付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第23823号 / 社医博第123号 / 新制||社医||12(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 川上 浩司, 教授 木村 剛, 教授 山本 洋介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

Au cours des dernières décennies, plusieurs changements sociaux survenus au Québec ont eu pour conséquence une perte d’intérêt pour le mariage et l’apparition de l’union libre en tant que statut socialement accepté. Avec les nouvelles mentalités liées à la réussite professionnelle et individuelle, la fécondité a baissé. Dans notre étude, nous comptons observer non seulement les écarts de fécondité par région de provenance, qui ont déjà fait l’objet de précédentes recherches, mais également ceux régis par le statut conjugal des femmes (mariées ou en union libre). L’objectif de notre recherche consiste à déterminer si la fécondité des immigrantes est plus élevée que celle des femmes natives et si les différences de fécondité en fonction des statuts conjugaux de mariée ou en union libre, sont identiques pour tous les groupes d’immigrantes et de femmes natives. Les résultats tirés du recensement canadien de 2006 nous ont permis de constater que la fécondité est plus élevée pour la plupart des femmes immigrantes. Cependant, en distinguant les mariées et celles en union libre on remarque que les femmes ayant une fécondité supérieure à celle des natives représentent une plus faible proportion que lorsque l’on considère l’ensemble des immigrantes. Bien qu’on observe des différences entre les statuts conjugaux, la tendance montre que les femmes qui ont une fécondité plus élevée dans le mariage par rapport aux natives sont également dans cette situation lorsqu’elles sont en union libre. Enfin, la majorité des femmes mariées ont un taux de fécondité plus élevé que celles en union libre. / In recent decades, many social changes occurred in Quebec have resulted in a loss of interest in marriage and the emergence of common law as a socially accepted status. With new attitudes related to personal and professional success, fertility has declined. In our study, we want to observe not only the fertility differentials by region of origin, which have already been the subject of previous research, but also those covered by the marital status of women (married or common law). The objective of our research is to determine if the fertility of immigrant women is higher than that of native women and if differences in fertility according to marital status categories (married or in common law) are the same for all groups of immigrant and native women. Results from the 2006 Canadian census have revealed that fertility is higher for most immigrant women. But, distinguishing between married and common law we see that women with higher fertility than the native-born represent a smaller proportion when we consider all immigrants. Although there are differences between the marital status, the trend shows that women have higher fertility within marriage compared to native-born are also in this situation when in common law. Finally, the majority of married women hold a higher fertility rate than those in common law.

Predicting divorce potential has been of interest to researchers and clinicians. The Marital Status Inventory (Weiss & Ceretto, 1980) was developed to provide information about clients' perceived divorce potential. The MSI has been widely used but there have been complaints about the negatively worded items from clients, therapists, and researchers. Therefore, this study compared a revised form of the MSI (MSI-R has no negatively worded items) with the original format. There were three purposes of the study. The first was to assess the reliability and validity of the MSI-R. The second purpose was to see if the MSI-R continued to distinguish between types of therapy couples attended (marital versus other therapy). The third and final purpose of the study was to assess the ability of the MSI-R to assess divorce potential with a remarital sample. It was found that the MSI-R is on face value equally as valid as the original MSI. There was a lack of support for discriminate validity. The MSI-R was found to be internally consistent (alpha = .83), therefore reliable. Clients found the revised items to be more easily understood and readable than the original items. The MSI and MSI-R were significantly correlated indicating that they apparently measure the same concepts. Results showed that both groups scored on the low end of the scale indicating that the sample was not a very divorce prone group. There did not appear to be any difference with regards to mean scores on the MSI and MSI-R between marital and remarital groups. While the MSI-R appears to be a promising replacement for the MSI, further research is warranted to provide sufficient evidence of validity.

