Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is antibiotics active against most of Gram-negative bacteria. In the pas decade, emergency of multidrug-resistant bacteria led to increase of colistin administration as a last resort antibiotic for human infections. The first plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was identified in 2015 in animals in China and after first detection, additional mcr genes: mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-6, mcr-7 a mcr-8 were described throughout the world. The aim of this thesis was to clarify whether there is horizontal transmission colistin resistance encoded by the mcr genes in gram-negative bacteria isolated from the environment, animals and their breeding and food. The mcr-1 gene was detected in 2 strains Escherichia coli isolated from waste water. The mcr-4 gene was detected in 1 strain Shewanella putrefaciens isolate obtained from the lake. The environment is the most important source and way of spreading this type of resistance in the Czech Republic.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Paulo Henrique Ramos Guimarães - 2017.pdf: 4205018 bytes, checksum: 87a9e54e29ba3388626b1fcbf1564e5a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Climate change and its influence on agriculture have been a recurring theme at world leaders' meetings. Expected climate change to be accompanied by increases in temperature, periods of water restriction and changes in the biological cycle of pests and diseases. Perhaps there will be changes in agricultural geography, regions suitable for growing of the crops may become unfit. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) which is considered to be an important food source, but is sensitive to water restriction conditions, may be drastically affected by such changes. In this way, the aims of this study were: (i) evaluated the root system of the accessions of the upland rice; (ii) identify SNPs markers and associate then with the morphologic traits to early vigour in rice under water restriction. We evaluated a panel of rice diversity. In the first trial we evaluated 217 accessions on a phenotyping platform (Integrated System for Induced Drought Treatment - SITIS). This trial was conducted in 2014, under well water conditions, we evaluated the tiller number and different characteristics of root system (root length, root volume and Indices derived from the root length system) in two layers (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm). These traits were evaluated through non-invasive root scanner images. We observed that there was variability to root length and root volume besides there was accessions with well root system distribution in the two layers evaluated. Using the variables:𝐿𝑇1𝑃1 , α𝐿1, Δ𝐿𝑃1, Δ𝐿𝑃2, 𝐿𝑇1𝑃2 _𝑅𝐺 and NBT was possible to discriminate the accessions as well recover and describe the root system architecture. The second trial was conducted with a subset with 140 accessions (selected in previous years). This trial was conducted in the 2015 and 2016 in field conditions under two water conditions (well water and water restriction). The traits evaluated were: leaf number (NBL), tiller number (NBT), plant height (PH), length of blade (LLL), blade width (LLW) and shoot dry weight (SDW). These evaluations were done 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS). At 30 DAS the plants were submitted to water restriction for 15 days. There was significant differences for the all traits evaluated. There was significant reduction in shoot dry weight (43%), plant height and blade width (18%). The traits evaluated were related to each other, the most of correlations there were low, however positive and significant. We identified 64 significant markers (p-value<0.05), however these markers were associated only the PH at 30 DAS and 45 DAS. The markers detected showed small effect explaining between 15 and 30% of the total phenotypic variation. Thus is connotative that the early vigour in rice is controlled by many genes of small effect. The locus identified as associated may improve understanding of the mechanisms underlying water deficit tolerance in rice. These can be used for marker assisted breeding. / As mudanças climáticas e a sua influência na agricultura têm sido assunto recorrente nas reuniões de lideranças mundiais. Espera-se que essas sejam acompanhadas por aumento na temperatura, períodos de deficiência hídrica e mudanças no ciclo biológico de pragas e doenças. Esperam-se grandes mudanças na geografia agrícola, pois regiões aptas ao cultivo de determinadas culturas poderão se tornar inaptas. O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) que é tido como importante fonte alimentar e sensível às condições de restrição hídrica pode ser drasticamente afetada por tais mudanças. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) avaliar o sistema radicular de acessos de arroz de terras altas; (ii) identificar SNPs e associá-los com características morfológicas ligadas ao vigor vegetativo em arroz sob condições de restrição hídrica. Foi utilizado um painel de diversidade de arroz, os acessos desse painel foram avaliados em dois ensaios (casa de vegetação e a campo). No primeiro ensaio foram avaliados 217 acessos em casa de vegetação, em uma plataforma de fenotipagem (Sistema Integrado para Tratamento Induzido de Seca - SITIS). Este ensaio foi conduzido no ano de 2014 sob condições ideais de irrigação e foram avaliados o número de perfilhos e diferentes caracteres do sistema radicular (comprimento e volume de raízes, porcentagem de raízes grossas e índices derivados do comprimento do sistema radicular), em duas camadas (0 a 20 cm e 20 a 40 cm). Estes caracteres foram avaliados por meio de imagens geradas por um scanner de raízes. Observou-se variabilidade para o comprimento e volume do sistema radicular, além da existência de acessos com sistema radicular bem distribuído nas duas camadas avaliadas. Utilizando as variáveis 𝐿𝑇1𝑃1 , α𝐿1, Δ𝐿𝑃1, Δ𝐿𝑃2, 𝐿𝑇1𝑃2 _𝑅𝐺 e NBT foi possível distinguir os acessos bem como recuperar e descrever a arquitetura do sistema radicular. O segundo ensaio foi conduzido utilizando-se um subgrupo composto por 140 acessos (selecionados a partir dos 217 avaliados em anos anteriores). Este ensaio foi conduzido nos anos de 2015 e 2016 a campo sob duas condições hídricas (com e sem restrição hídrica). Os caracteres avaliados foram: número de folhas (NBL), número de perfilhos (NBT), altura de plantas (PH), comprimento da folha (LLL), largura da folha (LLW) e matéria seca (SDW). As avaliações foram realizadas aos 30 e 45 dias após a semeadura (DAS). Aos 30 DAS as plantas foram submetidas ao déficit hídrico durante 15 dias. Por meio da análise de variância observaram-se diferenças significativas para todos os caracteres avaliados. Os acessos apresentaram redução significativa na matéria seca (43%), altura de plantas e largura de folhas (18%) sob restrição hídrica. Os caracteres avaliados foram relacionados entre si, a maioria das correlações foram positivas e significativas. Foram identificados 64 marcadores significativos (p-valor < 0,05), no entanto, estes foram associados somente à PH aos 30 DAS e 45 DAS sob estresse hídrico. Os marcadores detectados foram de pequenos efeitos, pois explicaram entre 15 e 30% da variação fenotípica total. Os locus identificados como associados podem melhorar a compreensão sobre os mecanismos subjacentes à tolerância à deficiência hídrica em arroz. Estes poderão ser utilizados pelo melhoramento assistido por marcadores moleculares.

As bases genéticas e moleculares da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) a lufenuron foram exploradas no presente estudo. Inicialmente, uma linhagem de S. frugiperda resistente a lufenuron foi selecionada a partir de uma população coletada na cultura do milho na região de Montevidiu-GO com intenso uso desse inseticida. As curvas de concentração-resposta a lufenuron para as linhagens de S. frugiperda suscetível (SUS) e resistente (LUF-R) a lufenuron foram caracterizadas pelo método de bioensaio com tratamento superficial da dieta artificial. As CL50 (I.C. 95%) estimadas para as linhagens SUS e LUF-R foram de 0,23 (0,18 - 0,28) e 210,6 (175,90 - 258,10) ?g de lufenuron.mL-1 respectivamente, com razão de resistência de ? 915 vezes. A partir dos resultados de cruzamentos recíprocos entre as linhagens SUS e LUF-R, concluiu-se que a herança da resistência de S. frugiperda a lufenuron é autossômica e incompletamente recessiva. Os testes de retrocruzamentos da progênie F1 de cruzamentos recíprocos com o parental LUF-R demonstraram um efeito poligênico para a resistência, com a estimativa do número mínimo de segregações independentes entre 1,54 e 1,71, indicando que o número de loci associado à resistência é baixo. Para conhecer o perfil de transcritos de lagartas de S. frugiperda e avaliar o padrão de expressão gênica diferencial entre lagartas da linhagem LUF-R em comparação ao de lagartas da linhagem SUS, buscando identificar o(s) mecanismo(s) de resistência a lufenuron, foram utilizadas novas tecnologias de sequenciamento em larga escala. Para isso, foram utilizados sequenciamentos de quatro bibliotecas de cDNA (plataforma HiScan 1000, Illumina©) obtidas de lagartas de 4º ínstar de S. frugiperda das linhagens LUF-R e SUS, induzidas ou não com lufenuron. O transcritoma foi construído utilizando aproximadamente 19,6 milhões de leituras single-end, o que gerou 18.506 transcritos, com N50 de 996 pb. A pesquisa contra o banco de dados nr (NCBI) proporcionou anotação funcional de 51,1% (9.457) dos transcritos obtidos, grande