Fatores de transcrição WRKY de soja têm sido identificados e relacionados em resposta a estresses bióticos e abióticos. No entanto, em estudos anteriores, a família WRKY estava subestimada. Recentemente, o envolvimento dos genes WRKY em resposta a Phakopsora pachyrhizi, o agente causador de uma importante doença da soja, a Ferrugem Asiática, foi sugerido a partir de análise de dados de expressão gênica global. No presente estudo, a anotação completa da família WRKY de soja e a análise funcional de genes envolvidos na resposta à infecção por P. pachyrhizi foram realizada. A partir de buscas em bancos de dados do genoma da soja, genes WRKY foram anotados e aqueles envolvidos na resposta a P. pachyrhizi foram identificados usando quatro experimentos de expressão gênica global: superSAGE, RNA-Seq de lesões microdissecadas e dois microarranjos. O padrão de expressão gênica foi confirmado por RT-qPCR para oito genes. Embriões somáticos de soja foram transformados, visando a superexpressão ou silenciamento gênico, e plantas transgênicas foram desafiadas com P. pachyrhizi. Cento e setenta e oito genes WRKY foram anotados e 74 identificados como diferencialmente expressos durante a infecção pelo fungo. Em resposta a P. pachyrhizi, oito genes apresentaram expressão mais inicial e⁄ou mais forte no genótipo resistente quando comparado com o suscetível. Todos os oito genes analisados mostraram o pico de expressão nas primeiras 24 horas após a inoculação. Comparando a mineração de dados em resposta à infecção por P. pachyrhizi com o resultado do cladograma, um padrão de expressão similar pode ser observado em genes relacionados. Plantas superexpressando Glyma15g00570 não foram recuperadas. Provavelmente a expressão constitutiva deste gene afeta a regeneração das plantas. A participação de quatro genes homólogos em resposta ao patógeno foi demonstrada usando a técnica de RNAi. Quando infectada por P. pachyrhizi, folhas da linhagem silenciada mostraram maior número de lesões do que plantas não-transformadas. Em conclusão, neste trabalho a família WRKY de soja completa foi anotada e a participação de alguns membros em resposta a P. pachyrhizi foi demonstrada. / Soybean WRKY transcription factors have been identified and related with the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However the soybean WRKY family was underrepresented in previous studies. Recently, the involvement of WRKY genes in response to Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of an important soybean disease - Asian Soybean Rust (ASR)- has been suggested by the analyses of global geneexpression data. In the present study a genome-wide annotation of soybean WRKY family and the functional analyzes of genes involved in response to P. pachyrhizi were performed. Following a search in the soybean genomic databases, WRKY-encoding genes were annotated and those involved in response to P. pachyrhizi were identified using global gene-expression experiments: superSAGE, RNA-Seq of microdissected lesions and two microarrays. Gene expression pattern was validated by RT-qPCR. Soybean somatic embryos were transformed aiming WRKY overexpression or silencing, and transgenic plants were challenged with P. pachyrhizi. One hundred-seventy-eight WRKY genes were annotated and 74 identified as differentially expressed during fungus infection. In response to P. pachyrhizi, eight genes were expressed earlier and⁄or stronger in a resistant genotype when compared to a susceptible one. All the eight analyzed genes showed the expression peak at the first 24 hours after inoculation. By comparing data mining in response to P. pachyrhizi infection with the clustering result, similar expression pattern could be observed in closely related genes. Plants overexpressing Glyma15g00570 were not recovered. Probably the constitutive overexpression of the gene may affect the regeneration of plants. The participation of four homologous genes in response to pathogen was demonstrated using RNAi approach. When infected by P. pachyrhizi, leaves of silenced transgenic line showed higher number of lesions than wild-type plants. In conclusion, the complete soybean WRKY family was annotated and the participation of some members in response to P. pachyrhizi was demonstrated.

