by using evaluative criteria developed for that purpose. After the completion of the study, a convenient source book of projects for teachers will be compiled.

Background: Many cancer patients who require external beam radiotherapy such as breast cancer patients, present with irregular surface topographies and tissue inhomogenieties in the treatment field. Such irregularities give rise to unacceptable dose non-uniformity. Standard fields cannot be applied without compensation for missing tissue. 1-D and 2-D missing tissue compensators can be used but they have limitations. 3-D compensators are the most effective but they are normally fabricated using very expensive automated systems. Objectives: To study the variation of linear attenuation coefficients of different materials in megavoltage photon beams, select a tissue equivalent compensating material and commission a local 3-D manual missing tissue compensator cutter. Methods and materials: Linear attenuation coefficients were measured for tin, River sand mix, Lincolnshire bolus and dental modelling wax for different energy megavoltage photon beams. Measurements were done in a water phantom using a cylindrical ionisation chamber at varying depths. The CT numbers and densities of the materials were also measured. Negative plaster of paris moulds of the breast and head and neck areas were made using a RANDOTM Alderson anthropomorphic phantom from typically simulated fields. 3-D missing tissue compensators were then fabricated on the manual cutter and were tested for their effectiveness during treatment delivery. Results: Linear attenuation coefficients were dependent on photon beam energy, the thickness and density of the attenuator, but independent of the depth of measurement for compensator thickness of more than 2 cm. Lincolnshire bolus and dental modelling wax with CT numbers of –78 ± 9 and -88 ± 18 and densities of 1.4 ± 0.0 g/cm3 and 0.9 ± 0.0 g/cm3 respectively can be regarded as tissue equivalent materials. The fabricated 3-D missing tissue compensators were effective in correcting for dose non-uniformities compared to fields with no beam-modifying devices or wedges (1-D compensators). Conclusions: The 3-D missing tissue compensators were effective in correcting for dose non-uniformities in treatment fields involving very irregular surface topographies compared to 1-D and 2-D methods. They can be fabricated cheaply using a 3-D manual missing tissue compensator cutter. Quality control procedures need to be followed during fabrication.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2017-02-15T20:38:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_GabrielHPMRibeiro_CFT_2015.pdf: 1783419 bytes, checksum: ff23b6f87fe417fae20e1a3882570dd3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T20:38:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_GabrielHPMRibeiro_CFT_2015.pdf: 1783419 bytes, checksum: ff23b6f87fe417fae20e1a3882570dd3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Storms producing high winds are frequent and major natural disturbance events in the Central and Western Amazon, affecting forest structure and diversity at the landscape level. The stability of Amazonian tree species against storm-induced wind-throw has never been evaluated using direct experimental approaches such as winching. This has typically been related to the distribution of wind speeds, butt little is known about difference in the susceptibility to wind damage cause by site-related difference in growth form. Previous work in the Central Amazon found that tree mortality caused by storm-induced blowdowns, primarily by snapping and uprooting, was highest on plateaus and slopes, while much lower in valley forests. In this study we investigated the critical turning moments (Mcrit) of 60 trees, ranging from 19.0 to 41.1 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) and located in different topographic positions, using a cable-winch load-cell system. Our approach used torque as a measure of tree failure to a point of no return (snapping or uprooting). Size controlled variation in Mcrit was quantified for cardeiro (Scleronema mincranthum (Ducke) Ducke), mata-matá (Eschweilera spp.), and a random selection of trees across a number of species. Our analysis of Mcrit revealed that tree resistance to failure increased with size and differed among species, but no effects of topography or failure mode were found for the species groups either separately or pooled. For the random species, total explained variance increased from an R2 of 0.49 for DBH alone, to 0.68 when including both DBH and stem wood density (SWD) in a multiple regression model. For the random selection of trees those that have interlocked grain seems not to increase Mcrit whit increases in size ,when compared to similar sized trees with other grain orientation. The slenderness factor (total tree height/DBH, both in m) influence Mcrit for the different groups, overall values bellow 80 show higher resistance. Depending on the size attribute (DBH or above ground biomass (AGB)) for similar sized trees on group is just more resistant than the others. This mechanics approach allows the comparison of tree vulnerability induced by wind damage across ecosystems and facilitates the use of forest structural information in ecosystems models. Our results indicate that topographic differences in wind-throw vulnerability are likely due to elevational differences in wind velocities and crown exposure, rather than by differences in soil properties related to topography / Tempestades convectivas com fortes rajadas de vento são distúrbios naturais e eventos frequentes na porção central e oeste da Amazônia, afetando a estrutura florestal e sua diversidade em nível de paisagem. A estabilidade de diferentes espécies arbóreas da Amazônia, relacionadas à queda por vento ainda não haviam sido avaliadas usando abordagens experimentais diretas, tais como a prática de guinchar árvores manualmente. A estabilidade arbórea tem sido previamente relacionada à distribuição e velocidade do vento, mas pouco ainda se sabe sobre as diferenças de susceptibilidade ao vento causada por diferenças de ambiente e formas de crescimento. Estudo prévio na Amazônia Central reportou mortalidade arbórea induzida pelo vento, principalmente por ruptura do tronco e desenraizamento em áreas de encostas e platôs, com menores taxas de mortalidade em áreas de baixio. Nesse estudo foi investigado o momento crítico de queda (Mcrit) de 60 árvores, entre 19,0 cm e 41,1 cm em diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), localizadas em diferentes posições topográficas, usando um sistema composto por fitas, cabo de aço, tirfor de mão e célula de carga. Essa abordagem usa o torque como uma medida de falha na árvore, na qual um ponto sem retorno é atingido (ruptura do tronco ou desenraizamento). O tamanho das árvores controlou a variação no Mcrit quantificada para cardeiro (Scleronema mincranthum (Ducke) Ducke), mata-matá (Eschweilera spp.), e uma seleção aleatória de espécies arbóreas. As análises de Mcrit revelaram que a resistência arbórea à falha aumentou com o tamanho das árvores e diferiu entre grupos de espécies estudados, porém não foi detectado efeito da topografia ou modo de falha (ruptura do tronco ou desenraizamento) para os grupos estudados, tanto individualmente ou quando agrupados. Para a seleção aleatória de espécies arbóreas, a variância total explicada aumentou de um R2 de 0,49 com uso apenas do DAP, para 0,68 quando tanto o DAP e a média ponderada para a densidade do tronco (Dtronco) foram incluídos em um modelo de regressão múltipla. Dentro do grupo escolhido de forma aleatória, para as espécies que apresentam grã do tipo revessa, menores valores no Mcrit foram reportados quando comparadas a árvores de tamanho similar que apresentem as fibras em outra direção. A esbelteza (relação entre a altura total/DAP, ambas em m) teve influência no Mcrit para os diferentes grupos, de maneira geral valores inferiores a 80 apresentam maior resistência. Dependendo da variável utilizada (DAP ou biomassa acima do solo (BA)), para árvores de similar tamanho, um grupo é simplesmente mais resistente que os demais. Esta abordagem mecânica permite a comparação da vulnerabilidade arbórea, induzida por danos relacionados ao vento entre ecossistemas, facilitando o uso de informações estruturais das florestas em modelagem de ecossistemas. Os resultados indicam, que a vulnerabilidade de árvores a mortalidade induzida por vento, nas diferentes posições topográficas, são provavelmente devido às diferenças em elevação relacionadas a velocidades do vento e a exposição das copas das árvores e não por diferenças de propriedades do solo relacionadas com a topografia.