parte dos alinhamentos apresentaram homologia a insetos, com o maior número deles (45%) se assemelhando aos de Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), enquanto 10% se assemelharam a sequências de diversas espécies do gênero Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), sendo 3% dos alinhamentos obtidos contra sequências de Spodoptera frugiperda. A análise comparativa da expressão gênica entre lagartas de S. frugiperda resistente e suscetível a lufenuron identificou 1.224 transcritos expressos diferencialmente (p <= 0,05, teste t; expressão relativa > 2). Sete destes transcritos foram associados ao metabolismo da cutícula, sendo cinco deles superexpressos na linhagem LUFR. O metabolismo de detoxificação apresentou 48 transcritos expressos diferencialmente, dos quais foram identificados 40 transcritos associados às monooxigenases P450, cinco a glutationa-S-transferase, dois às carboxilesterases e um a esterase. Foi observado que 39 dos 48 transcritos associados ao metabolismo de detoxificação foram superexpressos na linhagem resistente. Este padrão foi confirmado a partir da expressão relativa utilizando \"PCR quantitativa em Tempo Real - qPCR\". Estes resultados representam um importante passo para o entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares da resistência de S. frugiperda a lufenuron, proporcionando, ainda, uma visão mais ampla do perfil de expressão gênica de insetos a inseticidas. / The genetic and molecular basis of resistance to lufenuron in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exploited in this study. The resistant population of S. frugiperda was selected from a population collected in Montevidiu, Goiás. Initially, a luferunon-resistant strain of S. frugiperda was selected from a population collected in cornfields located in Montevidiu, Goiás State, Brazil, with intense use of this insecticide. The diet surface treatment bioassay was used to characterize the concentration-response to lufenuron in the susceptible (SUS) and resistant (LUF-R) strains of S. frugiperda. The estimated LC50s (95% C.I.) for the SUS and LUF-R strains were 0.23 (0.18 - 0.28) and 210.6 (175.90 - 258.10) ?g of lufenuron.mL-1 respectively, with resistance ratio of ? 915-fold. Based on reciprocal crosses between SUS and LUF-R strains, the inheritance of S. frugiperda resistance to lufenuron was incomplete autosomal recessive. Backcrosses between F1 of the reciprocal crosses and the parental LUF-R revealed a polygenic resistance, with an estimation of the minimum number of resistance genes from 1.54 to 1.71, indicating that the number of loci associated to resistance is low. Then, a new high-throughput cDNA sequencing technologies was explored to characterize the transcriptional profile of larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, and to compare the differential gene expression between resistant and susceptible strains of S. frugiperda to lufenuron in order to identify the resistance mechanism(s) involved. Four cDNA libraries obtained from fourth instars of the resistant (LUF-R) and the susceptible (SUS) S. frugiperda strains, exposed or not to lufenuron, were sequenced in a HiScan1000® platform (Illumina©). The transcriptome was de novo assembled using nearly 19.6 million single-end reads, leading to 18,506 transcripts with a N50 of 996 bp in length. A Blast search against the non-redundant database available in NCBI allowed the functional annotation of 51.1% (9,457) of the obtained transcripts. Most of these transcripts aligned with insect sequences, and a majority of them (45%) with Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Nearly 10% of the transcripts aligned with species belonging to Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with 3% of the alignments matching sequences from Spodoptera frugiperda. Differential gene expression analysis between the resistant and the susceptible strains identified 1,224 differentially expressed transcripts (p <= 0.05, t-test; fold change > 2). Seven of them were associated with the cuticle metabolism, and five out seven were up-regulated in the resistant strain (LUF-R). A large set of transcripts (48) associated with the detoxification metabolism was differentially expressed; 40 P450 monooxygenases, five glutathione-Stransferases, two carboxylesterase and one esterase were identified. Thirty-nine out of these 48 transcripts were up-regulated in the resistant strain. Gene expression data obtained by RNA-Seq analysis was validated by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) of several selected target transcripts. These results represent an important step toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance of S. frugiperda to lufenuron, and provide a broader view on the gene expression profile of insects to insecticides.