Ureases são tradicionalmente conhecidas por catalisar a hidrólise da ureia em amônia e dióxido de carbono. Em soja, três isoformas de urease foram descritas: 1) urease ubíqua, codificada pelo gene Eu4; 2) urease embrião específica, codificada pelo gene Eu1; 3) urease SBU-III, codificada por Eu5. O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente mais limitante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento da planta. Portanto, mecanismos eficientes para capturar o N nas suas diversas formas, e realocá-lo, são necessários para otimizar o uso do nutriente pela planta. O produto N da atividade da urease - a amônia é incorporada em compostos orgânicos, principalmente, pela atividade da glutamina sintetase. Assim, a urease está envolvida na remobilização do N, bem como na assimilação do N primário. Um estudo anterior foi realizado por nossa equipe com o objetivo de superexpressar o gene Eu4 em plantas de soja. Inesperadamente, as plantas transgênicas exibiram cosupressão do transgene Eu4 e de todos os genes endógenos que codificam as isoformas de urease. Foi verificada também, uma diminuição da atividade ureolítica. Visando determinar o papel das ureases no desenvolvimento da soja, foram comparadas plantas transgênicas co-suprimidas, plantas mutantes e seus respectivos controles. O desenvolvimento das plantas foi avaliado 7, 14, 21 e 30 dias após a semeadura. As plantas co-suprimidas apresentaram um atraso no desenvolvimento durante o primeiro mês após a germinação. Um desenvolvimento mais lento foi observado para o duplo mutante eu1- a/eu4- e o mutante simples eu3-a (este gene codifica uma proteína acessória inativa). A absorção de N nas plantas transgênicas foi significativamente menor do que a das plantas não transgênicas. Entre os mutantes, eu3-a apresentou o menor e eu1-a o maior conteúdo de N. Um número significativamente menor de sementes foi obtido para as plantas transgênicas. Em conjunto estes resultados indicam que o aconteúdo da urease ou da atividade ureolítica desempenham um papel importante no desenvolvimento da planta. A soja (Glycine max) é afetada por vários estresses bióticos e abióticos, que limitam a distribuição geográfica das culturas e levam a reduções significativas de crescimento e produtividade. No Brasil, as doenças causadas por nematoides são um dos estresses bióticos mais prejudiciais para a soja. As principais espécies encontradas no Brasil são Meloidogyne spp. (formadores de galhas), Heterodera glycines (cisto), Pratylenchus brachyurus (lesões radiculares) e Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniforme). Nematoides formadores de galhas e de cisto (nematóides sedentários), os patógenos mais prejudiciais à soja, são muito difíceis de controlar. Neste estudo, foi identificado um peptídeo derivado da urease de soja (nomeado Soyuretox), que exerce efeito tóxico contra fitonematoides formadores de galhas (M. javanica). Soyuretox foi expresso em raízes de plantas compostas plantas transgênicas estáveis de soja. Raízes de plantas compostas e plantas transgênicas estáveis superexpressando Soyuretox exibiram uma redução significativa (50% e 37.5%, respectivamente) no número médio de nematoides e ovos, quando comparado com raízes não transformadas, 45 dias após a inoculação. Este é o primeiro relato de resistência a nematóides causada por um peptideo derivado de uma urease. Soyuretox pode representar uma ferramenta útil bem como uma nova e eficiente alternativa para o controle de pragas e doenças em culturas economicamente importantes. / Ureases are traditionally known for catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. In soybean, three urease isoforms have been described: 1) ubiquitous urease, encoded by the Eu4 gene; 2) embryo-specific urease, encoded by Eu1gene; 3) SBU-III urease, encoded by Eu5. Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for plant growth and development. Therefore efficient mechanisms both to take up N in its various forms, and to reallocate it, are necessary for optimal N use efficiency. The N product of urease activity- ammonia- is incorporated into organic compounds mainly by glutamine synthase activity. Thus, urease is involved in N remobilization, as well as in primary N assimilation. A previous study was performed by our team aiming to overexpress Eu4 gene in soybean plants. Unexpectedly, the transgenic plants exhibited endogenous (for all three genes) and introduced Eu4 transgene co-suppression and decreased ureolytic activity. Here, we sought to determine urease roles in soybean development by silencing all urease isoforms. Analyses were performed using transgenic co-suppressed and mutant plants. Plant development was evaluated 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after sowing. The cosuppressed plants presented a developmental delay during the first month after germination when compared with control. A slower development was observed for the double eu1-a/eu4-a mutant and the eu3-a (this gene codify an inactive accessory protein) single mutant. The N uptake in transgenic plants was significantly lower than that captured by non-transgenic plants. Among mutants, eu3-a presented the lowest and eu1- a the highest N content. A significantly lower number of seeds was obtained for transgenic plants. Altogether, these results indicate that the urease content and/or ureolytic activity play an important role in plant development. Soybeans (Glycine max) are affected by several abiotic and biotic stresses that limit the geographical distribution of cultures and lead to significant reductions in growth and productivity. In Brazil, the diseases caused by nematodes are one of the most damaging biotic stresses for soybeans.. The main species found in Brazil are Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot), Heterodera glycines (cyst), Pratylenchus brachyurus (root lesion) and Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform). Root-knot and cyst nematodes (sedentary nematodes), the most damaging soybean pathogens, are very difficult to control. In this study, we identified a soybean urease-derived peptide (named Soyuretox) that exerts toxic effects against the root-knot phytonematode (M. javanica). Soyuretox was expressed in soybean roots of composite plants and complete stable transgenic plants. Roots of composite plants and stable transgenic plants overexpressing Soyuretox exhibited a significant reduction (50% and 37.5%, respectively) in the average number of nematodes and eggs when compared with non-transformed roots, 45 days after inoculation. This is the first report of nematode resistance caused by a urease-derived peptide. Soyuretox may represent a useful tool as a new and efficient alternative to control pests and diseases in economically important crops.

