昔日關於聚集經濟的研究，在全球或區域的研究議題多集中於探討城市本身的聚集外部性，而「空間」或「城市間」的相互依賴關係，通常未列入考慮，然而，在新經濟地理（New economic geography）的領域中，則將區域間的相互依賴關係視為研究分析的主要核心。關於空間中相互依賴關係之研究議題，近幾年來已逐漸被不少學者關注之，研究範圍則多是聚焦在全球體系或是歐洲（歐盟）、北美（北美自由貿易區）等地，然而以東南亞國協、東亞為研究範圍的區域內互動實證仍屬相對稀少。此外，運用引力模型基礎下的「市場潛力（market potential）」以及物理概念下的「等效密度（effective density）」分別衡量城市間相互依賴程度與城市內聚集程度者，在大範圍區域內且跨越國界的研究仍然相對稀少。 本研究與其他許多研究不同的地方在於，利用時間化距離與國家間飛航頻率做為計算兩國間互動、依賴程度的多寡，在不同層級人口結構下探討都市化經濟與市場潛力對一國之國民所得之影響。

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the market potential of producer services in Jönköping County. In relation to the main purpose, the idea is to examine which factors that have a positive impact on the development of a long run qualitative producer service industry in the region. The favourable location of Jönköping County is one of the main factors for why the county has one of the highest densities of manufacturing firms in Sweden. Moreover, the region has comparative advantages in several products, for an example; wood, rubber, machinery and electronically goods. Earlier research and comparisons with other international manufacturing clusters indicates that these areas tend to contain highly developed producer service industries. The thesis gives a case example of how the beneficial, mutual interaction between the manufacturing and producer service industries works in the car industry in Germany. However, to be able to establish a successful and close relationship between the above mentioned industries, the theoretical framework distinguishes several important factors; for instance, education and infrastructure are assumed to be the two most vital ingredienses. Nonetheless, also the firms’ production milieu and technology affects the successful development of a cluster district. Furthermore,when relating the theoretical assumptions to the descriptive statistics, with the intention to elucidate the industrial structure of Jönköping County, one can differentiate three major producer service sectors, namely; “Transport and mail”, “Consulting, marketing, law” and finally “Rentals of premises, labour and machinery”. Nevertheless, several alarming observations can be noticed concerning the wage level, education intensity, productivity and gross profit percentage within the county’s producer service industry; where all these features are below the domestic average. Nevertheless, the empirical analysis indicates that the region has a varying, but yet a positive market potential in the majority of the county’s municipalities. With correct priorities, Jönköping County has good future prospects to reach a high competitive position, but to accomplish this; the education intensity has to be improved. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda om Jönköpings län besitter marknadspotential inom närindustriella tjänster. I relation till syftet är avsikten också att ta reda på vilka faktorer som kan underlätta utvecklingen av en långsiktig kvalitativ service industri i länet. Den fördelaktiga geografiska positionen är en av faktorerna till varför Jönköpings län har blivit ett av Sveriges industritätaste områden; där regionen har komparativa fördelar i trä, gummi, maskin och elektroniska produkter. Genom tidigare forskning och vid jämförelser med andra internationella tillverkningskluster hävdas det att det finns tydliga tecken på att dessa områden bör innerhålla starkt utvecklade centra för närindustriella tjänster. I uppsatsen nämns framförallt den tyska bilindustrin som ett exempel på hur nära samarbetet mellan tillverkning och service industrin kan bedrivas. För att kunna nå en nära samverkan mellan de nämnda industrierna så pekar teoridelen ut flera viktiga ståndpunkter, där bland annat utbildning och infrastruktur är av allra högsta vikt. Men även företagens produktionsmiljö och teknologi reflekterar hur ett framgångsrikt klusterområde utvecklas. När man därefter relaterar dessa utgångspunkter till den deskriptiva statistiken med syfte att klargöra Jönköpings läns industristruktur, kan man konstatera att den största industritjänsten utgörs av transport och logistik. Därefter följer marknadsföring,redovisning och juridisk rådgivning, medan den tredje och sista tjänsten är uthyrning av lokaler, maskiner och personal. Dock påträffas flera oroväckande iakttagelser gällande lönenivåer, utbildningsintensitet, produktivitet och bruttovinstandelar inom produktionstjänster i länet, då samtliga faktorer hamnar under riksgenomsnittet. Vidare indikerar de empiriska resultaten och analysen på att det finns en varierande men positiv marknadspotential i majoriteten av länets kommuner. Med rätta prioriteringar så finns det således goda framtidsutsikter för att regionen skall kunna skaffa sig en hög konkurrenskraft i framtiden. Men då krävs det framförallt en högre utbildningsgrad bland den arbetsföra befolkningen i länet.

