La mortalité maternelle et périnatale est un problème majeur de santé publique dans les pays en développement. Elle illustre l’écart important entre les pays développés et les pays en développement. Les interventions techniques pour améliorer la santé maternelle et périnatale sont connues dans les pays en développement, mais ce sont la faiblesse des systèmes de santé et les défis liés aux ressources qui freinent leur généralisation. L’objectif principal de ce travail était de mieux comprendre le rôle des ressources humaines en particulier ceux de la première ligne dans la performance d’un système de référence maternelle. Au Mali, la mise en place d’un système de référence maternelle, système de référence-évacuation « SRE », fait partie des mesures nationales de lutte contre la mortalité maternelle et périnatale. Les trois composantes du SRE, soit les caisses de solidarité, le transport et la communication et la mise à niveau des soins obstétricaux, permettent une action simultanée du côté de la demande et de l’offre de soins maternels et périnatals. Néanmoins, la pénurie de personnel qualifié a conduit à des compromis sur la qualification du personnel dans l’implantation de ce système. La région de Kayes, première région administrative du Mali, est une région de forte émigration. Elle dispose d’une offre de soins plus diversifiée qu’ailleurs au Mali, grâce à l’appui des Maliens de l’extérieur. Son SRE offre ainsi un terrain d’études adéquat pour l’analyse du rôle des professionnels de première ligne. De façon plus spécifique, ce travail avait pour objectifs 1) d’identifier les caractéristiques des équipes de soins de première ligne qui sont associées à une meilleure performance du SRE en termes de survie simultanée de la mère et du nouveau-né et 2) d’approfondir la compréhension des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines, susceptibles d’expliquer les variations de la performance du SRE de Kayes. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons, à partir du cadre de référence de Michie et West modélisé les facteurs liés aux ressources humaines qui ont une influence potentielle sur la performance du SRE de Kayes. L’exploration des variations du processus motivationnel a été faite à partir de la théorie de l’attente de Vroom. Nous avons ensuite combiné une revue de la littérature et un devis de recherche mixte (quantitative et qualitative). Les données pour les analyses quantitatives proviennent d’un système d’enregistrement continu de toutes les urgences obstétricales (GESYRE : Gestion du Système de Référence Évacuation mis en place depuis 2004 dans le cadre du suivi et de l’évaluation du SRE de Kayes) et des enquêtes à passages répétés sur les données administratives et du personnel des centres de santé. Un modèle de régression biprobit a permis d’évaluer les effets du niveau d’entrée dans le SRE et des équipes de soins sur la survie jointe de la mère et du nouveau-né. A l’aide d’entrevues semi-structurées et d’observations, nous avons exploré les pratiques de gestion des personnes dans des centres de santé communautaires « CScom » sélectionnés par un échantillonnage raisonné. Les résultats de ce travail ont confirmé que la main d’œuvre humaine demeure cruciale pour la performance du SRE. Les professionnels de première ligne ont influencé la survie des femmes et des nouveau-nés, à morbidités égales, et lorsque la distance parcourue est prise en compte. La meilleure survie de la mère et du nouveau-né est retrouvée dans les cas d’accès direct à l’hôpital régional. Les femmes qui sont évacuées des centres de première ligne où il y a plus de professionnels ou un personnel plus qualifié avaient un meilleur pronostic materno-fœtal que celles qui ont consulté dans des centres qui disposent de personnel peu qualifié. Dans les centres de première ligne dirigés par un médecin, des variations favorables à la performance comme une implication directe des médecins dans les soins, un environnement de soins concurrentiel ont été retrouvés. Concernant les pratiques de gestion dans les centres de première ligne, les chefs de poste ont mis en place des incitatifs pour motiver le personnel à plus de performance. Le processus motivationnel demeure toutefois très complexe et variable. La désirabilité de bons résultats des soins (valence) est élevée pour tous les professionnels ; cependant les motifs étaient différents entre les catégories de personnel. Par ailleurs, le faible niveau d’équipements et la multiplicité des acteurs ont empêché l’établissement d’un lien entre l’effort fourni par les professionnels et les résultats de soins. Cette compréhension du rôle des professionnels de première ligne pourra aider le personnel administratif à mieux cibler le monitorage de la performance du SRE. Le personnel de soins pourra s’en servir pour reconnaitre et appliquer les pratiques associées à une bonne performance. Dans le domaine de la recherche, les défis de recherche ultérieurs sur les facteurs humains de la performance du SRE seront mieux identifiés. / Although proven effective interventions have been transferred from the developed world, developing countries still face high maternal and perinatal deaths. Weak health systems and human resources crisis hinder the scaling up of those interventions. This study is aimed at improving the understanding of the role of human resources, especially the first line staff in a maternal referral system, the evacuation and referral system (ERS) of Kayes (Mali). The implantation of the ERS as part of major strategies for fighting maternal and perinatal deaths has been generalised in Mali’s eight administrative regions. The ERS main components are: upgrading of emergency obstetric care (EmOC); funding by a solidarity fund; and improving transport and communication by ambulance. These components allows for joint action regarding the supply and the use of maternal and perinatal services. Yet, due to the shortages in skilled birth attendants, the extension of the coverage in emergency obstetric services has been made with less qualified