Locations of interest Poruba nad Ostrava-Jih are described in this master thesis. The analyse of real estate market is made in these Ostrava districts. The main result of this analyse is to define the range where the price of flat is with the high probability and to estimate the market value. Both locations are compared. After that the identified price and market value are calculate for two apartments of 3+1 disposition in these districts. The identified price and market value are compared. In evaluation is included the comparison of prices between both districts with clarification of specific reasons of differences.

Government authority can, for public benefit purpose, take private ownership of land by compulsory purchase. Primary aim of this study is how to protect private land owners rights in spite of governments power of acquiring land. Bangladesh, as for details study, is a most densely populated country in the World. International best standards of practicing guidelines by FAO-UN, FIG and WB as well as other countries practice have reviewed from different perspectives. From theory, early stage negotiations, market value of property plus other damages, opportunity of involvement of all parties, protection of agricultural land , removal services all of those are the thorny of legal challenges to adopt into a new legislation in Bangladesh. Empirically, field study has conducted by way of interviewing from selected different projects in Bangladesh including largest project Padma Multiple Bridge. Huge destitute of land, unplanned city expansion, unsustainable development of infrastructure and environmental damage are remained as significant issues of sustainable development of land management. Analysis shows that Bangladesh has been losing 1% of agriculture land which related to the national employment and food production. 100% of the affected people wants to resettlement by the authority. There is clearly misusing of legal rights by the government authority: firstly, by using inequitable Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance, 1982; no protection has been giving for religious place and graveyard under Antiquities Act, and Article 42(2) of Constitution also imposing unfair curtailment of rights for getting fair compensation. Finally, some recommendations have given for enacting a new legislation including planning permission, extended notice period, public meeting and review, agricultural land exempted, resettlement, valuation by valuers, in time compensation payment and right to Appeal.

Den nuvarande bostadshyresmarknaden i Stockholm är allt annat än välfungerande. Det låga utbudet av hyresrätter har bland annat resulterat i långa bostadsköer, en omfattande svart hyresmarknad och inlåsningseffekter. I skenet av denna illa fungerande hyresmarknad reser sig frågan om det inte är på tiden att reformera alternativt frångå det nuvarande bruksvärdesystemet, till förmån för en ny alternativ hyressättningsmodell. En modell som förhoppningsvis reducerar de negativa effekterna vi idag ser på hyresmarknaden. Rapporten har som utgångspunkt att beskriva dagens hyressystem samt redogöra för potentiella hyresmodeller. Nuvarande hyressystem och de potentiella modellerna är alla relativt väl utredda ur ett hyresmässigt perspektiv. Utredning gällande förslagens inverkan på marknadsvärdet beträffande fastigheterna saknas. Två av de utredda modellerna innebär en infasning mot marknadshyror. Värderingssimuleringar utförs för att fånga de eventuella marknadsmässiga värdeförändringarna dessa modeller har. För att göra välgrundade antaganden till värderingssimuleringarna hämtades nationell och internationell data från IPD och Newsec, samt kunskap från intervjuer. Det inhämtade materialet visade på ett proportionerligt samband om 0,5 – 1,5 procent differens i yielden mellan bostads – och kontorsmarknaderna runt om i Europa där hyresmarknaden i någon mån är avreglerad. Motsvarande förhållande i Stockholm ligger på 2,0 – 3,0 procent. Värderingssimuleringarna visar att en introduktion mot marknadshyror inte resulterar i markanta värdeökningar, detta då avkastningskrav samt drift – och underhållskostnader antas motverka hyresökningen. Störst genomslag på värdet noteras i det befintliga beståndet där amplituden mellan utgående hyra och marknadshyra är som störst. / The current rental housing market in Stockholm is anything but functional. The supply of rental housing is low, which has resulted in long queues, an extensive black rental market and lock in effects. The ill-functioning rental market raises the question whether it is time to reform or abandon the current rental system, in favor of a new approach in the rental market where a new alternative rent setting model would be introduced. A model that hopefully reduces the negative effects we see on the rental market today. The report sets out to describe the current rental system and outline potential rental models. Both current and potential models are all relatively well explained from a rental perspective, but none have been investigated from a market value perspective. Two of the investigated models involve a change toward market rents. Valuation simulations are performed to capture the potential market value change these models entail. To make informed assumptions in the simulations, national and international data have been collected from IPD and Newsec, as well as knowledge from interviews. The collected data showed a proportionate relation of 0.5 to 1.5 percent difference in yield between residential and office markets around Europe, where the rental housing market to some extent is deregulated. The corresponding ratio in Stockholm is 2.0 to 3.0 percent. Results from the simulations showed that an introduction to market rents do not result in a significant increase in the market value. Yields and operating - and maintenance costs is assumed to counteract the increased rent, making the value impact less significant. The greatest value impact is recorded in the existing stock where the amplitude between the outgoing rent and market rent is greatest.

