Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-17T13:10:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissALG.pdf: 1204557 bytes, checksum: 4002ead709914a04a88c0451755956b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-17T17:26:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissALG.pdf: 1204557 bytes, checksum: 4002ead709914a04a88c0451755956b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-17T17:26:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissALG.pdf: 1204557 bytes, checksum: 4002ead709914a04a88c0451755956b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T17:35:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissALG.pdf: 1204557 bytes, checksum: 4002ead709914a04a88c0451755956b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The sugarcane has great economic importance in Brazil. To keep productivity several biotic and abiotic factors can positively or negatively influence. Among them, weeds, nematodes and synergistic action between pesticides to control both can be cited. Thus, the present work aimed at studying possible common weeds in the mechanized harvesting system that can serve as hosts for the root knot nematode: Meloidogyne incognita and / or M. javanica and study the interaction between herbicides and nematicides used in the groove planting of sugarcane. Two experiments were carried in a greenhouse at the Agricultural Sciences Center (CCA-UFSCar), Araras, SP. The first experiment evaluated the host status ten weeds, as follows: Ipomoea triloba (Dammer), Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urban, Luffa aegyptiaca Mill, Euphorbia heterophylla L., Ricinus communis L., Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Mucuna aterrima ( Piper & Tracy) Holland, Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw., Digitaria horizontalis Willd., Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) RD Webster and the control (tomato Santa Cruz Kada) when inoculated with M. incognita or M. javanica in a completely randomized design in a factorial 11 x 2, with six repetitions. The plants were inoculated with 2.000 eggs and J2, and there were three plants per plot (6.000 eggs and J2 per pot - repetition). Sixty days after inoculation (DAI) the plants were removed and evaluated according to the reproduction factor (FR), final nematodes population (PF) and reproduction index (IR). In the second experiment the effect of interaction between two nematicides applied in contact with the stalks was evaluated. The nematicides tested were: benfuracarb (5,0 L ha-1) and carbofuran (50 Kg ha-1), and the herbicides applied preemergence of culture were: sulfentrazone (1,6 L p.c. ha-1), diuron + hexazinone (2,5 Kg ha1), saflufenacil (0,14 Kg p.c. ha-1) and amicarbazone (1,5 Kg p.c. ha-1). The experiment was carried in a completely randomized design in a factorial 15 x 5, with four replications in three sugarcane varieties (RB867515, RB975952 and RB975201). The first factor was corresponded to the 15 treatments and the second, to the five evaluation periods. Evaluations of intoxication symptoms were performed at 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after emergence (DAE) of culture. In the last assessment biometric parameters height (cm), leaf area (cm²) and dry biomass of the aerial part (g) were evaluated. Regarding to the host status of weeds, it was found that L. aegyptiaca behaved as host of both nematodes, with FR > 1, higher than the control. The D. horizontalis was classified as host of M. incognita and non-host of M. javanica. C. spectabilis had the lowest FR and PF. R. communis and I. triloba present galls when inoculated with M. incognita, but were not considered host for presenting FR < 1. None of the weeds tested was considered immune, that is, with RF = 0. Regarding the interaction of herbicides and nematicides in all treatments, plants recover 60 DAE, and in treatments with the use of sulfentrazone increase in symptoms of poisoning was observed. As for the biometric parameters evaluated at 60 DAE, there was no statistical difference only in the variety RB867515 for height. In this case, the treatments amicarbazone / benfuracarb and amicarbazone / carbofuran plants were higher than the control and other interactions. / A cana-de-açúcar tem grande importância econômica no Brasil. Para manter sua produtividade diversos fatores bióticos e abióticos podem influenciar positiva ou negativamente. Dentre eles, podem ser citados as plantas daninhas, os nematóides e a interação entre produtos fitossanitários para o controle de ambos. Em função disto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar possíveis plantas daninhas comuns no sistema colheita mecanizada que possam servir de hospedeiras para os nematóides-das-galhas: Meloidogyne incognita (raça 3) e/ou M. javanica e estudar a interação entre herbicidas e nematicidas usados no plantio da cana-de-açúcar. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos em casa-de-vegetação do Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA-UFSCar), em Araras, SP. O primeiro experimento avaliou a hospedabilidade de dez plantas daninhas a nematóides, sendo elas: Ipomoea triloba (L.), Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urban, Luffa aegyptiaca Mill., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Ricinus communis L., Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Mucuna aterrima (Piper & Tracy) Holland, Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw., Digitaria horizontalis Willd., Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webste e a testemunha (tomateiro Santa Cruz Kada) quando inoculadas com M. incognita (raça 3) ou M. javanica, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 11 x 2, com seis repetições. As plantas foram inoculadas com 2.000 ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (J2), sendo que havia três plantas por unidade experimental (6.000 ovos e J2 por vaso – repetição) e 60 dias após a inoculação (DAI) as plantas foram retiradas e avaliadas segundo o fator de reprodução (FR), população final de nematóides (PF) e índice de reprodutividade (IR). No segundo experimento foi avaliado o efeito da interação entre dois nematicidas aplicados em contato com os toletes, sendo eles: benfuracarbe (5,0 L ha-1) e carbofuran (50 Kg ha-1), com os herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência da cultura: sulfentrazone (1,6 L p.c. ha-1), diuron + hexazinone (2,5 Kg ha-1), saflufenacil (0,14 Kg p.c. ha-1) e amicarbazone (1,5 Kg p.c. ha-1). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em três variedades de cana-de-açúcar (RB867515, RB975201 e RB975952). As avaliações de sintomas de intoxicação foram realizadas aos 7, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após a emergência (DAE) da cultura. Na última avaliação foram determinados os parâmetros biométricos altura (cm), área foliar (cm²) e biomassa seca da parte aérea (g). Com relação à hospedabilidade das plantas daninhas, foi verificado que L. aegyptiaca comportou-se como hospedeira de ambos os nematóides, com FR > 1, sendo superior a testemunha. A D. horizontalis foi classificada como hospedeira de M. incognita (raça 3) e não-hospedeira de M. javanica. A C. spectabilis apresentou os menores FR e PF. A R. communis e I. triloba apresentaram galhas quando inoculadas com M. incognita (raça 3), mas não foram consideradas hospedeiras por apresentarem FR < 1. Nenhuma das plantas daninhas foi considerada imune, ou seja, com FR = 0. Com relação a interação dos herbicidas e nematicidas, em todos os tratamentos as plantas se recuperaram aos 60 DAE, sendo que nos tratamentos com o uso do herbicida sulfentrazone foi observado os mais elevados sintomas de intoxicação. Quanto aos parâmetros biométricos avaliados aos 60 DAE, houve diferença estatística apenas na variedade RB867515 quanto à altura, nesse caso os tratamentos amicarbazone / benfuracarbe e amicarbazone / carbofuran foram superiores à testemunha e demais interações.

Submitted by RENATO SILVA SOARES null (renato_2366@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-16T22:48:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Renato Final.pdf: 1678992 bytes, checksum: 1f1da592f1239dc378237df3f8910585 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T17:49:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_rs_me_jabo.pdf: 1678992 bytes, checksum: 1f1da592f1239dc378237df3f8910585 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T17:49:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_rs_me_jabo.pdf: 1678992 bytes, checksum: 1f1da592f1239dc378237df3f8910585 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) apresenta grande importância socioeconômica, estando entre as dez hortaliças mais consumidas no Brasil. O cultivo dessa olerácea em ambiente protegido tem aumentado de forma significativa no decorrer dos anos. Entretanto, o cultivo intensivo nesse sistema tem causado aumento da incidência de nematoides de galha (Meloidogyne spp.). Uma forma de manejar esses fitoparasitas na cultura é o uso de cultivares ou porta-enxertos com resistência às principais espécies. