Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Sunanda Dissanayake / Motorists generally follow the guidance provided by the pavement markings while traveling on roads. Under certain circumstances, construction joints may be necessary in concrete pavements, which are generally designed to be coincident with the pavement markings. At some locations, however, the construction joints may not exactly match the pavement markings. These situations may create confusion in the minds of drivers, which may lead them to follow joints instead of the markings. In the absence of detailed studies on this topic, an effort was made in the present study to evaluate the effects of unmatched longitudinal construction joints and pavement markings on the lateral position of vehicles. Sites having the characteristics of unmatched longitudinal construction joints and pavement markings were identified, and detailed data were collected at one of the sites. Video camera technique was used for capturing the movements of vehicles along the test site for longer durations. The video tapes were later reduced in the laboratory to extract necessary information. The distance to the right side of the vehicles from right curb of the road, the type of vehicle, presence of vehicles in the adjacent lane, weather and light conditions, and the movement of the vehicles immediately after traversing the section of the road having unmatched longitudinal construction joints and pavement markings were the main parameters observed while reducing the data. Two surveys were also conducted for gathering the opinions of some practitioners and engineers on the issue. Statistical analyses were carried out using t-tests to evaluate if there were differences. Several comparisons were made for different types of vehicles based on various conditions. The analysis results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the actual and expected distances to the center-line of vehicles, implying that the lateral position of vehicles may have been affected by the joints. A model was also developed to determine the lateral position of the vehicles by considering the parameters used in the analysis. Based on the survey results and analysis of field data, it was found that the lateral position of vehicles may have been affected by the unmatched joints and pavement markings.

Gender equality work has been and continues to be an ongoing topic not only in Sweden but also in other parts of the western world. Even though the topic about gender equality work has been going on for a long time, there are still various inequalities when it comes to the division of housework. The purpose of this study is to investigate how couples view and reason about the division of housework among the younger and older generation. By the younger generation we mean those between 25-35 years old and the older generation, between 50-70 years old. The questions at issue used in this thesis are: How do heterosexual couples reason about the division of responsibilities of homework? In which ways does it differ between the younger and older generations regarding the division of household chores? The theory used in analysing our results was the capital metaphors described by Pierre Bourdiue and Beverly Skeggs. Furthermore, we have used the qualitative method of research. We used qualitative interviews with semi-structured questions. This way we gave our participants more room to answer questions freely in their own way, but it also enabled us to ask some follow up questions in areas we wanted to understand more. The results show that couples divide housework in different ways. The central part in the division of responsibilities is that whoever is available or free is the one who is currently allowed to perform the task. Some divide housework according to skills, interest, or gender. Furthermore, the older generation gender-marks household chores to a greater extent than the younger generation. In the older generation, women tend to account for tasks that are seen traditionally feminine and men those that are masculine. In the younger generation, the division of household chores is more mixed. Where both accessibility and interest play a big role. Anyone who likes certain tasks may perform them, it does not necessarily have to link to a gender. / Jämställdhetsarbetet har varit och fortsätter att vara en pågående diskurs inte bara i Sverige utan också i övriga västvärlden. Även om jämställdhetsarbetet har pågått länge finns det fortfarande olika ojämlikheter när det gäller fördelningen av hushållsarbetet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur par ser på och resonerar kring fördelningen av hushållsarbete hos den yngre och äldre generationen. Med den yngre generationen menar vi de mellan 25–35 år och den äldre generationen, mellan 50–70 år. Frågorna som används i denna undersökning är: Hur resonerar heterosexuella par kring ansvarsuppdelning av hemarbetet? På vilka sätt skiljer det sig mellan den yngre och äldre generationen när det gäller uppdelningen av hushållssysslor? Teorin som används för att analysera vårt resultat var de kapitalmetaforer som redogörs av Pierre Bourdieu och Beverly Skeggs. Vidare har vi använt den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden där vi använde kvalitativa intervjuer med semistrukturerade frågor. På det här sättet gav vi våra deltagare mer utrymme att svara på frågor fritt på sitt eget sätt, men det gör det också möjligt för oss att ställa några uppföljningsfrågor inom områden vi vill förstå mer. Resultaten visar att par delar hushållsarbete på olika sätt. Den centrala delen i ansvarsfördelningen är att den som är tillgänglig eller fri är den som för närvarande får utföra uppgiften. Vissa par delar även upp hushållsarbetet efter färdigheter, intresse eller kön. Vidare könsmarkerar den äldre generationen hushållssysslor i större utsträckning än den yngre generationen. I den äldre generationen tenderar kvinnor att ta på sig hushållssysslor som ses som traditionellt kvinnliga och männen de manliga. I den yngre generationen är det mer blandat hur man delar upp hushållssysslorna. Där både tillgänglighet och intresse spelar en roll. Den som gillar vissa uppgifter får utföra dem, det behöver inte nödvändigtvis kopplas till ett kön.