Corporate governance can play a significant role in financial market stability and economic development. Corporate governance scholars have provided controversial results with respect to the relationships between corporate governance and both corporate financial performance and market value. Based on agency theory and institutional theory, the purpose of this correlational study was to investigate the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms, financial performance, and market value in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's 116 firms from 2010 to 2014. Financial performance was measured by return on assets and return on equity, while market value was measured by Tobin's q. Corporate governance mechanisms involved in this study were board size, board independence, board committees, ownership structure, and executive compensation. The financial statements and corporate governance mechanisms collected from the websites of sampled firms and the Saudi stock market (Tadawul). The findings of multiple regression tests revealed a statistically significant relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and both corporate financial performance and market value. This study may contribute to social change by building confidence in the Saudi capital market and improving the lives of stakeholders and community in general. The results may help business leaders understand the influence of corporate governance on their firms' success and the country's growth. Academic researchers, investors, regulatory bodies, practitioners, and experts in the area of corporate governance may benefit as well.

Управление рыночной стоимостью аварийного жилищного фонда с учетом добавления коэффициента на износ здания при расчете оценки, а также применение новых ценообразующих факторов. / Management of the market value of the dilapidated housing stock, taking into account the addition of the depreciation coefficient of the building when calculating the assessment, as well as the use of new pricing factors.

Background: After the financial crisis in 2008/2009, ESG earned more attention. It was a consequence of the pressure from the general society about social responsibility and sustainability. Companies needed to change and the management strategies included more stakeholders. More questions regarding whether the work with ESG generated a higher financial performance were examined. Controversial companies within alcohol- tobacco-, and the gambling business have shown a negative impact on individuals. The nature of the companies does not align with social responsibility and sustainability. Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to analyze a sample of controversial listed companies between 2016-2021 to see if there was a relationship between ESG-grade andfinancial performance in terms of ROE, ROA and market value. Method: The study used a positivist deductive approach. Moreover, a quantitative research method was applied and processed secondary data. The data was examined by three linear regressions and set the dependent (ROA, ROE, market value) variables and the independent(ESG) variable in contrast to each other. Conclusions: The study concluded that there was no significant relationship between ESG and financial performance concerning controversial companies. This differed from previous research that examined the same relationship for companies that were not controversial. This implies that controversial companies should evaluate the work with ESG-rating differently based on its main objectives. However it is important to emphasize that two out of the three regressions presented no statistical significance. Therefore, more research is required uponthis topic to generalize credible conclusions. / Bakgrund: Efter den finansiella krisen 2008/2009 fick ESG mer inflytande. Detta var en konsekvens av samhällets påtryckningar om socialt ansvarstagande och hållbarhet. Företagen var tvungna att förändra sig och ledningsstrategierna inkluderade flera intressenter. Fler frågeställningar rådande om arbetet med ESG genererade en högre finansiell prestation undersöktes. Kontroversiella företags verksamheter inom alkohol- tobak- och spelbranschen har påvisat en negativ inverkan på samhällets individer. Verksamheternas karaktär går inte i linje med socialt ansvarstagande och hållbarhet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera ett urval av kontroversiella börsnoterade företag mellan 2016-2021 för att undersöka hur sambandet mellan ESG-betyg och finansiellprestation verkar i termerna ROE, ROA och marknadsvärde. Metod: Studien har använt sig av ett positivistiskt deduktivt synsätt. Undersökningen var kvantitativ och bearbetade sekundärdata. Syftet undersöktes genom tre linjära regressioner som ställde de beroende (ROA, ROE, marknadsvärde) variablerna och den oberoende (ESG) variabeln mot varandra. Slutsats: Studiens slutsats var att det existerade ett negativt samband mellan arbetet med ESG-betyg och finansiell prestation hos kontroversiella företag. Detta skiljde sig från tidigare forskning som undersökte samma relation för företag som inte var kontroversiella. Det implicerar att kontroversiella företag bör värdera arbetet med ESG-betyget annorlunda utifrån dess huvudmål. Det ska däremot understrykas att två av tre regressioner inte påvisade statistisk signifikans. Det krävs därmed vidare forskning på området för att kunna generalisera resultatet.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of pre-harvest bagging materials on maturity indices and post-harvest quality of cherry tomatoes. At pre-harvest, fruit were bagged with blue and transparent plastic bags of 0.075- and 0.025-mm thickness, respectively. The non-bagged fruit were considered as control treatment. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with three replications. Physical quality parameters such as; colour changes (L*, a*, b*, C*, h˚, and ΔE), firmness, weight loss and size were assessed. Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total soluble solids, and total titratable acidity were also evaluated. Bagging had a significant effect on the quality of both cherry tomato cultivars. The results showed that bagging cherry tomatoes at 1.5 cm diameter with blue and transparent plastic bags accelerated maturity. Moreover, bagging with transparent plastic bags enhanced exocarp colour, reduced weight loss, retained larger size, increased pH and TTA, with an increase in TSS when compared with blue plastic bags and control, respectively at 12 days of shelf-life. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate that pre-harvest bagging has the potential to improve maturity indices and post-harvest quality of cherry tomatoes. Therefore, pre-harvest bagging can be used as an alternative method to enhance cherry tomato fruit quality and shelf-life. / NRF