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a reação de genótipos de C. annuum quanto à resistência múltipla à Meloidogyne incognita raça 3, Meloidogyne javanica e Meloidogyne enterolobii. Por motivo de logística, o trabalho foi realizado em três experimentos, utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo o primeiro em esquema fatorial 31 x 3 (27 genótipos de C. annuum, as cultivares de pimenta BRS Moema e BRS Mari, uma linhagem de C. frutescens e o tomateiro ‘Santa Cruz Kada’) e três espécies de nematoides (M. incognita raça 3, M. javanica e M. enterolobii), o segundo em esquema fatorial 39 x 3 (36 acessos de C. annuum, duas cultivares de pimenta utilizadas no primeiro experimento e o tomateiro ‘Santa Cruz Kada’) e as três espécies de nematoides mencionadas anteriormente, e o terceiro experimento em fatorial 27 x 3, sendo 24 genótipos de C. annuum, as cultivares de pimenta BRS Moema e de pimentão Ikeda, o tomateiro ‘Santa Cruz Kada’ e as três espécies de nematoides de galhas utilizadas nos experimentos 1 e 2. No ato do transplantio, as mudas foram inoculadas com 5.000 ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio de cada espécie de nematoide, separadamente. Considerou-se uma planta por vaso como uma repetição. A avaliação dos genótipos, em ambos os experimentos, ocorreu aos 90 dias após a inoculação. Avaliaram-se o número total de ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (NTOJ), o número de ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio por grama de raiz (NOJGR), o índice de reprodução (IR) e o fator de reprodução (FR). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e quando identificadas diferenças significativas pelo teste F, foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. Os genótipos de C. annuum CNPH 146, CNPH 185, CNPH 187, CNPH 698, CNPH 671, CNPH 672, CNPH 680, CNPH 717 e CNPH 718 foram classificados como resistentes e muito resistentes pelo fator de reprodução e índice de reprodução, respectivamente, a M. incognita raça 3 e M. javanica; no entanto, estes e os demais genótipos foram suscetíveis a M. enterolobii, pelo FR. Os acessos CNPH 47, CNPH 640, CNPH 677, CNPH 684, CNPH 690 e CNPH 693 foram classificados como ligeiramente resistentes a M. enterolobii, pelo IR. Utilizando o fator de reprodução como metodologia de seleção, não houve genótipos de C. annuum com resistência múltipla a M. incognita raça 3, M. javanica e M. enterolobii. / The sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) presents great socioeconomic importance, being among the ten vegetables most consumed in Brazil. The cultivation of this crop in protected environment has increased significantly over the years. However, the intensive cultivation in this system has caused an increase in the incidence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). One way to manage these phytoparasites in the crop is the use of cultivars or rootstocks with resistance to the main species. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the reaction of Capsicum annuum genotypes for multiple resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 3, Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne enterolobii. For reasons of logistics, the work was carried out in three experiments using a completely randomized design; the first one in a factorial scheme 31 x 3 (27 genotypes of C. annuum, the cultivars of pepper BRS Moema and BRS Mari, a line of C. frutescens and the tomato ‘Santa Cruz Kada’) and three nematode species (M. incognita race 3, M. javanica and M. enterolobii); the second in a 39 x 3 factorial scheme (36 accessions of C. annuum, the two pepper cultivars used in the first experiment and the tomato ‘Santa Cruz Kada’) and the three nematode species mentioned above; and the third experiment in factorial 27 x 3, being 24 genotypes of C. annuum, the cultivars of pepper BRS Moema and of sweet pepper Ikeda, the tomato 'Santa Cruz Kada' and the three species of nematodes used in experiments 1 and 2. After the transplanting, the seedlings were inoculated with 5000 eggs and second-stage juveniles of each nematode species separately. One plant per pot was considered as a repetition. The evaluation of genotypes in both experiments occurred at 90 days after inoculation. The total number of eggs and second-stage juveniles (NTOJ), number of eggs and second-stage juveniles per gram of root (NOJGR), reproduction index (IR) and reproduction factor (RF) were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and when significant differences were identified by the F test, were grouped by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The genotypes of C. annuum CNPH 146, CNPH 185, CNPH 187, CNPH 698, CNPH 671, CNPH 672, CNPH 680, CNPH 717 and CNPH 718 were classified as resistant and very resistant by the reproduction factor and reproduction index, respectively, to M. incognita race 3 and M. javanica, however, these and the other genotypes were susceptible to M. enterolobii, by RF. The accessions CNPH 47, CNPH 640, CNPH 677, CNPH 684, CNPH 690 and CNPH 693 were classified as slightly resistant to M. enterolobii by IR. Using the reproduction factor as a selection methodology, there were no C. annuum genotypes with multiple resistance to M. incognita race 3, M. javanica and M. enterolobii.