staff. Kayes is Mali’s first administrative region and a cradle of emigration. It therefore offers, with the support of its immigrants, a more diversified primary care provision than elsewhere in Mali. This gives an opportunity of studying the role of primary care staff in the ERS performance. More precisely, the objectives of this research were to: 1 identify characteristics of primary care teams that influenced the ERS performance assessed by the joint mother-child survival and 2) improve the understanding of human resources practices associated with ERS performance. We combined a systematic literature review with a mixed quantitative and qualitative research design. Kayes ERS performance was modelised using Michie and West conceptual framework and the motivational process was explored with Vroom’s expectancy theory. Data for the quantitative analyses derived from an ongoing system of registering all obstetric emergencies implemented since 2004 (GESYRE: Gestion du Système de Référence Évacuation / Management of the Evacuation Referral System) and periodic surveys. A biprobit regression model has been fitted to estimate the effects of the point of entry in the ERS and the primary care team composition on the joint mother-newborn survival. We also conducted semi structured interviews and non participant observations in order to explore human resources practices in purposely selected community health centers. This research confirmed the importance of human resources in ERS performance. When women’ individual risk factors are controlled for, there is a combined effect of distance traveled and the point of entry in the ERS on one side and the community health centers staff on the other hand, on the mother-child joint survival. The best prognosis of care was found in women who directly accessed care at the regional hospital. Having been transferred from a community health center where there is a physician or more than three professionals increased the mother-child survival probability. Physicians in community health centers develop strategies for a better performance of the health centers they managed: direct implication in care and a competitive care environment. Primary care managers set up incentives to motivate staff. The motivation process remains however a variable and complex one. The desirability of good results was common for all staff though its motivations varied according to the type of staff. Besides, due to insufficiency of material and multiples intermediate factors, perception of a linkage between effort and result was low. This increased understanding of the role of primary care human resources in the ERS performance would focus the management of ERS performance on targeted but effective interventions. The workforce could benefit from the study conclusions in identifying and applying best practices. Further research challenges would also be more precisely identified.

Afin de lutter contre la mortalité maternelle dont les taux restent encore élevés avec 401 pour 100 000 naissances vivantes en 2005, le Sénégal a mis en œuvre dans la continuité de ses stratégies novatrices de délégation de compétences pour renforcer l’accès aux soins obstétricaux et néonataux d’urgence, un programme alternatif de formation au D.E.S de Gynécologie et Obstétrique de médecins généralistes basés dans les zones éloignées. A partir du curriculum du programme classique, ce programme allie l’enseignement à distance à l’aide des Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication, des stages pratiques dans les sites du CHU, le coaching par les enseignants du CHU dans les Centres de santé où officient les médecins apprenants, des évaluations en ligne et les évaluations annuelles formelles du programme de formation classique. Il a été mis en œuvre dans deux districts du Sénégal par la Chaire de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique du CHU de Dakar. Ce travail présente l’évaluation à mi-parcours de ce programme en analysant son implantation et ses effets à travers une étude de cas, grâce à des données qualitatives et quantitatives. Les résultats montrent : une évolution favorable des indicateurs sanitaires dans les deux sites du programme comparativement aux sites témoins, une augmentation du niveau de connaissance et de compétence des apprenants, et un niveau de satisfaction élevé des deux apprenants, des enseignants et des bénéficiaires. Cependant, des améliorations sont à apporter dans la mise en œuvre du programme en particulier en termes d’opérationnalisation des innovations pédagogiques, de coordination et de pérennisation par le Ministère de la Santé. / In order to reduce high level of maternal mortality rate estimated in 2005 at 401/100 000 live births, and following task shifting innovative strategies already initiated in the country to increase access to emergency obstetric care in Senegal, an alternative training program has been implemented for general medical doctors working in remote areas, to be effective obstetricians gynecologists. Adapted from the normal curriculum, this program combines distance learning using new information and communication technology, practical training in university facilities, coaching and mentoring by university teachers in learners’ heath centers, on line evaluations and also formal annual evaluations such as the normal program. The program has been implemented in two districts in Senegal by Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit of Dakar University. This midterm evaluation analyzes the program implementation and effects using case study with qualitative and quantitative data. Results show a positive evolution of emergency obstetric care indicators compared with two control districts, an increased level of trainees’ knowledge and skills, and also satisfaction of trainees, trainers and beneficiaries. However, some weaknesses have been identified in the program implementation particularly regarding implementation of new training innovations, coordination and sustainability by Ministry of Health.