La modélisation probabiliste des événements climatiques et environnementaux doit prendre en compte leur nature spatiale. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de mesures de risque pour des processus spatiaux. Dans une première partie, nous introduisons des mesures de risque à même de prendre en compte la structure de dépendance des processus spatiaux sous-jacents pour traiter de données environnementales. Une deuxième partie est consacrée à l’estimation des paramètres de processus de type max-mélange. La première partie de la thèse est dédiée aux mesures de risque. Nous étendons les travaux réalisés dans [44] d’une part à des processus gaussiens, d’autre part à d’autres processus max-stables et à des processus max-mélange, d’autres structures de dépendance sont ainsi considérées. Les mesures de risque considérées sont basées sur la moyenne L(A,D) de pertes ou de dommages D sur une région d’intérêt A. Nous considérons alors l’espérance et la variance de ces dommages normalisés. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons aux propriétés axiomatiques des mesures de risque, à leur calcul et à leur comportement asymptotique (lorsque la taille de la région A tend vers l’infini). Nous calculons les mesures de risque dans différents cas. Pour un processus gaussien, X, on considère la fonction d’excès : D+ X,u = (X−u)+ où u est un seuil fixé. Pour des processus max-stables et max-mélange X, on considère la fonction puissance : DνX = Xν. Dans certains cas, des formules semi-explicites pour les mesures de risque correspondantes sont données. Une étude sur simulations permet de tester le comportement des mesures de risque par rapport aux nombreux paramètres en jeu et aux différentes formes de noyau de corrélation. Nous évaluons aussi la performance calculatoire des différentes méthodes proposées. Celle-ci est satisfaisante. Enfin, nous avons utilisé une étude précédente sur des données de pollution dans le Piémont italien, celle-ci peuvent être considérées comme gaussiennes. Nous étudions la mesure de risque associée au seuil légal de pollution donnée par la directive européenne 2008/50/EC. Dans une deuxième partie, nous proposons une procédure d’estimation des paramètres d’un processus max-mélange, alternative à la méthode d’estimation par maximum de vraisemblance composite. Cette méthode plus classique d’estimation par maximum de vraisemblance composite est surtout performante pour estimer les paramètres de la partie max-stable du mélange (et moins performante pour estimer les paramètres de la partie asymptotiquement indépendante). Nous proposons une méthode de moindres carrés basée sur le F-madogramme : minimisation de l’écart quadratique entre le F-madogramme théorique et le F-madogramme empirique. Cette méthode est évaluée par simulation et comparée à la méthode par maximum de vraisemblance composite. Les simulations indiquent que la méthode par moindres carrés du F-madogramme est plus performante pour estimer les paramètres de la partie asymptotiquement indépendante / When dealing with environmental or climatic changes, a natural spatial dependence aspect appears. This thesis is dedicated to the study of risk measures in this spatial context. In the first part (Chapters 3 and 4), we study risk measures, which include the natural spatial dependence structure in order to assess the risks due to extreme environmental events and in the last part (Chapter 5), we propose estimation procedures for underlying processes, such as isotropic and stationary max-mixture processes. In the first part dedicated to risk measures, we extended the work in [44] in order to obtain spatial risk measures for various spatial processes and different dependence structures. We based these risk measures on the mean losses over a region A of interest. Risk measures are then defined as the expectation E[L(A,D)] and variance Var(L(A,D)) of the normalized loss. In the study of these measures, we focused on the axiomatic properties of asymptotic behavior (as the size of the region interest goes to infinity) and on computational aspects. We calculated two risk measures: risk measure for the gaussian process based on the damage function called access damage D+ X,u and risk measure for extreme processes based on the power damage function DνX . In simulation study and for each risk measure provided, we emphasized the theoretical results of asymptotic behavior by various