Fastighetsvärderingar utförs av mäklare eller värderare inför försäljning, belåning, arvskiften, skilsmässor, etc. Genom olika metoder beroende på vilket värderingsobjekt det handlar om kan ett marknadsvärde uppskattas. Vid värderingar av småhus är ortsprismetoden genomgående den mest användbara metoden. Läget anses vara den absolut viktigaste värdefaktorn att ta hänsyn till när en värdering utförs, men även skicket, standard, tillgång till service och kommunikationer samt om objektet befinner sig i närhet av vatten. De värdehöjande faktorer, värderingsmetoder och regler kring detta kan skilja och skiljer sig även åt mellan länderna. Denna studie behandlar hur värderingsprocessen går till i Sverige respektive Spanien. Valet av länder motiveras med att det historiskt sett varit populärt för svenskar att investera i spanska fastigheter, främst i form av semesterhus. Då kunskapen är begränsad om hur ett marknadsvärde uppstår i Spanien samt hur köp och försäljningsprocessen går till är denna studie viktig för de som vill köpa en fastighet. Utan besittning av kunskaper om fastighetsmarknaden kan drömmen om det perfekta semesterboendet visas bli en dålig affär. För att skapa förståelse om hur ett värde uppkommer och vilka värdefaktorer som medför påverkan på fastigheten kan denna studie tillföra lyckade fastighetsköp, både i Sverige och i Spanien. För att bidra med relevant information och fakta som stämmer med verkligheten har intervjuer med värderare och mäklare som är aktiva i Sverige och i Spanien utförts. Detta resulterade i svar som var både oväntade och förväntade. I vissa aspekter var värderingsprocessen väldigt lik mellan länderna, medan det också fanns anmärkningsvärda skillnader som kunde diskuteras. Den största skillnad som identifierats i studien är hur mäklare erhåller sin licens i de båda länderna. I Sverige krävs utbildning för att kunna erhålla en mäklarlicens medan licensen i Spanien erbjuds till en försumlig summa. Andra märkbara skillnader är hur köpprocessen skiljer sig mellan länderna samt vilka värdefaktorer som efterfrågas av svenskar som köper bostad i Spanien. / Property valuation is executed by real estate brokers or property valuaters before selling, mortgage, inheritance, divorce, etc. Different methods can be used when determing a market value depending on what kind of object it is. When valuating houses, the most common method in Sweden is called “ortsprismetoden”, which compares similar objects to the object that’s being valuated. The most important valuation factor is the location, and has to be considered when deciding the properties value. Other important factors are the properties condition, standard, orientation and if it’s close to water. These factors that enhance the value, the metods that conclude the value and the laws attached to properties could be different in Sweden and in Spain. This study manage how the valuation process is executed in Sweden and in Spain. The countries were chosen based on that it historically have been very popular for Swedes to invest in properties, mainly vacation homes, in Spain. The knowledge about how a market value developes, how the selling/buying process works in Spain is rather limited, therefore this study is important for people who wants to invest in a Spanish property. Without the understandig of the property market, the dream of a perfect vacation home could result in a bad purchase. This study could contribute to a successful purchase by contributing knowledge about the property valuating process, how a market value is determend and what factors increse the value. nterviews were executed with real estate brokers and property valuaters in both Sweden and Spain to provide valuable answers to the questions asked in this study. This resulted in both expected and unexpected answers. In some aspects the valuation process were very similar between the countries, but in other aspects there were some major differences that could be discussed. The biggest difference were if the real estate brokers needed a licens to value property or not. In Sweden the broker needs education to get a licens, while in Spain the licens could be bought. Other differences were the selling/buying aspects and what the most important valuation factors were.