EGFR is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor from the HER family which, upon ligand stimulation, activates different signaling pathways involved in tumorogenesis. EGFR can be targeted by monoclonal antibodies, as cetuximab and panitumumab, which bind to EGFR preventing ligand stimulation of the receptor. Cetuximab and panitumumab are approved for colorectal cancer treatment. However, its clinical success is uniformily limited by the development of acquired drug resistance. We describe a new mechanism of acquired resistance to cetuximab in colorectal cancer that was due to a missense mutation in the EGFR ectodomain (S492R mutation). Upon chronic exposure to cetuximab, colorectal cancer cell lines acquired S492R mutation and became resistant to the treatment. We observed that cetuximab was not able to bind mutant EGFR. Notably, this amino acid change did not affect the ability of panitumumab to bind to EGFR, and panitumumab effectively suppressed growth of mutant cells. EGFRS492R mutation was detected in 2 out of 10 tumor specimens from patients following progression on cetuximab. One of these patients was subsequently treated with single agent panitumumab yielding a partial response. The S492R mutation defines a novel biomarker of resistance to cetuximab but not to panitumumab in colorectal cancer / EGFR és un receptor transmembrana tirosina cinasa de la família HER el qual, després de l’estimulació mitjançant lligands, activa vies de senyalització involucrades en processos tumorogènics. L’EGFR es pot inhibir amb anticossos monoclonals, com cetuximab i panitumumab, que s’uneixen al receptor prevenint-ne l’activació per part dels lligands. Cetuximab i panitumumab estan aprovats per al tractament del càncer colorectal, però el seu ús es veu limitat per el desenvolupament de resistència adquirida al tractament. Nosaltres describim un mecanisme de resistència adquirida a cetuximab en càncer colorectal degut a l’adquisió d’una mutació en el domini extracel•lular de l’EGFR, la mutació S492R. Durant l’exposició crònica a cetuximab, linies cel•lulars de càncer colorectal van adquirir la mutació S492R tornat-se resistents al tractament. Cetuximab no era capaç d’unir-se a l’EGFR mutat. Aquests canvi d’aminoàcid no afectava a l’habilitat que té panitumumab a unir-se al EGFR, pertant, panitumumab suprimia el creixement de les cèl•lules tumorals mutades. Vam detectar la mutació EGFRS492R en 2 de 10 mostres tumorals de pacients que havien recaigut al tractament amb cetuximab. Un d’aquest pacients va ser posteriorment tractat amb panitumumab obtenint-ne una resposta tumoral parcial. La mutació S492R defineix un nou mecanisme de resistència a cetuximab però no a panitumumab en el tractament del càncer colorectal.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 1999. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

As bases genéticas e moleculares da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) a lufenuron foram exploradas no presente estudo. Inicialmente, uma linhagem de S. frugiperda resistente a lufenuron foi selecionada a partir de uma população coletada na cultura do milho na região de Montevidiu-GO com intenso uso desse inseticida. As curvas de concentração-resposta a lufenuron para as linhagens de S. frugiperda suscetível (SUS) e resistente (LUF-R) a lufenuron foram caracterizadas pelo método de bioensaio com tratamento superficial da dieta artificial. As CL50 (I.C. 95%) estimadas para as linhagens SUS e LUF-R foram de 0,23 (0,18 - 0,28) e 210,6 (175,90 - 258,10) ?g de lufenuron.mL-1 respectivamente, com razão de resistência de ? 915 vezes. A partir dos resultados de cruzamentos recíprocos entre as linhagens SUS e LUF-R, concluiu-se que a herança da resistência de S. frugiperda a lufenuron é autossômica e incompletamente recessiva. Os testes de retrocruzamentos da progênie F1 de cruzamentos recíprocos com o parental LUF-R demonstraram um efeito poligênico para a resistência, com a estimativa do número mínimo de segregações independentes entre 1,54 e 1,71, indicando que o número de loci associado à resistência é baixo. Para conhecer o perfil de transcritos de lagartas de S. frugiperda e avaliar o padrão de expressão gênica diferencial entre lagartas da linhagem LUF-R em comparação ao de lagartas da linhagem SUS, buscando identificar o(s) mecanismo(s) de resistência a lufenuron, foram utilizadas novas tecnologias de sequenciamento em larga escala. Para isso, foram utilizados sequenciamentos de quatro bibliotecas de cDNA (plataforma HiScan 1000, Illumina©) obtidas de lagartas de 4º ínstar de S. frugiperda das linhagens LUF-R e SUS, induzidas ou não com lufenuron. O transcritoma foi construído utilizando aproximadamente 19,6 milhões de leituras single-end, o que gerou 18.506 transcritos, com N50 de 996 pb. A pesquisa contra o banco de dados nr (NCBI) proporcionou anotação