parameters of a model and different Kernels for the correlation function. We also evaluated the performance of these risk measures. The results were encouraging. Finally, we implemented the risk measure corresponding to gaussian on the real data of pollution in Piemonte, Italy. We assessed the risks associated with this pollution when an excess of it was over the legal level determined by the European directive 2008/50/EC. With respect to estimation, we proposed a semi-parametric estimation procedure in order to estimate the parameters of a max-mixture model and also of a max-stable model ( inverse max-stable model) as an alternative to composite likelihood. A good estimation by the proposed estimator required the dependence measure to detect all dependence structures in the model, especially when dealing with the max-mixture model. We overcame this challenge by using the F-madogram. The semi-parametric estimation was then based on a quasi least square method, by minimizing the square difference between the theoretical F-madogram and an empirical one. We evaluated the performance of this estimator through a simulation study. It was shown that on a mean, the estimation is performed well, although in some cases, it encountered some difficulties

Os estresses abióticos, tais como seca, alta salinidade e temperaturas extremas são as causas primárias de quebras de safra na agricultura mundial, reduzindo a produção das principais culturas em mais de 50%. Dentre os estresses citados, a seca é um dos principais responsáveis pelas perdas na produção, mesmo que as plantas, ao longo da evolução, já tenham desenvolvido complexas vias metabólicas de resistência à falta de água. As funções classicamente conhecidas da parede celular são: estruturação da planta, determinação do tamanho e do formato das células vegetais e atuação como barreira mecânica à invasão de patógenos. Além disso, vários genes que codificam proteínas da parede celular têm sua regulação alterada mediante alta salinidade, seca e baixas temperaturas, indicando sua participação na resposta ao estresse hídrico. As Proteínas Híbridas Ricas em Prolina (HyPRPs) são glicoproteínas de parede celular com função pouco conhecida. O gene SbPRP (Glyma14g14220), membro da família HyPRP de soja, teve sua expressão aumentada perante a seca, ao estresse salino, a hormônios vegetais, ao ácido salicílico e a infecções virais em um trabalho onde foi utilizada a técnica de Northern blot. Com o objetivo de entender a atuação da proteína SbPRP na aclimatação da soja para tolerância à seca, a região codificadora do gene SbPRP foi isolada por PCR a partir do DNA total de Glycine max (cultivar IAS5), utilizando-se iniciadores específicos. Através do sistema Gateway-Invitrogen de clonagem por recombinação foram obtidas construções para superexpressão e silenciamento de SbPRP. Conjuntos embriogênicos somáticos das cultivares IAS5 e Vencedora foram submetidos ao protocolo de transformação, que combina bombardeamento com o sistema Agrobacterium e ao protocolo de biolística. Atualmente, embriões histodiferenciados encontram-se na fase de regeneração, já tendo sido obtidas cinco plântulas trifolioladas relativas à construção de superexpressão. Com o sequenciamento do genoma da soja foi possível a identificação de 35 genes HyPRP. Através de análises filogenéticas, envolvendo os 35 membros HyPRP de soja, o gene SbPRP (Glyma14g14220) ficou agrupado no mesmo clado composto por outros três genes HyPRP (Glyma04g06970, Glyma06g07070 e Glyma17g32100). Na tentativa de aumentar o conhecimento do papel biológico das HyPRPs em soja, foram delineados experimentos para verificação da resposta dos quatro genes do clado monofilético (Glyma04g06970, Glyma06g07070, Glyma17g32100 e Glyma14g14220). Transcritos do gene Glyma06g07070 não puderam ser detectados, sendo excluídos das análises. Foi possível avaliar os transcritos de três destes genes por PCR em Tempo Real, a partir de RNA de plantas de soja submetidas a tratamentos de alta salinidade, ácido abscísico (ABA), ácido salicílico e infecção por Phakopsora pachirizi (fungo causador da ferrugem asiática). Foram constatados aumentos significativos na expressão dos genes em diversos tempos após a inoculação de urediniósporos de P. pachirizi, em resposta a tratamento com ABA e em resposta ao ácido salicílico. O tratamento com sal reprimiu a expressão dos genes Glyma14g14220 e Glyma17g32100. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a possibilidade das HyPRPs estarem envolvidas em resposta a estresses bióticos e abióticos. / Abiotic stresses like drought, high salinity and high temperatures are the main causes of yield losses in agriculture, causing production decreases of more than 50% in the major crops around the world. Among the cited stresses, drought figures as one of the most important agents causing production decrease, even though plants have developed complex metabolic pathways to tolerate water deficit along evolution. The traditional cell wall functions known are: plant structure, cell format and size determination, and a role as mechanical barrier against pathogen attacks. Besides that, many genes encoding cell wall proteins have their regulation modified by high salinity, drought and low temperatures, which indicates a participation in response to water stress. The Hybrid Proline Rich Proteins (HyPRPs) are cell wall glycoproteins with poorly known function. The gene SbPRP (Glyma14g14220), a HyPRP soybean member, has its expression increased under drought conditions, high salinity, treatment with hormones, salicylic acid and viral infections. Aiming to understand the role of the SpPRP protein in the soybean drought tolerance acclimatation, the SbPRP gene coding sequence was isolated by PCR cloning using specific primers and Glycine max (cultivar IAS5) genomic DNA as template. Constructions were obtained through the Gateway system for SbPRP super expression and silencing. Somatic embryogenic (IAS5 and Vencedora soybean cultivars) sets were submitted to the combined Agrobacterium/bombardment or biolistic protocols. Histo-differentiated embryos are presently in the regeneration phase, and five tree-leaf-seedlings containing the super expression construction were already obtained. After the soybean genome sequencing, it was possible to identify 35 HyPRP genes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the SbPRP gene has grouped in the same clade formed by three other HyPRP genes (Glyma04g06970, Glyma06g07070 and Glyma17g32100). Trying to increase the knowledge about a possible biological role of the soybean HyPRPs, experiments were delineated to check the response of the four monophyletic clade forming genes (Glyma04g06970, Glyma17g32100 and Glyma14g14220). Transcripts of three genes were detected and analyzed with Real Time PCR experiments after high salinity, ABA, and salicylic acid treatments, and Phakopsora pachirizi infection (Asian rust agent). Transcripts of the gene Glyma06g07070 were not detected in any experiment. An increase in the genes’ expression was observed after different treatment times after the P. pachirizi urediniospores inoculation, and in response to ABA and salicylic acid treatments. Salt treatment repressed the expression of Glyma14g14220 and Glyma17g32100. The results reinforce the possibility of HyPRP involvement in biotic and abiotic responses.

A soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] é uma espécie da família Fabaceae que possui grande importância econômica mundial. A ferrugem asiática (ASR), causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow, tornou-se nos últimos anos uma das maiores ameaças às lavouras de soja ao redor do mundo. Cinco genes dominantes relacionados à resistência à ASR foram identificados. Entretanto, até o momento, nenhuma cultivar com resistência efetiva ao ataque pelo patógeno foi obtida, uma vez que todos os loci avaliados tiveram sua resistência quebrada por ao menos um isolado do fungo. A identificação de diversas fontes de resistência que possibilitem a construção de um “arsenal” contra a ASR no germoplasma comercial de soja, além do entendimento ao nível molecular dos mecanismos de defesa desta espécie contra P. pachyrhizi, podem contribuir significativamente no combate ao patógeno. Os fatores de transcrição WRKY são membros de uma superfamília com ampla distribuição no Reino Vegetal; embora suas funções regulatórias ainda não estejam bem definidas, inúmeros estudos realizados ao longo dos últimos anos têm reunido evidências de seu envolvimento nas respostas a ataques por patógenos. Estas requerem uma ampla reprogramação transcricional na célula vegetal, na qual fatores de transcrição WRKY parecem desempenhar um papel crucial no “ajuste-fino” da expressão de genes de defesa. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a função de dois genes da família WRKY em soja, envolvidos nas respostas ao ataque pelo fungo P. pachyrhizi, através de estratégias de genética reversa e estudos de expressão gênica. As seqüências genômicas e codificantes completas desses genes foram isoladas e identificadas respectivamente como GmWRKY20 e GmWRKY46. Vetores para sua superexpressão e silenciamento em soja foram construídos e os processos de transformação genética desta espécie foram realizados por bombardeamento ou via sistema integrado “bombardeamento/Agrobacterium”, nos quais embriões somáticos foram utilizados como tecido alvo. Além disso, a análise do perfil de expressão desses genes foi realizada em diversos tecidos, fases do desenvolvimento, condições de estresse salino e em resposta à infecção por P. pachyrhizi. / Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is one of the most important legume crop worldwide. In the past few years, Asian Soybean Rust (ASR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow, has become one of the major threats affecting the main soybean producers. Even though five dominant genes related to ASR resistance have been identified, there has been no report of a soybean variety presenting effectiveness towards the pathogen’s attack, since the resistance ruled by every single one of these genes has already been overcome by at least one isolate around the world. The identification of resistance sources allowing the construction of an arsenal against ASR in commercial soybean germplasm, as well as the understanding of soybean’s defense mechanisms against P. pachyrhizi at the molecular level, may therefore be extremely helpful regarding the pathogen’s eradication. WRKY proteins belong to a superfamily of transcription factors with wide distribution amongst plants. Although their regulatory function is not yet clear, there have been several studies in the past few years raising evidences towards their involvement in pathogen’s attack responses. These responses usually require a wide transcriptional reprogramming in the plant cell, at which WRKY proteins seem to play a central role fine-tuning the expression of defense related genes. The purpose of this study is to functionally characterize two soybean WRKY proteinencoding genes involved in soybean defense against P. pachyrhizi, by combining reverse genetics strategies with gene expression tools. Their genomic and complete coding sequences (cds) were isolated and the genes were identified as GmWRKY20 and GmWRKY46, respectively. Besides, vectors for their silencing and overexpression in soybean were constructed and this plant species was genetically transformed by particle bombardment or by an integrated bombardment/Agrobacterium transformation system. Soybean somatic embryos were used as target tissue at both processes. In addition, an expression profile analysis of both GmWRKY20 and GmWRKY46 in several plant tissues and developmental stages as well as under salt stress and in response to P. pachyrhizi infection was accomplished.

Set in Motion is a composition in two movements for an ensemble of 10 instruments that interacts with a computer in real-time performance using Max/MSP software. The instrumental writing in the piece focuses on incorporating electronic composition techniques into acoustic composition. Techniques such as constructing envelopes, shading, and sound masses, which are common in electronic works are applied to the ensemble. Also, the intervals of a major and minor second are important in the instrumental writing. These intervals provided the basis for the material, which was then transformed algorithmically, both in individual lines and whole sections of music. In terms of the electronics, the first movement takes advantage of the interactive possibilities of the software. The electronic part is created through the computer extending, processing, and responding to the instruments. The techniques include extracting small grains of sound from the live instruments and repeating them, analyzing the pitch of the signal and amplifying overtones, and rearranging fragments in blocks of recorded sound. The second movement changes the focus of the electronic sound. The electronics are made of precomposed gestures that compliment the live instruments. These gestures are categorized and selected randomly according to specific characteristics. Filtering and other effects applied to the sounds are chosen randomly as well.