Esta dissertação de mestrado, como indica o próprio título, tem como objetivo pesquisar, descrever e analisar a concepção de literatura presente nos discursos dos manuais didáticos produzidos entre os anos de 1970 e 1990. Dentro do corpus selecionado ¾ manuais didáticos do ensino médio ¾, o enfoque da pesquisa se dará nos capítulos em que estes procuram conceituar a literatura. Dessa forma, este trabalho ¾ não pressupondo a existência de uma concepção de literatura fixa, natural e estável, como se esta pudesse ser anterior a qualquer discurso e independente da contingência histórica ¾ parte da hipótese de que tal concepção seria antes uma construção discursiva em que outros discursos são retomados, simplificados, aglutinados, generalizados, etc. Nesse sentido, a perspectiva teórica da análise do discurso, especificamente a que pode ser depreendida da obra de Michel Foucault (A ordem do discurso e A arqueologia do saber), fundamentará esta análise. / This dissertation aims at discussing the concept of literature that can be found in High School textbooks produced between the years 1970 and 1990. The main trait of this research is to analyze the chapters that try to define what literature is. This work - not assuming the existence of a rigid, natural and fixed concept of literature, as if this notion could exist apart from any discourse and from any historical contingence - assumes that this concept would be a discoursive construction in which others discourses are retaken, simplified, agglutinated, generalized, etc. Therein, the theoretical perspective of the analysis of the discourse, specially the one that derives from the work of Michel Foucault ( The Discourse on Language and The Archaelogy of Knowledge ) will lay the foundation of the present analysis.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Mecânica. Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Engenharia. 2011