Eugenics movements developed early this century in more than 20 countries, including Australia. However, for many years the vast literature on eugenics focused almost exclusively on the history of eugenics in Britain and America. While some aspects of eugenics in Australia are now being documented, the history of this movement largely remained to be written. Australians experienced both fears and hopes at the time of Federation in 1901. Some feared that the white population was declining and degenerating but they also hoped to create a new utopian society which would outstrip the achievements, and avoid the poverty and industrial unrest, of Britain and America. Some responded to these mixed emotions by combining notions of efficiency and progress with eugenic ideas about maximising the growth of a white population and filling the "empty spaces". It was hoped that by taking these actions Australia would avoid "racial suicide" or Asian invasion and would improve national fitness, thus avoiding "racial decay" and starting to create a "paradise of physical perfection". This thesis considers the impact of eugenics in Australia by examining three related propositions: 1. that from the 1910s to the 1930s, eugenic ideas in Australia were readily accepted because of concerns about declining birth rate; 2. that, while mainly derivative, Australian eugenics had several distinctive Australian qualities; 3. that eugenics has a legacy in many disciplines, particularly family planning and public health. This examination of Australian eugenics is primarily from the perspective of the people, publications and organisations which contributed to this movement in the first half of this century. In addition to a consideration of their achievements, reference is also made to the influence which eugenic ideas had in such diverse fields as education, immigration, law, literature, politics, psychology and science.

A mortalidade materna representa um evento de grande magnitude e transcendência que impacta negativamente à saúde no Brasil e no mundo. Integra o campo dos direitos humanos, sexuais e reprodutivos. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as razões de mortalidade materna no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre o período de 1999 a 2008. Entre os objetivos específicos, a análise da RMM e RMME para as variáveis sociodemográficas, período de ocorrência e causa obstétrica do RS e das sete macrorregiões do Estado, no mesmo período; a distribuição espacial da RMM nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008 do RS nas macrorregiões e a verificação da mortalidade materna a partir do Programa de Humanização no Pré-Natal e Nascimento no RS. O estudo é do tipo ecológico, série temporal de agregado humano. A população foi de 845 óbitos maternos em mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos, ocorridos no Estado do RS no período de 1999 a 2008. As variáveis foram coletadas do SIM e do SINASC e, a partir deles, foram calculadas as RMM e as RMME, sendo analisadas por meio de regressão de Poisson com seus intervalos de confiança de 95%; no modelo de regressão, o ano foi usado como variável explicativa. Foram apresentados os valores do exponencial dos coeficientes, que mostram a variação nas razões de mortalidade materna no período analisado, juntamente com os seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% e o valor-P do teste de Wald. Foram elaborados gráficos para análise de tendência, utilizando médias móveis da RMM para o Estado do RS. A distribuição espacial foi por meio da visualização da mortalidade materna nas macrorregiões do Estado do RS, nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008. Os principais resultados mostraram que a morte materna no Estado manteve-se com pouca oscilação nos dez anos de estudo e com valores acima do preconizado pela OMS. As macrorregiões identificadas com maiores valores da RMM são a Centro-Oeste, Norte e Serra. As características para morte materna são de mulheres acima de 30 anos de idade, com baixa escolaridade, menos de três anos de estudo e de cor/raça branca. Entre as características obstétricas do óbito, observou-se que no período da gestação/parto/aborto até 42 dias encontrou-se o maior período de risco, assim como as causas obstétricas diretas são a maioria. E, entre estas causas, a hipertensão arterial e a hemorragia estão entre os principais motivos de óbito materno no RS. Portanto, este estudo mostrou um panorama da saúde materna no Estado do RS e de suas macrorregiões, ficando claro que ao longo dos anos deste estudo não houve melhora do indicador, indicando que as políticas públicas, como PHPN, não impactaram na saúde materna e reprodutiva das mulheres. Esses resultados nos remetem a repensar o sistema e o atendimento de saúde da mulher, especialmente na atenção ao pré-natal. A morte materna é um evento que não pode esperar; a proteção da vida das mulheres em idade reprodutiva é um dever do Estado e uma obrigação dos profissionais que atendem essas mulheres. / Maternal mortality represents an event of major magnitude and transcendence that negatively impacts health in Brazil, as well as all over the world. It encompasses human, sexual and reproductive rights. The general purpose of this study was characterizing the ratios for maternal mortality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) between 1999 and 2008. The specific purpose is the analysis of MMR and SMMR for sociodemographic variables, period of occurrence and obstetric cause in all the state and its seven macro-regions along the same period; spatial distribution of MMR in 1999, 2003 and 2008 of RS in the macro-regions, and