funcional de 51,1% (9.457) dos transcritos obtidos, grande parte dos alinhamentos apresentaram homologia a insetos, com o maior número deles (45%) se assemelhando aos de Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), enquanto 10% se assemelharam a sequências de diversas espécies do gênero Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), sendo 3% dos alinhamentos obtidos contra sequências de Spodoptera frugiperda. A análise comparativa da expressão gênica entre lagartas de S. frugiperda resistente e suscetível a lufenuron identificou 1.224 transcritos expressos diferencialmente (p <= 0,05, teste t; expressão relativa > 2). Sete destes transcritos foram associados ao metabolismo da cutícula, sendo cinco deles superexpressos na linhagem LUFR. O metabolismo de detoxificação apresentou 48 transcritos expressos diferencialmente, dos quais foram identificados 40 transcritos associados às monooxigenases P450, cinco a glutationa-S-transferase, dois às carboxilesterases e um a esterase. Foi observado que 39 dos 48 transcritos associados ao metabolismo de detoxificação foram superexpressos na linhagem resistente. Este padrão foi confirmado a partir da expressão relativa utilizando \"PCR quantitativa em Tempo Real - qPCR\". Estes resultados representam um importante passo para o entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares da resistência de S. frugiperda a lufenuron, proporcionando, ainda, uma visão mais ampla do perfil de expressão gênica de insetos a inseticidas. / The genetic and molecular basis of resistance to lufenuron in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exploited in this study. The resistant population of S. frugiperda was selected from a population collected in Montevidiu, Goiás. Initially, a luferunon-resistant strain of S. frugiperda was selected from a population collected in cornfields located in Montevidiu, Goiás State, Brazil, with intense use of this insecticide. The diet surface treatment bioassay was used to characterize the concentration-response to lufenuron in the susceptible (SUS) and resistant (LUF-R) strains of S. frugiperda. The estimated LC50s (95% C.I.) for the SUS and LUF-R strains were 0.23 (0.18 - 0.28) and 210.6 (175.90 - 258.10) ?g of lufenuron.mL-1 respectively, with resistance ratio of ? 915-fold. Based on reciprocal crosses between SUS and LUF-R strains, the inheritance of S. frugiperda resistance to lufenuron was incomplete autosomal recessive. Backcrosses between F1 of the reciprocal crosses and the parental LUF-R revealed a polygenic resistance, with an estimation of the minimum number of resistance genes from 1.54 to 1.71, indicating that the number of loci associated to resistance is low. Then, a new high-throughput cDNA sequencing technologies was explored to characterize the transcriptional profile of larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, and to compare the differential gene expression between resistant and susceptible strains of S. frugiperda to lufenuron in order to identify the resistance mechanism(s) involved. Four cDNA libraries obtained from fourth instars of the resistant (LUF-R) and the susceptible (SUS) S. frugiperda strains, exposed or not to lufenuron, were sequenced in a HiScan1000® platform (Illumina©). The transcriptome was de novo assembled using nearly 19.6 million single-end reads, leading to 18,506 transcripts with a N50 of 996 bp in length. A Blast search against the non-redundant database available in NCBI allowed the functional annotation of 51.1% (9,457) of the obtained transcripts. Most of these transcripts aligned with insect sequences, and a majority of them (45%) with Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Nearly 10% of the transcripts aligned with species belonging to Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with 3% of the alignments matching sequences from Spodoptera frugiperda. Differential gene expression analysis between the resistant and the susceptible strains identified 1,224 differentially expressed transcripts (p <= 0.05, t-test; fold change > 2). Seven of them were associated with the cuticle metabolism, and five out seven were up-regulated in the resistant strain (LUF-R). A large set of transcripts (48) associated with the detoxification metabolism was differentially expressed; 40 P450 monooxygenases, five glutathione-Stransferases, two carboxylesterase and one esterase were identified. Thirty-nine out of these 48 transcripts were up-regulated in the resistant strain. Gene expression data obtained by RNA-Seq analysis was validated by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) of several selected target transcripts. These results represent an important step toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance of S. frugiperda to lufenuron, and provide a broader view on the gene expression profile of insects to insecticides.