<p dir="ltr">Good visibility of lane markings is important for all road users, particularly autonomous vehicles. In general, nighttime retroreflectivity is one of the most challenging marking visibility characteristics for agencies to monitor and maintain, particularly in cold weather climates where agency snowplows remove retroreflective material during winter operations.</p><p dir="ltr">Traditional surface-applied paint and glass beads typically only last one season in cold weather climates with routine snowplow activity. Recently, transportation agencies in cold weather climates have begun deploying improved recessed, durable pavement markings that can last several years and have very high retroreflective properties. These recessed durable markings are typically either epoxy, thermoplastic or preformed tape and are typically installed during new construction or significant pavement resurfacing projects. As a result, several dozen installations may occur in a state in any calendar year. This presents a challenge for states that need to program annual re-painting of traditional waterborne paint lines, but not paint over the much more costly durable markings.</p><p dir="ltr">This study reports on the utilization of mobile mapping LiDAR systems to classify and evaluate pavement markings along a 73-mile section of westbound I-74 in Indiana. LiDAR intensity data can be used to classify pavement markings into 3 groupings: high-performing durable tape, non-tape, and needing maintenance. RGB images collected during the LiDAR intensity data collection were used to validate the LiDAR classification. These techniques can be used by agencies to develop accurate pavement marking inventories to ensure that only painted lines (or segments with missing tape) are repainted during annual maintenance.</p>

This report is a final thesis conducted by two students at the Academy of Innovation for Design and Technology at Ma ̈lardalens university in Va ̈ster ̊as, in collaboration with Nextjet. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the different ways in which we can improve the inspection of “Placards &amp; Markings” for Nextjet’s SAAB- 340 aircrafts. This assesment is required by the government in the process of renewing/extending the ARC-airworthiness Review Certificate of the planes. The ARC-process is conducted according to the rules and regulations of the EASA, one of which is a review of the plane’s airworthiness. In this thesis we will explore the plausible ways of inspection while compa- ring and contrasting these different methods. The intent is to find the most adequate and reliable procedure at the lowest cost, with high security. We will focus on three chosen methods: • Visual inspection • ITS - intelligent transport system • Inspection of the aircrafts exterior with the help of a drone New technologies like ITS and drones are on the rampage and has many advantages. Both ITS and drones enables verifiability and are time-efficient methods. Despite this, the visual inspection method is currently most sui- table for Nextjet and their inspection of the ”Placards &amp; Markings”. Visual inspection is an inexpensive alternative that requires no sophisticated equip- ment. A technical instruction must, according to the studied literature, have a structured format. Consideration should be given to the human factors that come into play during a visual inspection, which can be prevented if kept in mind when designing the instruction. The technical instruction that we designed needs to be tested in its real environment to properly evaluate its function.