the monitoring done on maternal mortality by the Humanization Program of Prenatal Period and Birth in the state (HPPB). The type of this study is ecological, time series of human aggregate. The population/sample was of 845 maternal deaths of women between 10 and 49 years of age, happened in RS between 1999 and 2008. Variables were collected from the System of Information on Mortality and the System of Information on Live Births, and based on them, the MMR and SMMR have been calculated through Poisson regression with confidence intervals of 95%; in the regression model, where the year was used as an explicative variable. The exponential values of the coefficients were presented, showing the variation in the ratios for maternal mortality in the period analyzed, as well as with its respective confidence intervals of 95% and the p-value of the Wald test. Graphs were designed for tendency analysis using moving averages of the MMR for the state of RS. Spatial distribution was done through the visualization of maternal mortality in the macroregions of RS in 1999, 2003 and 2008. The most relevant results show that maternal mortality in this state has not oscillated much in the ten years of the study, with rates higher than those recommended by WHO. The macro-regions identified with the highest MMR values are the Mid-West, North and Hilly Region. Characteristics related to maternal mortality are: women above 30 years of age, with poor education (less than three years) and white. Regarding the obstetric characteristics of the death, it has been observed that in the period of gestation/delivery/abortion up to 42 days was the period with the greater risk, and direct obstetric causes prevail. Among these causes, blood hypertension and hemorrhage are among the main reasons for maternal death in RS. Therefore, this study shows an outlook of maternal health in the State of RS and its macro-regions, making it obvious that along these years there has not been an improvement in this indicator, thus suggesting that public policies such as HPPB have not impacted maternal and reproductive health of women. These results recommend us to rethink the system of assistance to women’s health, especially regarding the prenatal period. Maternal death is an event which cannot be overlooked; protecting women’s lives in reproductive age is a duty of the State and an obligation of the professionals who assist these women. / La mortalidad materna representa un evento de gran magnitud y trascendencia que repercute negativamente en la salud del Brasil y en el mundo. Se integra el campo de los derechos humanos, sexuales y reproductivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las razones de mortalidad materna en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul, entre el período 1999 a 2008. Entre los objetivos específicos, el análisis de la RMM y el RMME por las variables sociodemográficas, el tiempo de ocurrencia y causa obstétrica de RS y siete regiones geográficas del estado, en el mismo período, la distribución espacial de la SPR en 1999, 2003 y 2008 del RS en la macro regiones y la verificación de la mortalidad materna por el Programa de Humanización del Prenatal y Nacimiento en la RS. El estudio es del tipo ecológico, de series de tiempo de agregación humana. La población era de 845 muertes maternas en mujeres de entre 10 y 49 años de edad en el estado de RS en el período 1999 a 2008. Las variables se recogieron en la tarjeta SIM y SINASC, y de ellos se calcularon MMR y RMME se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con intervalos de confianza de 95% en el modelo de regresión, el año se utilizó como variable explicativa. Se presentan los valores de los coeficientes exponenciales, mostrando la variación en tasas de mortalidad materna en el período analizado, junto con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza de 95% y el valor de P de la prueba de Wald. Se prepararon tablas de análisis de tendencias, utilizando medias móviles de la vacuna MMR para el estado de RS. La distribución espacial fue a través de la visualización de la mortalidad materna en las regiones geográficas del estado de RS, en 1999, 2003 y 2008. Los principales resultados mostraron que la mortalidad materna en el estado se mantuvo con pocas variaciones en los diez años de estudio y por encima de los valores recomendados por la OMS. Las macro regiones identificadas con los valores más altos de la RMM son el medio oeste y el norte de la Sierra. Las características de las muertes maternas corresponden a mujeres de más de 30 años de edad, bajo nivel educativo, menos de tres años de estudio y de color blanco / carrera. Entre las características obstétricas de defunción, se observó que durante el embarazo / parto / aborto hasta 42 días se reunió con el periodo de mayor riesgo, así como las causas obstétricas directas son la mayoría. Y entre estas causas, la hipertensión y las hemorragias son las principales causas de muerte materna en la República Srpska. Por lo tanto, este estudio mostró una foto de la salud materna en el estado de RS y de sus regiones macro, dejando en claro que en los últimos años de este estudio no hubo una mejora del indicador, lo que indica que las políticas públicas, como PHPN, no tuvo ningún impacto en la salud materna y reproductiva las mujeres. Estos resultados nos llevan a repensar el sistema y el cuidado de la salud de las mujeres, especialmente en la atención a la atención prenatal. La muerte materna es un evento que no puede esperar, para proteger las vidas de las mujeres en edad reproductiva es el deber del Estado y la obligación de los profesionales que tratan a estas mujeres.