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was officially reported in Brazil in 2013 causing serious damage to several crops, especially soybean and cotton crops. Because of this severe damage and also because H. armigera is more tolerant to insecticides in compare to other lepidopteran pests in Brazil, there was a significant increase of selection pressure with insecticides in the field. Many cases of insecticide resistance, especially to pyrethroids, have been reported in some countries of the Old World. The main objective of the present study was to characterize the susceptibility of H. armigera and to investigate the mechanisms of its resistance to pyrethroids and indoxacarb in Brazilian populations. Mortality of H. armigera populations was less than 50% when treated with the highest dose of 10 &mu;g a.i./3rd-instar larva of fenvalerate and deltamethrin. Field populations of H. armigera monitored from 2013 to 2016 growing seasons showed mean mortalities of 10 to 40% at the diagnostic dose of 10 &mu;g a.i./3rd-instar larva. The resistance ratio to pyrethroid was 780-fold. The frequency of the chimeric P450 CYP337B3 gene was above 0.95 in all 33 populations screened. The genetic basis of H. armigera resistance to pyrethroids was also investigated. The dominance degree varied from 0.66 to 0.92, i.e., incompletely to completely dominant, and resistance was characterized as autosomal and polygenic. Possible mutations in the sodium channel were investigated, as well as the expression of other P450 genes via RT-qPCR. Two non-synonymous mutations, V937G and Q960H were found, and the genes CYP6AB10, CYP301A, CYP4S13 and CYP321A5 were up-regulated in the Brazilian pyrethroid-resistant strain compared to the susceptible strain. The susceptibility of H. armigera populations to indoxacarb was characterized with a diet overlay bioassay in 3rd-instar larvae. LC50 values ranged from 0.22 (0.16-0.28) &mu;g a.i./cm2 to 0.57 (0.41-0.82) &mu;g a.i./cm2, varying 2.6-fold. The populations were monitored through the 2013-2017 growing seasons, with the diagnostic dose of 6.1 &mu;g a.i./cm2; during the period, the susceptibility to indoxacarb decreased. An indoxacarb-resistant strain was selected under laboratory conditions and showed a resistance ratio of 297.5-fold. These results will contribute to decision-making and implementation of insect resistance-management (IRM) programs in Brazil and other recently invaded countries in Brazil. / Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) foi reportada oficialmente no Brasil em 2013, ano em que causou grandes perdas em lavouras de soja e algodão no país. Devido ao ataque severo de H. armigera e por ser mais tolerante do que as demais pragas que ocorriam no Brasil, houve um aumento significativo da pressão de seleção com inseticidas no campo. Inúmeros casos de resistência desta praga a inseticidas do grupo dos piretroides já havia sido reportado em alguns países do Velho Mundo. Dentro desse contexto o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a suscetibilidade e investigar possíveis mecanismos de resistência a piretroides bem como indoxacarb no Brasil. A mortalidade das populações de H. armigera foi menor do que 50 % quando tratadas com a dose máxima de 10 &mu;g i.a./lagarta de 3º instar para fenvalerato e deltametrina. As populações de campo de H. armigera monitoradas entre os anos de 2013 a 2016 na dose diagnóstica de 10 &mu;g i.a./lagarta de 3º instar apresentaram mortalidade de 10 a 40%. A frequência do gene P450 CYP337B3 foi maior do que 0,95 em 33 populações testada. Além disso, as bases genéticas da resistência de H. armigera a piretroides foram investigadas e a razão de resistência com a linhagem suscetível foi de 780 vezes. O grau de dominância variou de 0,66 a 0,92, incompletamente e completamente dominante e a resistência foi caracterizada como autossômica e poligênica. Adicionalmente investigou-se a presença de possíveis mutações no canal de sódio bem como a expressão de outros genes P450 em uma linhagem resistente a piretroides. Foi possível detectar duas mutações não-sinonímias V937G, e Q960H no canal de sódio e os genes CYP6AB10, CYP301A, CYP4S13 e CYP321A5 foram super expressos na linhagem resistente. A suscetibilidade de populações de H. armigera para o inseticida indoxacarb foi caracterizada a partir de bioensaios de ingestão com lagartas de 3° instar. Os valores de CL50 variaram de 0,22 (0,16 - 0,28) &mu;g i.a./cm2 até 0,57 (0,41 - 0,82) &mu;g i.a./cm2 variando em 2,6 vezes. As populações foram monitoradas ao longo das safras agrícolas entre 2013 e 2017 com a concentração diagnóstica de 6,1 &mu;g i.a./cm2 e observou-se uma diminuição na suscetibilidade da praga a indoxacarb. Uma linhagem resistente a indoxacarb foi selecionada em laboratório e comparada com uma linhagem suscetível de referência, apresentando uma razão de resistência de 297,5 vezes. Os resultados obtidos são extremamente importantes e poderão contribuir na tomada de decisões bem como na implementação de programas de manejo da resistência de insetos (MRI) no Brasil.