The world has recently witnessed the widespread of 3D printing technology. In the shadow of this development a new means of freezing time was born: 3D figurines. A 3D figurine is a mini version of oneself; a little sculpture manufactured by 3D Printers. These 3D figurines are sold for a profit by so called 3D Print Stores to consumers. For the production of such a 3D figurine one needs 3D Body Scanners. It is from the perspective of a producer of 3D Body Scanners that this master thesis was written. The objective was to establish whether or not the company should tap into that new market segment of 3D Print Stores. Furthermore a market entry strategy was to be developed. Thus a marketing research study was performed. For the analysis of the market segment primary and secondary data was scrutinized, which was gathered through expert interviews and desktop research. The primary scope of the study was limited to Germany. Overall the market segment proved to be promising, as consumers regard 3D figurines as a more sophisticated alternative to a digital photo. Competition is currently low, but the threat of new players entering the segment is high. Thus a market entry strategy was elaborated that suggests tapping into the market as fast as possible; thereby obtaining a first mover advantage and pre-empting market space. Furthermore a differentiation strategy was proposed to shield against growing competition.

The master‘s thesis examines the issue of the interconnection of market potential with financial indicators and other variables. Data from the financial statements of ABC, s. r. o. operating on the Slovak IT market are used. The dependence of market potential and other market variables was evaluated using statistical methods. Subsequently, the analysis of selected financial indicators of the company ABC, s. r. o. is statistically evaluated and the dependence with market potential is verified. Thanks to the results, the company's proposals are determined, taking into account the current situation in the world.

This thesis considers the proposed business plan which outlines the present difficult conditions which exist in the company. It is derived from a complex analys of the company surroundings, changes and estimates of internal performance parameters aligned to the agreed strategic design. The objective is to produce a definitive document which sets out a clear statement of the future direction of the business and its desired position including the identification of the resources required to achieve that goal

Diese Arbeit geht der Frage nach, ob sich durch die stattfindende Transformation zu einem kohlenstoffarmen Energiesystem in Deutschland auch Marktchancen für innovative Marktteilnehmer, insbesondere für Speicherbetreiber, herausbilden. Die ökonomischen Effekte, die in Energiesystemen mit hohen Anteilen an variablen erneuerbaren Energien (vEE) auftreten, können durch deren Integrationskosten gemessen werden. Die wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen in Bezug auf den zusätzlichen Speicher- bzw. Flexibilitätsbedarf für ein solches Energiesystem setzen häufig bei den Ungleichgewichten in der Systembilanz an. Den jeweiligen Methoden liegen jedoch unterschiedliche Annahmen und Rahmenbedingungen zu Grunde, sodass die Ergebnisse nur eingeschränkt miteinander verglichen werden können. Der stündlich schwankende Großhandelspreis an der Strombörse ist ein wichtiger Indikator, um den Flexibilitätsbedarf zu signalisieren. Viele Analysen legen historische oder auch prognostizierte Preiszeitreihen für eine Bewertung von Speicheroptionen zu Grunde. Jedoch wird dabei die Rückkopplung der Betriebsweise eines Energiespeichers auf die Marktpreise außen vor gelassen. In dieser Arbeit wird deshalb eine Methode entwickelt, um den Einfluss eines steigenden Marktvolumens an Speichern und anderen Flexibilitätsoptionen auf die Spotmarktpreise abzuschätzen. Untersucht wird der Einfluss des Speichereinsatzes auf die Stromnachfrage und die Spotmarktpreise in 2020 sowie 2030. Die hierfür zu definierenden Szenarien für den Strommarkt werden modellgestützt abgebildet und ausgewertet. Für die Beantwortung der Fragestellung werden techno-ökonomische Modelle, z.B. das Strommarktmodell MICOES zur Kraftwerkseinsatzplanung, das Modell DeSiflex zur Glättung der Residuallast durch integrierte Flexibilitätsoptionen sowie das Modell Arturflex zur Abschätzung der Arbitragegewinne durch Einsatz von Flexibilitätsoptionen am Spotmarkt, herangezogen.