The study attempted to identify factors influencing women’s preference for home births in the Mutare District, Zimbabwe. A quantitative, descriptive, exploratory, cross sectional survey, gathering data by conducting structured interviews with 150 women, was used. All 150 women attended antenatal clinics but did not deliver their babies at health care facilities. The research results indicated that home deliveries might decline if: • the hospital/clinic fees were reduced or removed • transport would be available for women in labour to reach hospitals/clinics • shelters were built for pregnant women at hospitals/clinics • clinics were well equipped and had sufficient numbers of midwives • women had received more effective health education on the advantages of institutional deliveries and on the danger signs of pregnancy/labour complications • nurses/midwives would treat patients respectfully. Unless these factors are addressed, the number of home deliveries might not decline, and the high maternal/infant mortality and morbidity rates in this district will persist. / Health Studies / M. Public Health

Abortion and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia remain the major causes of maternal mortality in Zimbabwe. Based on this problem, factors associated with maternal mortality due to abortion and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia were investigated to improve pregnancy outcomes. Cases and controls were selected from 4895 abortion and 318 severe preeclampsia/ eclampsia obstetric records to conduct a retrospective case-control study. Significant risk factors identified for reducing maternal mortality due to postabortion complications included the administration of oxytocic drugs and evacuations of the uterus whilst anaemia and sepsis apparently reduced these women's chances of survival. No significant factors could be identified which influenced maternal deaths among women suffering from severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Magnesium sulphate was not routinely administered, as recommended internationally. In both groups, cases apparently received better reported quantitative care than controls. Recommendations based on this research report include improved midwifery education and in-service training, regular audits of patients' records and changed policies for managing these conditions more effectively in Zimbabwe. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

Ethiopia is one of the five nations that bear the global burden of nearly 50% maternal mortalities and newborn deaths. Cause-specific maternal mortality and newborn death information are vitally important for prevention, but little is known about the causes of deaths. Many maternal mortalities and newborn deaths occur at home, outside the formal health sector, and few are attended by qualified medical professionals. Despite the fact that, non-medical factors are often more important in determining whether a woman/newborn lives or dies than the medical cause of death itself. This study determines and explores factors contributing to maternal mortalities and newborn deaths in Ethiopia with the aim of developing a community-based model for averting maternal mortalities and newborn deaths in Ethiopia. The study was organised in three phases. In Phase 1, a community-based-retrospective approach using explorative, descriptive and contextual study design, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods (mixed methods) were used to make an in-depth investigation and analysis of the circumstances and events surrounding individual cases of maternal mortality and newborn deaths. The result of the study revealed various direct and indirect as well as possible contributing factors to maternal mortalities and newborn deaths which outlined bases for forwarding Phase 2 of the study called concept analysis. In Phase 3, a prototype model was developed according to Chinn and Kramer’s approach to theory generation: initially, based on the empirical perspectives of the study, concept analysis was conducted. The structure and process of a model to avert maternal mortality and newborn death were described; and, six survey list; namely, agent, recipient, context, procedure, dynamic and terminus of Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968) form the basis for development and description of a model for averting maternal mortality and newborn deaths in Ethiopia. Impediment in receiving prompt, adequate and appropriate care were common problems encountered even after reaching an appropriate medical facility. For any attempt to attain a significant reduction in maternal mortality and newborn death, the health care system in Ethiopia must assume its tasks to institute critical changes in both the structure and process of health care delivery services. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Submitted by Carvalho Cristiane (crisedangelo@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-05-30T12:17:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Nakamura Pereira.pdf: 2337168 bytes, checksum: 8ed5a86601d971398b0db84852aa3df7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-30T12:17:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Nakamura Pereira.pdf: 2337168 bytes, checksum: 8ed5a86601d971398b0db84852aa3df7 (MD5) / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS) na identificação dos casos de near miss materno ocorridos, em um hospital terciário da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no ano de 2008. A identificação dos casos se deu pela avaliação dos prontuários médicos das mulheres que apresentaram condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida, selecionados