Estágio realizado na EFACEC - e orientado pelo Eng. Costa Pinto / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2012

The gear type transmissions has good performance. And it can offer the proper rotating ratio to make the dynamical system and transmission of the vehicle obtain the good match result. Apply to the transmissions of various kinds of vehicles extensively. The purpose of this research lies in the five-speed gear type transmissions. And sets up the theory of a systematized design method. The type of carrying on the transmissions by way of systematization is designed, cam mechanism to design, shifter mechanism to design and dispose overallly systematically. At first, sum up the function that the transmissions and basic characteristic to the transmissions of existing motorcycle. Set up the design specification form of the transmissions. Secondly propose a systematized designing program and carrying on the design of the gear box. And then to the gear type transmissions, cylinder cam and shifter mechanism. And carry on the innovation of handling the organization to design with movement route analytic approach and morphology matrix. Dispose overallly the five-speed gear type transmissions. Finally, set up the type picture collection of the gear type transmissions, in order to benefit the design of the motorcycle gear type transmissions. The achievement of this research contributes to the cart the innovation of the five-speed gear type transmissions designed.

The current project addresses the productivity improvement of a manual assembly line by making use of operations analysis in the framework of Lean production. A methodology is proposed that helps to improve the productivity of any production process. The methodology consists of selecting a product or product family to be studied followed by current process study. Once the existing process is documented, all the assembly tasks involved must be timed using time study techniques. Operations analysis enables the reduction of non-productive tasks and results in a set of standardized work elements along with the set of standard procedures for performing the operations. Assembly line balancing along with the associated operations analysis assists in constructing or re-configuring an assembly system, which is the key step in improving the overall performance of an assembly line. Following this approach, two manual assembly line configurations (single stage parallel line and five-stage serial line) are constructed for a case study. The results show that by changing over to the single stage assembly line configuration the operator productivity is doubled when compared to the existing assembly method.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur K3 togs fram genom att analysera remissinstansernas åsikter och även ta upp fördelar och nackdelar med K3. Vidare ska vi undersöka övergången till K3 och göra en sammanställning i form av en manual. Frågor: Hur togs K3 fram och vad tyckte remissinstanserna? Vilka fördelar och nackdelar har K3? Vilka delar av redovisningen kommer att påverkas vid tidpunkten för övergången?    Metod: Studien är mestadels baserad på primärdata där befintlig information om K3 framtaget av andra. Informationen är bland annat hämtad från lagtexter, artiklar och elektroniska källor. Uppsatsen är byggd på en kombination av en kvalitativ metod, induktiv metod och litteraturstudie, där informationen har analyserats, diskuterats och sammanställts.   Slutsats: K3 är ett regelverk som ger en vägledning i form av allmänna råd inom redovisning, men de är inte helt tvingande. De företag som övergår kommer troligtvis att få fler interna kostnader, då de bland annat måste utbilda sin personal.