To meet the European Union’s target of climate neutrality by 2050 ambitious measures need to be taken. The electricity sector is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions globally, which makes it an important sector to decarbonize. For this to happen, fossil fuels must be replaced by renewable energy sources. A relatively new way of generating renewable electricity is through solar parks, which is a technology that has seen rapid growth in the last decade. A solar park consists of a large collection of photovoltaic modules which converts solar energy to electricity which is later transferred to the grid. However, numerous external factors, such as permit-processes, grid capacity, social acceptance and land availability, can hinder the deployment of solar parks.  The solar park market which was previously driven by small regional players is demonstrating a shift towards large multinational companies. Companies may therefore need to enter new, foreign markets to remain competitive. A country which might be attractive to enter is Germany due to their ambitious targets for solar energy. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the external environment of the solar park market in the German region Lower Saxony, and its implications on foreign companies’ entry strategies. Two highly controlled entry modes are considered: entering through a joint venture, i.e. with a partner, or with a wholly owned subsidiary. The examined conditions are: regulatory, technical, social, geographical, and economic. A literature study was conducted to frame the different conditions and the empirical evidence was collected mainly from grey literature but the information was also supplemented by interviews with specialists within the area. By analyzing the external conditions, a number of drivers and barriers for establishing solar parks in the region are identified and discussed. Further, the possibilities for a foreign solar park company to enter the market are discussed based on the identified drivers and barriers.  One of the main drivers is the promising potential, due to the region’s ambitious targets for solar parks, an expected increase in electrification as well as the halted use of nuclear and current phase out of coal. This will open a large share of the electricity production that needs to be covered, which gives solar parks the opportunity to gain large market shares. Additional drivers are the high public acceptance and the high electricity price, which enables a faster payback time on investment. One of the most significant barriers in the region is the lack of clear permit processes for establishing solar parks. Permit processes are handled on a local level, which means that they can differ between communities and be rather lengthy due to lack of resources in the communities. Another key barrier is the difficulties of accessing attractive land in Lower Saxony considering the importance of the agriculture sector resulting in competition of land. These barriers make Lower Saxony a rather uncertain market. However, an increasing amount of land is being released for solar park developments and the permit processes are anticipated to be clearer in the near future.  The promising potential of the solar park market speaks in favor of entering the market with a wholly owned subsidiary due to the possibilities for a high return. The market uncertainties, such as unclear permit processes, uncertainties within the policies for solar parks, and the difficulties of accessing suitable land areas, are also in favor of entering with a wholly owned subsidiary due to the strategy’s flexibility. However, it has been found that having local connections is important since there are many processes with high local involvement, e.g., in the permit processes and land acquisition. This indicates that entering through a joint venture with a local partner might be more suitable for a foreign company when entering the solar park market in Lower Saxony. Entering through a joint venture is also a faster way to enter a rapidly growing market, which enables the company to become an early player and obtain larger market shares.