a partir da revisão dos sumários de alta hospitalar, sendo este processo considerado o padrão-ouro. A segunda etapa do estudo consistiu no escrutínio das informações contidas no SIH-SUS, através da busca nominal dos casos de near miss materno identificados pela revisão dos prontuários e da seleção das AIHs cujos campos “Diagnóstico Principal”, “Diagnóstico Secundário” e/ou “Procedimento Realizado” apresentassem codificações compatíveis com este agravo, realizando-se então a avaliação das propriedades diagnósticas do SIH-SUS. Após avaliação de 1.170 sumários de internação hospitalar, foram selecionados 228 casos para a revisão dos prontuários. Após revisão das informações contidas nos registros médicos, foram identificados 165 casos de morbidade materna grave, dentre as quais 8 evoluíram com óbito materno, 130 cursaram com situações de morbidade grave não caracterizadas como near miss materno e 27 efetivamente apresentaram-se como casos de near miss materno. Na avaliação inicial do desempenho do SIH-SUS, através da busca nominal das mulheres identificadas com near miss, constatou-se que apenas 16 (59,2%) casos estavam no banco de dados. Acerca da ausência dos outros 11 casos (40.7%) restantes no sistema, foi possível detectar que ao menos 4 (36,3%) deles decorreram pelo não faturamento AIH por haver excedido o limite percentual de cesarianas do hospital. Analisando as propriedades diagnósticas do SIH-SUS, obteve-se sensibilidade de 18,5% (IC95% = 6,3-38,1), valor preditivo positivo de 7,14% (IC95% = 2,36-13,9), especificidade de 94,3 (IC95% = 92,8-95,6) e área sob a curva ROC de 0,56 (IC95% = 0,48-0,63). Considerando os resultados obtidos, em princípio, o SIH-SUS não parece ser boa ferramenta para vigilância do near miss materno. / The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Hospital Information System (SIH) of Brazilian National Health Service in identifying cases of maternal near miss in a tertiary hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, during the year of 2008. The identification of such cases was done through evaluation of the medical records of patients who presented with potential life-threatening conditions. The cases were selected after revision of the discharge summaries of those patients; this process is considered gold-standard. The second phase of the study consisted in the scrutiny of the information in the SIH-SUS, through a nominal search of the maternal near miss cases identified from the revision of medical records and selection of the Hospital Admittance Forms (AIH) which the fields “primary diagnosis”, “secondary diagnosis” and/or “performed procedure” presented data compatible with such grievance, thus evaluating the diagnostic properties of the SIH. After evaluation of 1.170 hospital chart summaries, 228 cases were selected for a full chart revision. After revision of the information in the medical charts 165 cases of severe maternal morbidity were identified, among which 8 resulted in maternal death, 130 were cases of severe maternal morbidity not classified as near miss, and 27 were effectively considered maternal near miss cases. In the initial evaluation of the SIH performance through the nominal search of women identified as near miss, it was detected that only 16 (59. 2%) cases were in the database. Regarding the absence of the other 11 (40.7%) remaining cases, it was detected that at least 4 (36.3%) of them resulted from the non-billing of the procedures because the hospital’s cesarean-section percentage limit had been exceeded. An analysis of the diagnostic properties of the SIH showed a 18,5% sensibility (95%CI = 6.3 – 38.1), 7.14% positive predictive value (95%IC = 2.36-15.9), 94.3% specificity (95%CI = 92.8 – 95.6) and area under the ROC curve of 0.56 (95%CI = 0.48 – 0.63). At a first look, considering the results obtained,the SIH does not seem to be a good tool for surveillance of maternal near miss.

Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-06T01:11:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 1291.pdf: 1062166 bytes, checksum: f9a5c964726f24cc4d45694a3bdb1763 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a tendência e o perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade materna no município do Rio de janeiro e nas suas áreas de planejamento no período de 1960 a 1990 e subsidiar o planejamento de ações de assistência a saúde reprodutiva feminina. As fontes de dados foram as publicações e listagens da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde no período de 1960-1978 e o Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do Ministério de Saúde, de 1979 em diante. Os dados sobre nascidos vivos procedem dos Anuários estatísticos e das estatísticas do Registros Civil do IBGE. As analises foram realizadas agrupando-se os dados em períodos quinquenais. Resultado Destaca-se a queda de 70% da mortalidade materna que passou de 180,14 para 52,41 óbitos maternos por 100.000 nascidos vivos(nv), considerando todo o período de 30 anos. Nossas taxas de mortalidade mesmo sem correção da subnotificação e do subregistro, encontram-se em patamares semelhantes aos dos países desenvolvido nas década de 50/60. Observou-se também uma mudança no perfil de causas. No início da década de 60,as hemorragias que ocupavam o primeiro lugar, hoje correspondem a terceira causa mais frequente. Atualmente, a principal causa de morte materna é a toxemia, seguida das complicações puerperais. Ao desagregarmos as taxas do município por áreas de residência, a Área de Planejamento 2 (AP2), de maior poder aquisitivo, apresentou a menor taxa média do período, 60,34 óbitos maternos por 100.000 nv. A maior taxa foi registrada na AP1 , que reúne as regiões administrativas do Centro e área Portuária e deve-se provavelmente a invasão de óbitos de outras regiões e municípios. Notou-se ainda uma maior mortalidade nas faixas etárias extremas. Discutiu-se também o impacto da queda da fecundidade na mortalidade materna. / The objective of this study was to analyze trends and epidemiological profile of maternal mortality in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro and sub-areas in the period 1960-1990 and contribute to planning the assistance to women's reproductive health. Data sources were the publications and list of the Secretary of State for Health in the period 1960-1978 and the Mortality Data System of the Ministry of Health, from 1979 onwards. Live births data were from the Annual Report of Statistics and Civil records of IBGE. Analyses were performed by grouping the data into five-year periods. Results The study highlights the decline of 70% of maternal mortality, which increased from 180.14 to 52.41 deaths per 100,000 live births (lb), considering the whole period of 30 years. Our mortality rates, even without correction of underreporting, are similar to developed countries in the decade of 50/60. We also noticed a change in the profile of causes. In the early 60's, hemorrhage that occupied the first cause, now represent the third most frequent cause. Currently, the leading cause of maternal death is toxemia, followed by puerperal complications. When we analyzed rates by area of residence, Planning Area 2 (AP2), that had the highest social- economic level, had the lowest mean mortality rate for the period, 60.34 deaths per 100,000 live births. The highest rate was observed in AP1, corresponding to the administrative regions of Central and Harbour area and is happened probably due to invasion of deaths from other regions and municipalities. It was noted a higher mortality even in extreme ages. It was also discussed the fertility impact in maternal mortality reduction.

A mortalidade materna representa um evento de grande magnitude e transcendência que impacta negativamente à saúde no Brasil e no mundo. Integra o campo dos direitos humanos, sexuais e reprodutivos. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as razões de mortalidade materna no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre o período de 1999 a 2008. Entre os objetivos específicos, a análise da RMM e RMME para as variáveis sociodemográficas, período de ocorrência e causa obstétrica do RS e das sete macrorregiões do Estado, no mesmo período; a distribuição espacial da RMM nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008 do RS nas macrorregiões e a verificação da mortalidade materna a partir do Programa de Humanização no Pré-Natal e Nascimento no RS. O estudo é do tipo ecológico, série temporal de agregado humano. A população foi de 845 óbitos maternos em mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos, ocorridos no Estado do RS no período de 1999 a 2008. As variáveis foram coletadas do SIM e do SINASC e, a partir deles, foram calculadas as RMM e as RMME, sendo analisadas por meio de regressão de Poisson com seus intervalos de confiança de 95%; no modelo de regressão, o ano foi usado como variável explicativa. Foram apresentados os valores do exponencial dos coeficientes, que mostram a variação nas razões de mortalidade materna no período analisado, juntamente com os seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% e o valor-P do teste de Wald. Foram elaborados gráficos para análise de tendência, utilizando médias móveis da RMM para o Estado do RS. A distribuição espacial foi por meio da visualização da mortalidade materna nas macrorregiões do Estado do RS, nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008. Os principais resultados mostraram que a morte materna no Estado manteve-se com pouca oscilação nos dez anos de estudo e com valores acima do preconizado pela OMS. As macrorregiões identificadas com maiores valores da RMM são a Centro-Oeste, Norte e Serra. As características para morte materna são de mulheres acima de 30 anos de idade, com baixa escolaridade, menos de três anos de estudo e de cor/raça branca. Entre as características obstétricas do óbito, observou-se que no período da gestação/parto/aborto até 42 dias encontrou-se o maior período de risco, assim como as causas obstétricas diretas são a maioria. E, entre estas causas, a hipertensão arterial e a hemorragia estão entre os principais motivos de óbito materno no RS. Portanto, este estudo mostrou um panorama da saúde materna no Estado do RS e de suas macrorregiões, ficando claro que ao longo dos anos deste estudo não houve melhora do indicador, indicando que as políticas públicas, como PHPN, não impactaram na saúde materna e reprodutiva das mulheres. Esses resultados nos remetem a repensar o sistema e o atendimento de saúde da mulher, especialmente na atenção ao pré-natal. A morte materna é um evento que não pode esperar; a proteção da vida das mulheres em idade reprodutiva é um dever do Estado e uma obrigação dos profissionais que atendem essas mulheres. / Maternal mortality represents an event of major magnitude and transcendence that negatively impacts health in Brazil, as well as all over the world. It encompasses human, sexual and reproductive rights. The general purpose of this study was characterizing the ratios for maternal mortality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) between 1999 and 2008. The specific purpose is the analysis of MMR and SMMR for sociodemographic variables, period of occurrence and obstetric cause in all the state and its seven macro-regions along the same period; spatial distribution of MMR in 1999, 2003 and 