Este trabalho visa propor um sistema consorciado para a manutenção da sinalização urbana em municípios de pequeno porte. A viabilidade do uso do consórcio foi verificada através da análise comparativa de custos e da carga operacional de uma central de atendimento para todas as cidades e da instalação de um centro de serviços em cada cidade. Um sistema de informações geográficas (TransCAD) foi usado para simular dois cenários: o serviço de manutenção a partir de uma central que atende todas as cidades versus um centro de atendimento em cada cidade. A viabilidade do uso do consórcio intermunicipal proposto é demonstrada através de um estudo de caso compreendendo 18 cidades na região central do estado de São Paulo. Os resultados finais mostram que os objetivos iniciais propostos foram alcançados. / The objective of this research was to propose the use, by small towns, of intercity consortia for the maintenance of traffic signs and road markings at urban intersections. The comparison was made in terms of total costs and operational load for a central service center, as opposed to the costs and operational loads of service centers located in each town. A geographical information system (TransCAD) was used to simulate two scenarios: maintenance services from a central location, serving all participating towns versus the use of a service center in each town. The feasibility of the proposed approach was demonstrated by a case study for 18 towns in the central region of the state of São Paulo. The final results prove that the initial objectives were achieved.

Este trabalho visa propor um sistema consorciado para a manutenção da sinalização urbana em municípios de pequeno porte. A viabilidade do uso do consórcio foi verificada através da análise comparativa de custos e da carga operacional de uma central de atendimento para todas as cidades e da instalação de um centro de serviços em cada cidade. Um sistema de informações geográficas (TransCAD) foi usado para simular dois cenários: o serviço de manutenção a partir de uma central que atende todas as cidades versus um centro de atendimento em cada cidade. A viabilidade do uso do consórcio intermunicipal proposto é demonstrada através de um estudo de caso compreendendo 18 cidades na região central do estado de São Paulo. Os resultados finais mostram que os objetivos iniciais propostos foram alcançados. / The objective of this research was to propose the use, by small towns, of intercity consortia for the maintenance of traffic signs and road markings at urban intersections. The comparison was made in terms of total costs and operational load for a central service center, as opposed to the costs and operational loads of service centers located in each town. A geographical information system (TransCAD) was used to simulate two scenarios: maintenance services from a central location, serving all participating towns versus the use of a service center in each town. The feasibility of the proposed approach was demonstrated by a case study for 18 towns in the central region of the state of São Paulo. The final results prove that the initial objectives were achieved.

Performance-based asset management provides a strategic framework for managing transportation infrastructure to improve existing procedures for resource allocation. The importance of comprehensive management of pavement marking assets not only results in monetary benefits to the agencies but also complements other management systems in providing safer driving conditions. A majority of research concerned with pavement markings addresses installation, performance, maintenance, and economic evaluation. Although agencies have developed guides and manuals on these subjects, they had difficulties in practical implementation. The purpose of this study was to address the issues that were identified in the practical implementation of analytical and information tools of asset management practice in the field of pavement markings. Problems of limited variable data, censored data and uncertainty in field evaluation and retroreflectivity based prediction were addressed by adopting statistical techniques. Sectional assessment and management methods were proposed as a part of a practical restriping methodology. An information tool was developed in a geographic information system (GIS) environment as an application. Retroreflectivity was the only performance measure on which the analysis and application was carried out. Two case studies were conducted, one for statistical techniques with retroreflectivity data collected by the National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (NTPEP) on U.S. Highway 78 westbound, Lee County, Mississippi. The other for application with retroreflectivity data collected using mobile retroreflectivity unit (MRU) on FM 57, Fisher County, Texas. This research effort provides a framework for an agency in developing a pavement marking management program to maintain good visibility of markings. It also provides a basis for further research in building an integrated asset management system based on other transportation assets.