Les entérobactéries productrices de carbapénèmases peuvent être responsables d’impasses thérapeutiques puisque ces souches sont multirésistantes aux antibiotiques. La colistine, un antibiotique de la famille des polymyxines, fait partie des molécules de derniers recours potentiellement utilisables pour le traitement des patients infectés par ces souches. Son utilisation est ainsi en augmentation constante mais des résistances émergent.Ce travail a contribué à l’amélioration du diagnostic de la résistance à la colistine par le développement de deux nouveaux outils diagnostiques : un test rapide, le Rapid Polymyxin NP test et un milieu de culture sélectif, la gélose SuperPolymyxin. Il a permis d’identifier de nouvelles mutations chromosomiques au sein des gènes pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, mgrB et crrB responsables de l’acquisition de résistances et d’hétérorésistance à la colistine chez K. pneumoniae et K. oxytoca. Il a révélé que les mutations chromosomiques et les résistances plasmidiques étaient additionnelles et pouvaient entraîner l’acquisition d’un haut niveau de résistance à la colistine chez E. coli. Il a permis d’identifier une épidémie de souches de K. pneumoniae productrices de la carbapénèmase OXA-48 et résistantes à la colistine en France en 2014. Il a démontré que Hafnia était un genre d’entérobactéries présentant une résistance naturelle de bas niveau à la colistine. Enfin, il a permis de proposer une option thérapeutique, le ceftazidime/avibactam en association ou non avec l’aztréonam, pour traiter les patients infectés par les souches de K. pneumoniae productrices de carbapénèmases et résistantes à la colistine.Ce travail a ainsi contribué à améliorer les connaissances sur la résistance à la colistine chez les BGN au niveau du diagnostic, des mécanismes de résistance acquis, des résistances naturelles, et de l’épidémiologie et a permis de proposer des combinaisons d’antibiotiques actives in vitro sur les souches de K. pneumoniae productrices de carbapénèmases et résistantes à la colistine. / Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae may be responsible for therapeutic impasses since these strains are multidrug-resistant. Colistin, an antibiotic of the polymyxin family, is one of the last-resort molecules potentially usable for the treatment of patients infected with these strains. Its use is thus constantly increasing but resistances emerge.This work contributed to improve the diagnosis of colistin resistance by developing two new diagnostic tools: a rapid test, the Rapid Polymyxin NP test and a selective culture medium, the SuperPolymyxin agar. It identified new chromosomal mutations within the pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, mgrB and crrB genes responsible for the acquisition of colistin resistance and heteroresistance in K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca. It revealed that chromosomal mutations and plasmid resistance were additional and could lead to the acquisition of a high level of colistin resistance in E. coli. It identified an outbreak caused by colistin-resistant OXA-48-producing K. pneumoniae strains in France in 2014. It demonstrated that Hafnia was a genus of enterobacteria with low-level intrinsic resistance to colistin. Finally, it suggested a therapeutic option, the ceftazidime / avibactam in combination or not with aztreonam, to treat patients infected with colistin-resistant and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae.This work has significantly contributed to improve the knowledge of colistin resistance in Gram negatives in diagnostic, in characterization of acquired or intrinsic resistance mechanisms, and in epidemiology.

Les défauts dans les voies de réparation de l’ADN sont aujourd’hui largement exploités pour le traitement du cancer. En effet, la capacité des tumeurs à réparer les lésions induites par les traitements génotoxiques (chimio- et radiothérapie) leur confère une résistance intrinsèque ou acquise à ces traitements. Développer des inhibiteurs de réparation de l’ADN permettrait de contrecarrer cette résistance et de sensibiliser les tumeurs à ces thérapies conventionnelles. Les inhibiteurs de la Poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase (PARPi), premiers candidats de cette famille d’inhibiteurs de réparation de l’ADN, ont montré des résultats encourageants mais sont néanmoins restreints à une sous-population de tumeurs avec une déficience dans la voie de réparation par recombinaison homologue (DRH). De plus, des résistances à ces PARPi ont été constatées suite à la réactivation de la voie RH ou de voies alternatives. Il est donc urgent de développer des agents plus efficaces qui permettraient de limiter la problématique de résistance. Dans le laboratoire, nous avons identifié une nouvelle classe d’inhibiteurs de réparation de l’ADN, les Dbait, consistant en une petite molécule d’ADN double-brin qui miment une cassure double-brin (CDB). AsiDNA, une molécule de la famille Dbait, agit en séquestrant et hyper activant la protéine PARP et ses partenaires, ainsi