<p>The issue of women&rsquo / s access to land is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which women access land in South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of land access, land acquisition / land use, activities taking place on land and closely related issues focusing specifically on women in general, and women headed households in particular. The study is based on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, occupational groups, education, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and land related variables, the study captures the structural changes between 2004 and 2007. Using 2004 and 2007 GHS secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed. The results obtained indicate that the inequality against women&rsquo / s access to land still persists. Some women have access to land for agricultural purpose but few own it. The findings suggest that a number of factors including age, place of residence, marital status, ethnic group, literacy, educational level, of women are associated with the ability of women to access and acquire land. The sustainable livelihood framework is a theory that guided this study. Diversification is commonly used to prevent time of risks and shocks. In general, the study shows that the proportion of women who had access to land was 16% in 2004. This figure dropped to 14% in 2007.</p>

Economists have rejected the popular view that time use is primarily influenced by local customs and law, and instead argue that it is determined by optimal choices of economic agents and the market mechanism. However the analysis of time allocation has been focused on the labor-leisure choice problem which posits a worker who wants more leisure because of his preference for leisure over work. Thus going beyond the standard model, these essays add to the theory of the economics of time use. First I examine why married men earn more. I explore the possibility that differences in household work by marital status can explain the observed male marital wages advantage. Depending on the type and timing of household work, I segregate it into flexible and inflexible household work, using the American Time Use Survey. Empirical results provide strong support for the productivity difference between married and never married men. Household work has significant negative and differential effects on wages. The effects are not only driven by total time spent on household work, but also by types and timing of household work. The result shows that inflexible household work has a stronger negative effect on wages than flexible household work. Second I study how taxes affect time and goods allocation in home production. I claim that an increase in sales taxes encourages households to substitute away from the market goods input in favor of untaxed non-market time input. I explore the substitution response by relating household market purchases and time use. The theory part shows that the size of elasticity of substitution between market goods input and time input is crucial for understanding the government's optimal tax policy. Then I show that it is optimal to impose lower taxes on goods used in the production of commodities with a higher elasticity of substitution. In the empirical part, I estimate sizes of elasticities of substitution of goods for time with the combined survey of Mexican household consumption expenditures and time allocation for 2002. I find that the elasticity of substitution for 'Eating' is lowest. Finally wage compensation for climate is examined. Using the Merged Outgoing Rotation Group File from 2002 to 2007, I find that the North-South wage differential in construction and extraction occupations is much higher than in any other occupations. I claim that this is because weather affects wage determination. If individuals are to locate in both desirable and undesirable locations, undesirable locations must offer higher wages. Using the O*NET database, I obtain information on how often an occupation requires exposure to weather conditions. Estimation results of the wage equation show that wage compensation for living in bad weather amounts to 11.9 percent of hourly wages evaluated at sample means. The difference in wage compensation for working in bad weather between the most exposed (outdoorness index = 5) and least exposed (outdoorness index = 0) occupations is estimated to be 9.6 percent of hourly wages evaluated at sample means. In addition, I find that the occupational injury risk is related to weather conditions in the case of construction and extraction occupations. / text