nÃo hà / De Renda e de Pele à uma pesquisa que trata de uma imersÃo em procura de expressÃes artesanais, caracterÃsticas do estado do CearÃ-Brasil, especificamente a Renda de Bilro. Relato aqui uma experiÃncia na qual fiz apropriaÃÃes de peÃas feitas por artesÃs locais, que derivaram em uma sÃrie de trabalhos artÃsticos onde explorei a correspondÃncia plÃstica do tecido com a pele humana, suas marcas e a ligaÃÃo tangÃvel e poÃtica das duas superfÃcies com o sentido do tato. Esse percurso me permitiu tambÃm refletir em torno ao meu processo criativo e aos procedimentos anteriormente utilizados, para aplicÃ-los e compartilhÃ-los nesta busca, o que foi possÃvel devido a uma metodologia que deu relevÃncia à prÃtica e à troca de conhecimentos dentro de um grupo de pesquisa. AlÃm disso, trouxe à discussÃo a voz de alguns teÃricos que incentivaram e deram consistÃncia Ãs minhas reflexÃes, e artistas que se cruzam com o meu fazer, seja pelo uso da mesma matÃria (tecido-fio), ou pelo jeito de proceder para criar. / Of lace and skin is a research about an immersion in search of characteristic artisanal expressions in the state of CearÃ, Brasil, specifically the bobbin lace. Here, I recount an experience in which I did appropiations of pieces made by local artisans that developed into a number of artistic works where I explored the plastic correlation between the cloth and the human skin, their markings and the tangible and poetic connection of both surfaces with the sense of touch. This journey also allowed me to reflect upon my creative process and the procedures I had used previously. Consequently, I was able to apply and share them in this search, something that was possible due to a method that gave importance to the practice and the sharing of knowledge within a research group. In the same way, I brought to discussion the voice of some theorists that fostered and gave consistence to my reflections, and also artists who share my work, either for using the same material (cloth â thread) or for the creation patterns they employ.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy, intra- and inter-observer reliability of identifying occlusal markings made by articulating paper on complete dentures intra-orally. Methods: A series of photographs of 14 tissue borne complete dentures with occlusal markings was obtained. Articulating paper was used intra-orally at the delivery visit to make the occlusal markings. The denture sets were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised pictures of the 14 complete lower dentures on their own, and group 2 comprised pictures of the same 14 lower dentures together with their opposing upper denture. The two groups of images were loaded into a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation as well as Keynote. Two experienced observers analysed the complete dentures independently and noted the number and distribution of the markings that they felt required adjustment. They differed, but discussed these and reached consensus. These data served as the control. Three groups of observers (10 per group) were then asked to analyse the occlusal markings of the 2 groups of denture images twice, with a two-week interval between each assessment. Before each subsequent assessment, the images were randomised by means of computer-generated random number sequence. The mean number of markings was established for each group and compared with the control mean. Intra-rater reliability was established by comparing the difference of the means of sequential observations for each rater by establishing the z-value. Inter-rater reliability within each group was established by means of analysis of variance. Results: Considering all the data, in only 17 instances (of the possible 60), did observers’ mean scores not differ from the control mean scores with good intra-rater reliability. In all other 43 instances the observers’ mean scores differed from the control mean scores and/or displayed poor intra-rater reliability. Considerable variation in inter-rater reliability was also found within every group of observers. Conclusion: The results indicate that observers are generally unable to reliably identify occlusal markings warranting occlusal adjustment, made by articulating paper on a lower complete denture. Clinical significance: Articulating paper should not be used intra-orally when delivering removable complete dentures.

This essay is focusing on Dag Hammarskjöld´s influences from Christian mysticism and modern criticism of metaphysics. Meister Eckhard is a well-known reference in Markings which in this study will be set as an example of mysticism i Hammarskjöld´s thinking. Not so associated to Hammarskjöld is the philosofer Axel Hägerström, though he will be an example of influences of modern thinking in Markings. To achieve a more specific view about how mysticism and modernity is converging and diverging in Markings, three subjects are more deeply discussed. These subjects are Jesus, Man and Metaphysics. In the matter of Jesus Hammarskjöld, Hägerström and Eckhart is sharing a lot of common understandings. When it comes to Man it is more complex diverging views between them all. Considering the metaphysics, Hammarskjöld´s and Eckhart´s view is diverging fundamentally from Hägerström´s. The result of this essay is leading to a discussion about some question this research has indicated and is setting focus on the meaning as an ontological resource, some problems with negative theology and Schweitzer´s ethics.