que la protéine DNA-PK qui modifie la chromatine, inhibant ainsi le recrutement au niveau du site du dommage de plusieurs protéines de réparation des voies RH ou NHEJ. Dans ce manuscrit, nous avons étudié la question des mécanismes de sensibilité à AsiDNA, et nous avons identifié l’instabilité génétique, générée essentiellement par des défauts dans les voies de réparation des CDBs, comme caractéristique majeure pour être sensible à AsiDNA dans différents modèles de cellules et de xénogreffes. De façon intéressante, l’instabilité génétique ne corrélait pas avec la sensibilité aux PARPi, qui présentaient également un profil d’action différent d’AsiDNA. En se basant sur ces différences, et sur le mode d’action d’AsiDNA agissant en tant qu’inhibiteur de la voie RH, la combinaison de ces deux molécules permettrait de s’affranchir de la restriction génétique (DRH) essentielle pour l’efficacité des PARPi. Pour valider cette hypothèse, nous avons montré par des analyses moléculaires que l’olaparib, un PARPi, et AsiDNA préviennent le recrutement au niveau des sites des dommages de XRCC1 et de RAD51/53BP1, respectivement. La combinaison de ces deux inhibiteurs permettait l’accumulation des dommages non réparés résultant en une augmentation de la mort de cellules tumorales de différentes origines, et un retard significatif de la croissance des xénogreffes. Cependant, les cellules non tumorales ne présentaient ni une augmentation des dommages ni de la mort cellulaire. Ces résultats soulignent l’intérêt thérapeutique de la combinaison d’AsiDNA avec les PARPi qui permettrait de s’affranchir de la dépendance au statut DRH et d’élargir leur champ d’application. Dans cette thèse, nous avons également traité la question de la résistance acquise à AsiDNA. En effet, contrairement à l’imatinib et au 6-thioguanine, nous n’avons pas isolé de clones résistants à AsiDNA après des expériences de mutagénèse ou après des traitements répétés sur différents modèles cellulaires. Un tel comportement défie notre acceptation commune de la théorie Darwinienne pour expliquer la résistance des cellules tumorales aux traitements. / Defects in the DNA repair pathways are now widely exploited for the treatment of cancer. Indeed, the ability of tumors to repair the damage induced by genotoxic treatments (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) gives them an intrinsic or acquired resistance to these treatments. Developing DNA repair inhibitors would help to counteract this resistance and sensitize tumors to these conventional therapies. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), first candidates for this family of DNA repair inhibitors, have shown encouraging results but are nevertheless restricted to a tumor subpopulation with Deficiencies in the Homologous Recombination repair pathway (HRD). In addition, resistances to these PARPi were observed following the reactivation of the HR pathway or alternative pathways. It is therefore urgent to develop more effective agents to limit the resistance problem. In the laboratory, we have identified a new class of DNA repair inhibitors, Dbait, consisting of a small double-stranded DNA molecule that mimics a double-strand break (DSB). AsiDNA, a molecule of the Dbait family, acts by hijacking and hyper activating the PARP protein and its partners, as well as DNA-PK protein that modifies chromatin, thereby inhibiting recruitment at the damage site of several DNA repair proteins. In this manuscript, we studied the issue of mechanisms of sensitivity to AsiDNA, and we identified the genetic instability, generated mainly by defects in the DSBs’ repair, as major feature to be sensitive to AsiDNA in different models of tumor cells and xenografts. Interestingly, genetic instability does not correlate with sensitivity to PARPi, which also had a different action profile than AsiDNA. Based on these differences, and on the mode of action of AsiDNA acting as an inhibitor of the HR pathway, the combination of these two molecules would allow bypassing the genetic restriction (HRD) essential for PARPi efficiency. To validate this hypothesis, we have shown by molecular analyzes that olaparib, a PARPi, and AsiDNA prevent the recruitment at damage sites of the repair proteins XRCC1 and RAD51 / 53BP1, respectively. The combination of these two inhibitors allowed the accumulation of unrepaired damage resulting in an increase of tumor cells’ death, and a significant delay in the growth of xenografts. However, non-tumor cells were not sensitive to this combined treatment. These results highlight the therapeutic interest of combining AsiDNA with PARPi to recapitulate synthetic lethality in all tumors independently of their HR status. In this thesis, we also addressed the issue of acquired resistance to AsiDNA. Indeed, contrary to imatinib and 6-thioguanine, we didn’t recover resistant clones to AsiDNA after mutagenesis or after repeated cycles of treatment on different cell models. Such behavior challenges our common acceptation of a Darwin evolution theory to explain tumor cells resistance to treatment.