Despite the fact that hakko ichiu ideology was the key device deployed by fascists to mobilize the Japanese for total war, Japanese studies have not reexamined the meaning of wartime hakko ichiu ideology and its historical continuity during the postwar era.This study traces and analyzes the meaning and intent of wartime hakko ichiu ideology and how it has evolved in official events spanning nearly 60 years from the 1940 ceremony of the 2600th Anniversary of the Accession of Emperor Jinmu through Expo '70 and the 1998 Nagano Winter Games. The first part of the study analyzes how Meiji nationalists between 1868 to 1905 used a Western model of gender to create a maternal image of Amaterasu as the empress. This image became the primary Japanese icon of female gender. The second part of the study traces the development of hakko ichiu ideology in three official events over a half-century. By examining the representation of Nippon News No. 23, Part1, (the film version of the Opening Ceremony of the 2600th Anniversary of the Accession of Emperor Jinmu), I argue against the traditional meaning of hakko ichiu--as mere colonialism--and redefine its meaning in terms of dominance and unity. I also discuss the interrelationships among gender, national matsuri, and hakko ichiu ideology. Finally, I examine how, by deploying national matsuri in the opening ceremonies of official postwar events, neo-nationalists were able to revive hakko ichiu ideology and promote neo-emperor worship. In doing so, they used hakko ichiu ideology as an effective instrument to avoid the constraints of the Peace Constitution that grew out of the peace treaty ratified after the end of World War II.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 karol.pdf: 1839842 bytes, checksum: 875c759f5f242514e36b0198527b2733 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Núcleo Celso Ramos foi fundado em 1964, no município de Curitibanos (SC). A partir de acordos entre empresas de emigração japonesas, o Instituto de Reforma agrária (IRASC) e o consulado de Porto Alegre (RS), a colonização de terras foi realizada por imigrantes japoneses, vindos de outros Estados brasileiros e diretamente do Japão. Nos meados da década de 1980, outro fluxo migratório começa a se configurar no Núcleo: japoneses e seus descendentes nascidos no Brasil decidiram partir em direção ao Japão, em busca de empregos nos setores industriais, inserindo-se no mercado de trabalho japonês como mão-de-obra não qualificada. Neste momento, em meio ao "Movimento Dekassegui", aqueles que permaneceram no Núcleo Celso Ramos iniciaram a construção de espaços tais como o Parque Sakura e o Sakura Matsuri. Este local e festa, respectivamente, tornam-se espaços polissêmicos, onde tradição e turismo mantêm uma relação de tensão e proximidade, que perpassam pela percepção de conflitos entre gerações. Neste sentido, esta dissertação tem por objetivos a compreensão das polissemias produzidas no processo de construção do Parque Sakura e do Sakura Matsuri, que não sem conflitos, se encontram entre memórias e narrativas que evocam um passado antes latente, construindo sentidos, proximidades, significados e identificações no presente

Thesis (M.A.)--Bowling Green State University, 2009. / Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 72 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Le shinto connait des changements depuis les trente dernières années au Japon. Depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et l’application de la nouvelle Constitution, le shinto est limité à l’espace privé et religieux. L’attentat d’Aum Shinrikyō changera la perception que la société japonaise a de la religion, ce qui forcera la prêtrise shinto à s’adapter. Plus présents dans l’espace public, les dirigeants shinto veulent présenter leurs croyances en tant qu’éléments traditionnels et culturels japonais. La conception de la religion au Japon est différente de celle de l’Occident. Le mot religion, shūkyō (宗教), a une histoire qui affecte la façon dont les Japonais conçoivent les religions ainsi que le shinto. Dans ce contexte, il est important d’observer la connexion entre le shinto et l’identité. L’objectif principale de cette recherche est d’analyser les liens entre le shinto et l’identité à deux niveaux, local et national, et ce, spécialement chez les jeunes. Cet essai mettra l’accent sur un type d’activité shinto : les matsuri. D’un point de vue anthropologique, l’intérêt de ces événements est dans leur popularité, leur dynamique intergénérationnelle et leur place qu’ils peuvent avoir dans l’espace public. La collecte de données s’est déroulée dans le cadre d’une ethnographie de trois mois dans la région de Sapporo et plusieurs festivals ont été observés durant cette période. Les observations portaient sur l’espace social, les comportements, les relations de genre et intergénérationnelles, les vêtements, les activités et les rituels. Ces éléments nous aident à comprendre la place des matsuri dans la culture japonaise contemporaine, et ultimement, nous informent sur la conception du shinto. Ces festivals traditionnels nous donnent aussi de l’information à propos de l’identité japonaise. Autant des éléments de l’identité locale que nationale peuvent être observés et analysés à travers ces événements. Ce mémoire fait ressortir les éléments pertinents et les met en relation avec le contexte religieux contemporain. / The role of Shinto has changed through the last thirty years in Japan. Since the end of World War II and the adoption of the new Constitution, Shinto has been limited to private and religious space. The Aum crisis changed the perception of religion in Japanese society, and Shinto priesthood had to adapt. More present in public space, Shinto leaders want to present Shinto beliefs as central to Japanese traditions and culture. The conception of religion in Japan is different than the one in Western countries. The word religion, shūkyō (宗教), has an interesting history affecting the way Japanese perceive all religions and Shinto in particular. In this context, it is important to analyse the connection between Shinto practices and identity. The main objective of this research is to analyze the links between Shinto and identity at two levels, local and national, with a focus on youth. To do so, this paper will focus on one type of Shinto activities: matsuri. From an anthropological point of view, the interest about these developments comes from their popularity, their intergenerational dynamics, and the place they occupy in the public domain. The data were gathered during ethnographic research that spanned for three months in the Sapporo area. Multiple festivals were observed during this period. The focus of the observation was on social space, behavior, gender and intergenerational relations, clothing, activities, and rituals. Those elements help us understand the place of matsuri in contemporary Japanese culture, and ultimately, give information about the conception of Shinto. Shrine festivals also provide information about Japanese identity. Both local and national identity elements can be observed and analysed though these events. This paper points out those elements and puts them in relation to the actual religious context.