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In the recent decision in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (C) a claim for the loss of the use of a thing not utilised in the production of income was apparently allowed for the first time in South African law. A number of strict requirements were however set for such a claim. For a considerable time a claim has been recognised in English and German law even where a substitute was not hired and where the article was used for pleasure purposes. It is submitted that this should also be the position in South African law because the loss of the use of a thing per se has an independent value. It is further submitted that the interest on capital value method (as per English law) can be used as starting-point in the determination of quantum. A degree of flexibility is necessary to ensure fairness and equity. / In die onlangse beslissing in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (K) is daar klaarblyklik die eerste maal in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg 'n eis om skadevergoeding weens gebruiksverlies van 'n saak wat nie in die produksie van inkomste gebruik is nie erken. Die hof stel egter 'n aantal streng vereistes vir so 'n eis. 'n Eis word al 'n geruime tyd in die Engelse en Duitse reg erken selfs waar 'n substituut nie gehuur is nie en waar sake bloot vir plesierdoeleindes gebruik is. Daar word submitteer dat dit ook die posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg behoort te wees aangesien gebruiksverlies opsigself 'n selfstandige waarde het. Dit word verder aangevoer dat die rente-op-kapitaalwaarde-metode (soos in die Engelse reg) gebruik kan word as 'n uitgangspunt by kwantumbepaling. Ter wille van redelikheid en billikheid behoort die maatstaf 'n mate van buigsaamheid te he. / Private Law / LL. M.

The question in the study is to what extent the Swedish Real estate sector index acts as a follower of larger and broader stock indexes, and to what extent the index follows the asset values owned by the real estate companies in the asset market? The study is interesting for those trying to understand the development of share values in the Swedish real estate market as well as for those interesting in the “efficient market hypothesis”. The study makes an econometric analysis of the relationship between OMXS30, OMXS Real Estate PI, and the asset value of properties owned by Swedish real estate companies. Indexes are compared with Vector Autoregression (VAR) lag models, tested for dependence of GDP, the repo rent, and inflation. A Granger causality test is also performed. Despite discussed problems with reliability of some tests, the study finds that OMXS30 Granger cause OMX Real Estate PI. The study also finds that, during the period studied, OMXS30 and OMX Real Estate PI develop differently in the initial period but later form a similar path of performance. The asset values of the companies in the real estate market are more strongly correlated with OMXS30 than with their own sector index, OMXS Real Estate PI. No significant effects are found from GDP, the repo rent or inflation on OMXS30 or OMXS Real Estate PI. This may be seen as surprising but follows results from earlier studies.