Bakgrund: Träning i naturliga miljöer har hälsofrämjande effekter och ökar välbefinnandet i jämförelse med träning som sker i inomhusmiljöer. Individer som utför träning i utomhusmiljöer visar sig ha högre hastighet, hjärtfrekvens och blodlaktatkoncentration, i jämförelse med individer som tränar inomhus vilket påverkar den fysiska prestationen.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka mätbara skillnader i fysisk prestation inomhus och utomhus genom ett maxpulstest.Metod: Studien genomfördes med en randomiserad kontrollerad cross- over design där åtta män och fem kvinnor (medelålder 26 ± 3.67), fysiskt aktiva, genomförde ett beeptest vid två tillfällen. Testet utfördes av samma person vid ett tillfälle inomhus och ett tillfälle utomhus. Analysen utgick från uppskattat VO2 max genom protokoll av beeptest, objektiv mätning och kontroll av puls direkt före tester och direkt efter genomförda tester.Resultat: Resultaten visade en signifikant skillnad i VO2 max (O2ml/kg/min) (p= 0.047), genom en högre fysisk prestation inomhus i jämförelse med utomhus (46.08 ± 8.76 och 44.73 ± 8.84). Puls (slag/min) efter genomförda tester visade ett högre medelvärde inomhus i jämförelse med utomhus (192.36 ± 10.13 och 190.45 ± 9.11), men ingen signifikant skillnad (p=0.11). Puls före tester visade ingen signifikant skillnad (p=0.898) mellan inomhusmiljön och utomhusmiljön (107.16 ± 18.78 och 107. 75 ± 18.49).Slutsats: Resultaten indikerar på att det är skillnader i fysisk prestation i olika miljöer. VO2 max var signifikant högre i inomhusmiljön i jämförelse med utomhusmiljön. Medel-maxpulsen tenderade ha ett högre medelvärde inomhus i jämförelse med utomhus. / Background: Exercise performed in natural environments produces health-promoting effects and increases well-being, in comparison with exercises performed in indoors-environments. Individuals who exercise outdoors has higher velocity, heartrate and blood lactate concentration compared to individuals who exercise indoors, which affects the physical performance.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate measurable differences in physical performance indoors and outdoors through a maximum heartrate test.Method: The study was conducted with a randomized controlled cross over design where five women and eight men, physical active, in the middle age of 26 ± 3.67 years, performed a shuttle run test at two times. The test was repeated by the same individual one time indoors and one time outdoors. The analysis was made by estimated VO2 max using a protocol from the performed shuttle run test, and controlled objective measurements of pulse levels, directly before the test started and directly after finished test.Results: Significant differences were found between indoors and outdoors, where VO2 max (O2ml/lbs/min) (p= 0.047) was higher indoors than outdoors (46.08 ± 8.76 and 44.73 ± 8.84). Pulse levels (beats/min) was higher indoors than outdoors (192.36 ± 10.13 and 190.45 ± 9.11) after finished test, but significant differences were not found (p=0.11). Significant differences were not found in pulse levels before the test (p=0.898), between the different environments (107.16 ± 18.78 and 107. 75 ± 18.49).Conclusion: The results in this study show that there are differences in physical performance between different environments. VO2 max was significantly higher in the indoor environment compared to the outdoor environment. The average maximum pulse tended to have a higher average indoors compared to outdoors.

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<p> </p><p><p> </p></p><p><p><p> </p></p></p><p>MAX-phase materials are a new type of material class. These materials are potentiallyt echnologically important as they show unique physical properties due to the combination of metals and ceramics. In this project, spectroscopic ellipsometry in the spectral range of 0.06 eV –6.0 eV was used to probe the linear optical response of MAX-phases in terms of the complexd dielectric function <em>ε(ω) = ε1(ω) + iε2(ω<em>). </em></em>Measured data were fit to theoretical models using the Lorentz and generalized oscillator models. Data from seven different samples of MAX-phase materials were obtained using two ellipsometers. Each sample dielectric function was determined, including their infrared spectrum.</p>

The research involves the creation of an interactive installation showcasing the dynamic nature of human visual observation of a still photograph. Using an eye tracker as an input device, the data collected is used to create a photographic collage in stereoscopic 3D. The installation is artistically inspired by selected photographic works of artists David Hockney, Maurizio Galimberti, Joyce Neimanas and Cubist painters especially Picasso. One of the key factors in their work that is adapted in this research, is the representation of the way eyes search points of interest demonstrated in what they painted/photographed. The installation will demonstrate an expressive representation of the viewers' experience of looking at a photograph. This will be achieved by applying certain manipulations of the photograph based on the input obtained from the viewer using an eye tracker. The eye tracker collects information about the location and number of instances of where the viewer is when observing a photograph. This is fed into software that processes the data and determines the location and the size of the area of the photograph and amount of the manipulation to be applied to that area. These two constitute the artistic rules that are used to create the end product the photo collage. The individual pieces of the collage will be arranged in a virtual 3D model by the artist and will be projected in stereoscopic 3D. The development of this installation progressed through multiple case studies and optimization based on ease of use, cost and availability of resources. This process is intended to be a framework for artists working in interactive visual media.