South Africa, being a multicultural society, is faced with unique and unusual circumstances that can influence the interaction between their work and personal lives. However, countries can vary noticeably in cultural norms, values and gender-role beliefs, which can lead to the different experience of work-life interaction. Because of these differences, South African workers could experience the interaction between work and home in different ways, and this interaction may manifest differently in various socio-demographic groups. This makes it difficult to develop strategies and intervention programmes that will help workers integrate their work and personal lives more effectively. The general objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and four dimensions of work-home interaction and to establish which socio-demographic characteristics best predict work-home interaction amongst South African employees. A sample (n = 2040) was taken from four industries in South Africa (i.e. police service, the earthmoving equipment industry, mining and nursing). A socio-demographic questionnaire and the 'Survey Work-Home Interaction - Nijmegen' (SWING) were used. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that robust predictors included occupation, gender and language for negative work-home interference (WHI), occupation, language and age for positive WHI, language and occupation for negative home-work interference (HWI) and language, occupation, age and education for positive HWI. Recommendations were made for organisations and for future research. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Au cours des dernières décennies, plusieurs changements sociaux survenus au Québec ont eu pour conséquence une perte d’intérêt pour le mariage et l’apparition de l’union libre en tant que statut socialement accepté. Avec les nouvelles mentalités liées à la réussite professionnelle et individuelle, la fécondité a baissé. Dans notre étude, nous comptons observer non seulement les écarts de fécondité par région de provenance, qui ont déjà fait l’objet de précédentes recherches, mais également ceux régis par le statut conjugal des femmes (mariées ou en union libre). L’objectif de notre recherche consiste à déterminer si la fécondité des immigrantes est plus élevée que celle des femmes natives et si les différences de fécondité en fonction des statuts conjugaux de mariée ou en union libre, sont identiques pour tous les groupes d’immigrantes et de femmes natives. Les résultats tirés du recensement canadien de 2006 nous ont permis de constater que la fécondité est plus élevée pour la plupart des femmes immigrantes. Cependant, en distinguant les mariées et celles en union libre on remarque que les femmes ayant une fécondité supérieure à celle des natives représentent une plus faible proportion que lorsque l’on considère l’ensemble des immigrantes. Bien qu’on observe des différences entre les statuts conjugaux, la tendance montre que les femmes qui ont une fécondité plus élevée dans le mariage par rapport aux natives sont également dans cette situation lorsqu’elles sont en union libre. Enfin, la majorité des femmes mariées ont un taux de fécondité plus élevé que celles en union libre. / In recent decades, many social changes occurred in Quebec have resulted in a loss of interest in marriage and the emergence of common law as a socially accepted status. With new attitudes related to personal and professional success, fertility has declined. In our study, we want to observe not only the fertility differentials by region of origin, which have already been the subject of previous research, but also those covered by the marital status of women (married or common law). The objective of our research is to determine if the fertility of immigrant women is higher than that of native women and if differences in fertility according to marital status categories (married or in common law) are the same for all groups of immigrant and native women. Results from the 2006 Canadian census have revealed that fertility is higher for most immigrant women. But, distinguishing between married and common law we see that women with higher fertility than the native-born represent a smaller proportion when we consider all immigrants. Although there are differences between the marital status, the trend shows that women have higher fertility within marriage compared to native-born are also in this situation when in common law. Finally, the majority of married women hold a higher fertility rate than those in common law.

<p>The issue of women&rsquo / s access to land is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which women access land in South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of land access, land acquisition / land use, activities taking place on land and closely related issues focusing specifically on women in general, and women headed households in particular. The study is based on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, occupational groups, education, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and land related variables, the study captures the structural changes between 2004 and 2007. Using 2004 and 2007 GHS secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed. The results obtained indicate that the inequality against women&rsquo / s access to land still persists. Some women have access to land for agricultural purpose but few own it. The findings suggest that a number of factors including age, place of residence, marital status, ethnic group, literacy, educational level, of women are associated with the ability of women to access and acquire land. The sustainable livelihood framework is a theory that guided this study. Diversification is commonly used to prevent time of risks and shocks. In general, the study shows that the proportion of women who had access to land was 16% in 2004. This figure dropped to 14% in 2007.</p>

South Africa, being a multicultural society, is faced with unique and unusual circumstances that can influence the interaction between their work and personal lives. However, countries can vary noticeably in cultural norms, values and gender-role beliefs, which can lead to the different experience of work-life interaction. Because of these differences, South African workers could experience the interaction between work and home in different ways, and this interaction may manifest differently in various socio-demographic groups. This makes it difficult to develop strategies and intervention programmes that will help workers integrate their work and personal lives more effectively. The general objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and four dimensions of work-home interaction and to establish which socio-demographic characteristics best predict work-home interaction amongst South African employees. A sample (n = 2040) was taken from four industries in South Africa (i.e. police service, the earthmoving equipment industry, mining and nursing). A socio-demographic questionnaire and the 'Survey Work-Home Interaction - Nijmegen' (SWING) were used. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that robust predictors included occupation, gender and language for negative work-home interference (WHI), occupation, language and age for positive WHI, language and occupation for negative home-work interference (HWI) and language, occupation, age and education for positive HWI. Recommendations were made for organisations and for future research. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This thesis aims to study the phenomenon of linguistic interference in the use of the verb ser in different marital status (single, married and divorced) in spanish spoken by catalans living in different territorial areas of Catalonia. Our theory is that individuals who reside in territorial areas where catalan is the most spoken language tend to use the verb ser + marital status rather than the verb estar + marital status due to the influence of catalan. We have used a quantitative methodology, i.e. we have collected data through a survey. The results of our study confirm our theory that individuals who reside in territorial areas where catalan is the most spoken language tend to use the verb ser + marital status rather than the verb estar + marital status due to the influence of catalan.