Orientador: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Coorientador: José Claudionor Carvalho / Coorientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Banca: Paulo Roberto Pala Martinelli / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Resumo: No Brasil, a cana-de-açúcar tornou-se importante a partir da década de 1970 e, atualmente o país destaca-se como maior produtor e exportador de açúcar e etanol no mundo. Como todas as culturas, a cana-de-açúcar está sujeita ao parasitismo de nematoides e consequentemente ao detrimento na produtividade. O processo de erradicação desses organismos é dificultoso, novas tecnologias que promovam o controle pontual de nematoides são importantes ferramentas para aumentar a sustentabilidade do mercado sucroalcooleiro. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo, definir a eficácia agronômica do nematicida abamectina (Avicta 500 FS®), com a variedade de cana-de-açúcar SP81-3250 sob tecnologia Plene, visando o controle de Meloidogyne javanica com complementação ou não de carbofurano (Furadan 350 SC®), em aplicação no sulco sobre os toletes, na região de São José do Rio Preto em experimentos de campo. Um outro trabalho foi realizado na região de Piracicaba, com a variedade RB825336 e com o objetivo de definir a eficácia agronômica para o controle de Pratylenchus zeae. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F a 5% de probabilidade e quando significativas médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados evidenciaram que, nas condições em que os experimentos foram conduzidos, a utilização de abamectina entre 50 e 250 g / ha, carbofurano na dose de 1.750 g / ha e a combinação de 75 g / ha de abamectina com 1.050 e 1.750 g / ha de carbofurano foram efetivos para o controle de M. javanica e aumentaram a produtividade em relação ao tratamento-testemunha. O controle de P. zeae foi realizado com o ingrediente ativo abamectina nas doses entre 50 a 250 g / ha, carbofurano na dose de 1.750 / ha e a combinação de 75 a 100 g / ha de abamectina... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sugarcane in Brazil has been important since 1970. Currently, the country stands as the largest ethanol and sugar producer and exporter of the world. As all crops production, sugarcane is liable to nematodes infestation and consequently yield decrease. As the eradication process of these organisms is very difficult, new technologies to promote nematodes control are very important tools to enhance sugarcane sustainable production. This study aims to evaluate nematicide abamectin (Avicta 500 FS®) agronomic efficacy for SP81-3250 variety, related to M. javanica field control in combination or not with carbofuran (Furadan 350 SC®), as a field trial in São José do Rio Preto region. Same trials were realized in Piracicaba region with RB825536 variety related to Pratylenchus zeae field control. All the results were Duncan test analyzed by 5% probability. The results show that abamectin at 50 to 250 g . ha-1 rate, carbofuran at 1,750 g . ha-1 rate and abamectin at 75 g . ha-1 rate in combination with carbofuran at 1,050 to 1,750 g . ha-1 were efficient on M. javanica control and consequently yield increased, compared to check. For P. zeae field control, abamectin at 50 to 250 g . ha-1 rate, carbofuran at 1,750 g . ha-1 rate and abamectin at g . ha-1 rate in combination with carbofuran at 1,050 to 1,750 g . ha-1 controlled the subpopulation at 90 days... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A detecÃÃo de inibidores de proteinases cisteÃnicas em raÃzes de feijÃo-de-corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers] bem como o acÃmulo de fraÃÃes ricas nestes inibidores por meio de precipitaÃÃo com sulfato de amÃnio seguida de cromatografia lÃquida de fase reversa foram realizados no presente trabalho. FraÃÃes contendo os maiores nÃveis de atividade de inibidores de proteinases cisteÃnicas foram selecionadas e sujeitas à avaliaÃÃo de sua habilidade em suprimir a mobilidade de juvenis de segundo estÃgio (J2) do nematÃide das galhas Meloidogyne javanica, raÃa 1. Em adiÃÃo o efeito nematicida destas tambÃm foi avaliado. Quanto ao parÃmetro mobilidade, a fraÃÃo F 30/60 precipitada com sulfato de amÃnio, numa dose de 40 Âg de proteÃnas, mostrou ser a mais potente de todas as amostras testadas, Ãs 24 h de incubaÃÃo. No entanto, com relaÃÃo à mortalidade ambos os picos PIHPLC e PIIHPLC, obtidos dos passos de HPLC, foram os mais ativos causando um percentual de mortes de nematÃides de 95,0 e 94,7 %, respectivamente, quando