Spaceborne Remote Sensing, the observation of the features on ground from orbiting satellites is one of the expanding business areas of international space business, attracting the analysis of the markets and the growth patterns in the international arena. Whatever be the product/service, it is important for the market players to know the market characteristics to draw up marketing strategy and defining marketing mix, which becomes important for Remote Sensing services as well without an exception. The market for Remote Sensing data and services is influenced by a multitude of factors, which may seem unrelated at the outset. These may be Socio-Economic and Natural Resources related variables in addition to the expected product/market related variables. Hence the research work to model the market dynamics is taken up with the objectives of: 1)To identify factors influencing the market potential for Remote Sensing Data services 2)To model the relationship between these factors and the market potential 3)To validate and verify the model developed The analysis was carried out with 82 valid responses from respondents spread across 17 countries where Remote Sensing market is prevailing. A broad spectrum of economic, political, social, natural, and geographic variables believed to be influencing the Remote Sensing requirements were enumerated and validated through pilot study. Raw values for the variables were obtained from secondary sources and relative importance of these variables was determined through primary survey. The variables were synthesised into factors and captured into a regression model to arrive at the market potential index. This is statistically validated and also verified with market potential of a known country market, India. The analysis and results revealed that, market dynamics influencing market potential for Spaceborne Remote Sensing Data can be synthesised as the following three factors, explaining 80% of the variance in the market potential. (i)Politico Developmental factor-variables border related (Number of border countries, Border length, level of Border Disputes, Energy Production & Consumption, Economy and Information & Communication Infrastructure) (ii)Geo-Natural factor: represented by extent of Natural Resources, Energy Reserves etc. (iii)Market/Product related factor variables like product features, level of competition, availability of substitutes, current market position, and growth rate etc. The emergence of variables representing the developmental aspects on one side and political aspects on the other, as important factor is the outcome formally brought to recognition by the study. This is manifesting the growing importance of developmental activities and theatres of war as important additional market drivers in high and very-high resolution data services across the globe, in addition to the traditional applications like natural resources monitoring and management.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:08:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1995-11-23T00:00:00Z / A metodologia para a estimação por cenários alternativos com base na interação entre modelos subjetivos causais e técnicas analíticas para o dimensionamento de mercado representa uma proposta de tratamento sistemático dos problemas de análise e previsão, utilizado nas áreas de estratégia mercadológica e planejamento empresarial. A tese trata inicialmente de dois critérios para a classificação das técnicas de previsão e geração de cenários. No primeiro deles, são considerados os atributos que usualmente orientam a seleção dos métodos de previsão mais apropriados para cada caso. No segundo, é definido um referencial com base nas regras empregadas para identificar o modo de geração dos futuros alternativos. Em ambas situações, foram consultados trabalhos que incorporaram extensivamente os conceitos de interesse desta tese, com o propósito de apoiar a sua fundamentação teórica. Uma análise adicional mais detalhada se ateve às técnicas que propiciaram a base conceitual da metodologia, a exemplo da modelagem estrutural e das probabilidades subjetivas. Com o objetivo de testar a adequação da proposta ao estudo de caso, foi escolhido o mercado atendido pela indústria de energia elétrica. Este procedimento passou inicialmente por uma investigação a nível nacional com a intenção de: (i) observar aquelas técnicas e indicadores utilizados regularmente III pelas concessionárias; (ii) constatar e comparar situações que afetam a qualidade das previsões, a exemplo do tamanho da equipe e do grau de comunicação com as instituições externas. Em seguida, foi efetuada uma aplicação prática sobre o mercado regional de eletricidade do segmento residencial, na tentativa de validar empiricamente a metodologia proposta. Como particularidades, foram introduzidas as equações simultâneas do lado analítico, e a consulta aos especialistas, os quais foram aplicados na construção do modelo exploratório do lado subjetivo. A interação entre as técnicas resultou em alguns cenários para o mercado analisado. / The methodology for forecasting by means of alternative scenarios based on the interaction between causal subjective models and analytical techniques for market measurement establishes a new framework. It provides a systematic approach to the analysis and forecasting practices in areas such as marketing strategy and business planning. We begin this thesis with a presentation of two criteria aimed at classifying the forecasting and scenario-generating techniques. As for the former, we considered some attributes which are usually applied to the selection of a suitable method under particular market conditions. Concerning the latter, we based the tipology on some rules generally employed for the specification of alternative scenarios. In both cases, to support our teorethical foundation, the research was carried out by introducing some selected techniques which strongly embody the concepts used in this thesis. Further analysis of the issue brought on some methods that defined the conceptual model, as for instance, the structural modeling and subjective probabilities. To back up the feasibility of such proposal, we chose the market supplied by the electric industry. The first step of this procedure was a national survey among electric utilities whose main purposes were: (i) point out the techniques and indicators most commonly used; (ii) consider and compare some factors that influence the quality of forecasts, such as team size and the extent of communication with external agencies. Finally, we conducted a practical application of the methodology to the regional market, as regards residential demand for electricity. As for peculiar features, we introduced in our thesis the concepts of simultaneous equations in the analytical side and the consensus analysis technique, which were applied to an exploratory model in the subjective side. The link between such techniques was used to create the scenarios for the prospective demand.

The master thesis considers the problem of the effect of market potential solution to reduce dependence on the metallurgical industry crisis in the economy. The thesis has the experience of domestic and foreign researchers in determining the characteristics of the market potential, identified factors affecting the state of the market potential for the crisis, the theory of crises and economic cycles. To identify ways to accelerate out of the crisis, analyzes the steel industry in the world and our country in the last ten years. Based on the theoretical analysis and analysis of the metallurgical industry of Russia, recommendations for the growth of the market potential in today’s crisis were proposed. / В работе рассмотрено решение проблемы влияния рыночного потенциала на снижение зависимости металлургической отрасли от кризисных явлений в экономике. В диссертации изучен опыт отечественных и зарубежных исследователей в определении особенностей рыночного потенциала, выявлены факторы, влияющие на состояние рыночного потенциала в условиях кризисных явлений, теория кризисов и экономических циклов. Для определения путей ускорения выхода из кризиса проанализировано состояние черной металлургии в мире и нашей стране за последние десять лет. На основе проведенного теоретического анализа и анализа металлургического комплекса России были предложены рекомендации для роста рыночного потенциала в условиях современного кризиса.