Sugawara no Michizane était un lettré du 9e siècle qui fut élevé au rang de kami et qui inspira un culte qui demeure encore extrêmement vivace de nos jours. Le personnage historique et sa forme divinisée inspirèrent quantité d’histoires qui furent, entre autres raisons, créées pour justifier l’édification de sanctuaires voués à son culte, expliquer l’origine d’un fait religieux local ou d’un toponyme. Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons d'étudier les récits fictifs qui mettent en scène le personnage historique de Sugawara no Michizane et d’aborder le sujet sous trois angles différents. La première partie de notre étude consistera en l’établissement d’une énumération de ces légendes au moyen d’un large appareil de documents (récits de fondation, monographies, journaux de voyage…) qui nous permettra d’identifier leurs particularités, leur répartition dans l’espace et dans la vie de Sugawara no Michizane. Cette liste permettra de faire ressortir l’existence d’un certain nombre de « valeurs constantes » que l’on retrouve en fait non seulement dans les histoires de Sugawara no Michizane mais aussi dans celles qui mettent en scène d’autres personnages historiques. La seconde approche de ces légendes consistera à étudier précisément ces « valeurs constantes » et à tenter d’en déterminer l’origine. La troisième et dernière approche des légendes aura pour but d’étudier leurs « valeurs variables » et de voir ce qu’elles peuvent, à leur tour, nous apprendre sur leurs auteurs ainsi que les circonstances de leur création. / Sugawara no Michizane was a 9th century scholar who was turned into a god and inspired a cult still popular nowadays. His human and divine forms both inspired countless legends which were told, amongst other reasons, in order to justify the building of shrines devoted to his cult, and to explain the origin of local customs and places’ names. This dissertation will focus on the legends built around the historical figure of Sugawara no Michizane and analyze them under three different perspectives. The first perspective consists of an enumeration of legends using a large array of documents such as foundation stories, monographs and travelers’ journals. This is the first time such a list has been compiled. This list enables us to identify particularities and distributions in both space and span of Sugawara no Michizane’s life. This list also allows us to establish the existence of a certain number of “constant patterns” which not only appear in Sugawara no Michizane’s stories but also in stories involving other historical figures. The second perspective of the study examines these “constant patterns” and suggests possibilities for their possible origin. The third and last perspective of our study will deal with the so-called “variable patterns” of the stories and will suggest who created these stories and the reasons for their creation.

This study discloses Shinto’s experiential and existential significance and aims to articulate Shinto’s sacred objective. It shows that Shinto, by way of experience, communicates being in the world with nature and with others as a sacred objective. This suggests that Shinto, in communicating its objective, appeals to the emotions more so than to the intellect; and that Shinto’s sacred objective does not transcend the natural world of both nature and everyday affairs. This study pursues this goal by showing the experiential and existential dimensions of the three primary features of Shinto: it shows how kami (or kami-ness) is thought of as an awe producing quality of being/s that are mostly associated with the natural world; how Shinto shrines’ aesthetics and atmosphere are thought to evoke a feeling of the natural world’s sacredness; and how festivals are thought to be ecstatic and effervescent occasions that regenerate an affirmation of being in the world with others. Though this study does not employ a strict methodological approach—insofar as the conclusions herein are based primarily on literature review—it was motivated by an existential outlook on the study of religion and assumes that the term “religion” refers primarily to an existential phenomenon that pertains not necessarily to socio-historical institutions but to a way of being in the world.