as doses mais potentes destes picos foram comparadas. AlÃm disso, a fraÃÃo F 30/60 acoplada a FITC foi usada em experimentos de microscopia de luz-fluorescÃncia para responder as seguintes questÃes: 1) Estariam os efeitos observados sobre a mobilidade e mortalidade relacionados à ligaÃÃo das proteÃnas no nematÃide? e 2) Se sim, esta interaÃÃo à realizada com a superfÃcie do nematÃide ou seu intestino, ou com ambas estruturas? A fraÃÃo F 30/60 parece ser incorporada pelos juvenis e ligar-se especificamente à regiÃo correspondente ao intestino dos nematÃides Ãs 6 h apÃs incubaÃÃo, enquanto que Ãs 24 h apÃs incubaÃÃo o complexo fluorescente parece se dispersar ao longo de todo o corpo do nematÃide, como observado pela microscopia de luz-fluorescÃncia. Estes resultados, somados, sugerem o possÃvel uso dos inibidores presentes em raÃzes de feijÃo-de-corda como ferramentas biolÃgicas potenciais no controle do nematÃide das galhas, M. javanica. / Detection of cysteine proteinase inhibitors in cowpea[Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walpers] roots as well as the accumulation of inhibitors enriched fractions throughammonium sulfate precipitation followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography were in this present work accomplished. Fractions containing higher levels of cysteine proteinase inhibitor activity were selected and subjected to evaluation of its ability of to suppress the mobility of second stage juveniles (J2) of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, race 1. In addition, the nematicidal effect of these fractions was also tested. When the mobility parameter was analyzed the ammonium sulfate precipitated F 30/60 fraction, at a dose of 40 &#956;g of proteins, it shown to be the most potent of all tested samples at 24 h after incubation. However, regarding to mortality the both picks, PIHPLC and PIIHPLC, obtained from the HPLC step were the more actives causing a percentage of killing nematodes of 95.0 % and 94.2 %, respectively when the most potent doses of these picks were compared. Moreover, FITC-coupled F 30/60 fraction was used in light-flu orescence microscopy experiments in order to answer the following basic questions: 1) the observed effects on mobility and mortality will be related to the binding of the proteins in the nematode? And 2) If yes, this interaction is performed with the gut or surface nematode, or yet in the both structures? F 30/60 fraction appears to be incorporated by juveniles and specifically bind to the region corresponding to the gut of nematodes at 6 h after incubation, while at 24 h after incubation the fluorescent complex appears to be widespread along the whole body of the nematode, as observed by light-fluorescence microscopy. These results, all together, suggest the possible use of the inhibitors present in cowpea roots as a potential biological tool in the control of the root-knot nematode, M. javanica.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-05T12:55:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus Silva e Silva.pdf: 927208 bytes, checksum: b577e7fbf3a3419012f5dc12beda0cda (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-05T12:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus Silva e Silva.pdf: 927208 bytes, checksum: b577e7fbf3a3419012f5dc12beda0cda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / One of the most economic importance crops in Brazil, the sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) cultivation is severely affected by several biotic and abiotic factors. Within the biotic one the damage caused by Meloidogyne species points out due to lesions in parasite roots resulting in decreases of productivity. The non-availability of root-knot nematode resistant varieties becomes more serious after reduction in nematicides use, increasing efforts in turn resistant varieties a possible alternative. Therefore, the objectives of the present work was screening promising sugarcane genotypes for M. incognita and M. javanica resistance (Study 1) and determine the resistance mechanisms involved through evaluation of penetration, development and reproduction of the nematodes in the selected material (Study 2), under greenhouse. In Study 1, evaluations were carried out 120 days after inoculation with 9000 eggs per plant and based on host development and nematode reproduction. There was significant difference (P≤0.05) within genotypes for all plant development and nematode reproduction variables. Although all genotypes were susceptible (FR≥1.0) to M. incognita