2008 of RS in the macro-regions, and the monitoring done on maternal mortality by the Humanization Program of Prenatal Period and Birth in the state (HPPB). The type of this study is ecological, time series of human aggregate. The population/sample was of 845 maternal deaths of women between 10 and 49 years of age, happened in RS between 1999 and 2008. Variables were collected from the System of Information on Mortality and the System of Information on Live Births, and based on them, the MMR and SMMR have been calculated through Poisson regression with confidence intervals of 95%; in the regression model, where the year was used as an explicative variable. The exponential values of the coefficients were presented, showing the variation in the ratios for maternal mortality in the period analyzed, as well as with its respective confidence intervals of 95% and the p-value of the Wald test. Graphs were designed for tendency analysis using moving averages of the MMR for the state of RS. Spatial distribution was done through the visualization of maternal mortality in the macroregions of RS in 1999, 2003 and 2008. The most relevant results show that maternal mortality in this state has not oscillated much in the ten years of the study, with rates higher than those recommended by WHO. The macro-regions identified with the highest MMR values are the Mid-West, North and Hilly Region. Characteristics related to maternal mortality are: women above 30 years of age, with poor education (less than three years) and white. Regarding the obstetric characteristics of the death, it has been observed that in the period of gestation/delivery/abortion up to 42 days was the period with the greater risk, and direct obstetric causes prevail. Among these causes, blood hypertension and hemorrhage are among the main reasons for maternal death in RS. Therefore, this study shows an outlook of maternal health in the State of RS and its macro-regions, making it obvious that along these years there has not been an improvement in this indicator, thus suggesting that public policies such as HPPB have not impacted maternal and reproductive health of women. These results recommend us to rethink the system of assistance to women’s health, especially regarding the prenatal period. Maternal death is an event which cannot be overlooked; protecting women’s lives in reproductive age is a duty of the State and an obligation of the professionals who assist these women. / La mortalidad materna representa un evento de gran magnitud y trascendencia que repercute negativamente en la salud del Brasil y en el mundo. Se integra el campo de los derechos humanos, sexuales y reproductivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las razones de mortalidad materna en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul, entre el período 1999 a 2008. Entre los objetivos específicos, el análisis de la RMM y el RMME por las variables sociodemográficas, el tiempo de ocurrencia y causa obstétrica de RS y siete regiones geográficas del estado, en el mismo período, la distribución espacial de la SPR en 1999, 2003 y 2008 del RS en la macro regiones y la verificación de la mortalidad materna por el Programa de Humanización del Prenatal y Nacimiento en la RS. El estudio es del tipo ecológico, de series de tiempo de agregación humana. La población era de 845 muertes maternas en mujeres de entre 10 y 49 años de edad en el estado de RS en el período 1999 a 2008. Las variables se recogieron en la tarjeta SIM y SINASC, y de ellos se calcularon MMR y RMME se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con intervalos de confianza de 95% en el modelo de regresión, el año se utilizó como variable explicativa. Se presentan los valores de los coeficientes exponenciales, mostrando la variación en tasas de mortalidad materna en el período analizado, junto con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza de 95% y el valor de P de la prueba de Wald. Se prepararon tablas de análisis de tendencias, utilizando medias móviles de la vacuna MMR para el estado de RS. La distribución espacial fue a través de la visualización de la mortalidad materna en las regiones geográficas del estado de RS, en 1999, 2003 y 2008. Los principales resultados mostraron que la mortalidad materna en el estado se mantuvo con pocas variaciones en los diez años de estudio y por encima de los valores recomendados por la OMS. Las macro regiones identificadas con los valores más altos de la RMM son el medio oeste y el norte de la Sierra. Las características de las muertes maternas corresponden a mujeres de más de 30 años de edad, bajo nivel educativo, menos de tres años de estudio y de color blanco / carrera. Entre las características obstétricas de defunción, se observó que durante el embarazo / parto / aborto hasta 42 días se reunió con el periodo de mayor riesgo, así como las causas obstétricas directas son la mayoría. Y entre estas causas, la hipertensión y las hemorragias son las principales causas de muerte materna en la República Srpska. Por lo tanto, este estudio mostró una foto de la salud materna en el estado de RS y de sus regiones macro, dejando en claro que en los últimos años de este estudio no hubo una mejora del indicador, lo que indica que las políticas públicas, como PHPN, no tuvo ningún impacto en la salud materna y reproductiva las mujeres. Estos resultados nos llevan a repensar el sistema y el cuidado de la salud de las mujeres, especialmente en la atención a la atención prenatal. La muerte materna es un evento que no puede esperar, para proteger las vidas de las mujeres en edad reproductiva es el deber del Estado y la obligación de los profesionales que tratan a estas mujeres.