and M. javanica, in some of them the reproductive factor (FR) was lower than the control. In Study 2, five genotypes were inoculated with 20000 eggs per plant and evaluations carried out at 5, 10, 15, 20, 40 and 60 days after inoculation. There was difference in nematode penetration among genotypes, and despite juveniles of both nematode species penetrated all genotypes at five days after inoculation, nematode development significantly differed among clones. At 60, but 45, days after inoculation eggs were evident in the genotypes. Reduced penetration and development rates were demonstrate by the genotypes RB041594 e RB071095. / De relevante importância econômica para o Brasil, o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) sofre grande influência de diversos fatores bióticos e abióticos. Dentre os bióticos, destacam-se os danos causados por espécies de Meloidogyne, devido às lesões nas raízes parasitadas, resultando em redução de produtividade. A não disponibilidade de variedades resistentes aos nematoides das galhas tornou-se mais séria com a redução do uso de nematicidas, intensificando os esforços para tornar a resistência varietal uma alternativa possível. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi selecionar genótipos RB de cana-de-açúcar promissores para o desenvolvimento de variedades resistentes a M. incognita e M. javanica (Estudo 1) e determinar os mecanismos de resistência envolvidos avaliando-se a penetração, desenvolvimento e reprodução das espécies de nematoides no material selecionado (Estudo 2), em condições de casa de vegetação. No estudo 1, as avaliações foram realizadas 120 dias após a inoculação com 9000 ovos por planta e fundamentaram-se no desenvolvimento do hospedeiro e na reprodução dos nematoides. Houve diferença significativa (P≤0,05) entre os genótipos RB para todas as variáveis de desenvolvimento da planta, e para ambas as espécies de Meloidogyne. Todos os genótipos foram suscetíveis (FR≥1,0) à M. incognita e M. javanica, entretanto, em alguns o fator de reprodução foi inferior ao do tratamento controle. No Estudo 2, cinco genótipos foram inoculados com 20.000 ovos por planta e as avaliações realizadas aos 5, 10, 15, 20, 40 e 60 dias após a inoculação. Houve diferença entre os genótipos avaliados com relação à penetração de juvenis de segundo estádio. Cinco dias após a inoculação foi visualizado juvenis no interior das raízes de todos os tratamentos, mas o desenvolvimento dos nematoides diferiu significativamente entre os clones. Aos 45 dias após a inoculação não foi evidenciada a presença de ovos em nenhum dos genótipos testados, o que só ocorreu aos 60 dias após a inoculação. Reduzidas taxas de penetração e desenvolvimento foram demonstradas pelos genótipos RB 041594 e RB071095.

Submitted by MARCOS LEANDRO TEIXEIRA DE OLIVEIRA (marcosteixeira@ufv.br) on 2018-09-18T13:33:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2023955 bytes, checksum: c00bada9d7cdc721128642c40a1fc2a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-18T13:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2023955 bytes, checksum: c00bada9d7cdc721128642c40a1fc2a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Na natureza, um fitopatógeno geralmente está sob influência de um complexo de microrganismos, que associados garantem o equilibrio ecológico estável. Com foco no fungo nematófago Pochonia chlamydosporia, começamos investigando sua compatibilidade com Bradyrhizobium japonicum em soja e a influência dessa interação sobre o controle do nematoide das galhas e sobre a absorção de nutrientes pela planta. Constatou-se que a aplicação conjunta desses dois organismos não prejudica a ação de controle de nematoides por P. chlamydosporia e nem a fixação de N 2 por B. japonicum. Adicionalmente, quando os dois agentes estavam juntos, ocorreu maior produção de nódulos da bactéria nas raízes e aumento do conteúdo de Fe na parte aérea das plantas de soja. No segundo capítulo, a compatibilidade dos agentes de controle biológico de nematoides, P. chlamydosporia e P. penetrans foi avaliada. A co-aplicação dos microrganismos possibilitou maior redução do número de ovos do nematoide do que a aplicação em separado e foi possível observar a associação do fungo nas raízes infectadas por nematoides colonizados por P. penetrans. Pesquisamos ainda, no terceiro capítulo, a presença de vírus em isolados de P. chlamydosporia. Dos dezoito isolados avaliados, apenas um (Pc-M4) estava infectado por dois virus, um com genoma de RNA fita dupla (dsRNA) e outro de RNA fita simples sentido negativo (-ssRNA). Os nomes propostos para os micovírus são Pochonia chlamydosporia chrysovirus 1 (PcCV1) e Pochonia chlamydosporia negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (PcNSRV1). Ensaios biológicos do isolado fúngico Pc-M4 revelaram que este foi capaz de parasitar ovos, produzir metabólitos e proteases letais aos juvenis e reduzir a reprodução do nematoide de galhas M. javanica. Os resultados apresentados indicam que o fungo P. chlamydosporia é capaz de interagir com diferentes organismos sem perder a capacidade de controlar o nematoide de galhas e de promover o crescimento vegetal, o que faz dele um excelente agente de biocontrole de nematoides. / In nature, a plant pathogen is usually under the influence of a complex of microorganisms, which guarantees stable ecological balance. Focusing on the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia, we started investigating its compatibility with Bradyrhizobium japonicum in soybean. We also looked at the influence of this interaction on the control of the root knot nematode and on the nutrient uptake by the plant. It was found that the joint application of these two organisms does not affect the action of control of nematodes by P. chlamydosporia nor the fixation of N 2 by B. japonicum. In addition, when the two agents were together, there was a higher production of nodules of the bacteria in the roots and an increase in the Fe content in the aerial part of the soybean plants. In the second chapter, the compatibility of biological control agents of nematodes, P. chlamydosporia and P. penetrans was evaluated. The co-application of the microorganisms allowed a greater reduction in the number of nematode eggs than the separate application. It was possible to observe the association of the fungus in the roots infected by nematodes colonized by P. penetrans. We also investigated the presence of viruses in isolates of P. chlamydosporia in the third chapter. Of the eighteen isolates evaluated, only one (Pc-M4) was infected by two viruses, one with double-stranded RNA genome (dsRNA) and the other with RNA single-stranded sense negative (-ssRNA). The proposed names for the mycoviruses are Pochonia chlamydosporia chrysovirus 1 (PcCV1) and Pochonia chlamydosporia negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (PcNSRV1). Biological assays of the fungal isolate Pc-M4 revealed that it was able to parasitize eggs, produce metabolites, lethal proteases to juveniles and reduce reproduction of M. javanica. The results indicated that the fungus P. chlamydosporia is capable of interacting with different organisms without losing the ability to control the root knot nematode and to promote plant growth. This makes it an excellent biocontrol agent for plant parasitic nematodes.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017. / Root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes are economically destructive pathogens of over 3000 species, whereas others have resistance to Meloidogyne species. Wild watermelon (Cucumis africanus) and wild cucumber (Cucumis myriocarpus) are highly resistant to Meloidogyne species, particularly M. incognita and M. javanica. The two Cucumis species are used in inter-generic grafting with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) as nematode resistant rootstocks. Also, the two Cucumis species are used in traditional medicine and in plant-parasitic nematode management as phytonematicides. The form of nematode resistance, which is essential in plant breeding, is not documented for the two Cucumis species. The objective of this study was to determine the form of nematode resistance in the two Cucumis species to M. incognita and M. javanica under greenhouse conditions. Four parallel experiments were each conducted under greenhouse conditions. Uniform six-week old Cucumis seedlings were transplanted into 250 ml polystyrene cups filled with 200 ml growing medium of steam-pasteurised fine sand. A week after transplanting, Cucumis seedlings were each infested by dispensing approximately 100 M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) or M. javanica J2 using a 20 ml plastic syringe by placing into 5-cm-deep furrow around the seedling stem and covered with growing medium. Treatments (periodic harvest intervals) were arranged in a randomised complete block design, replicated five times. Five seedlings from each experiment were harvested every second day, for 30 days, with stained roots being assessed for necrotic spot (suberised cells) number, giant cell number, proliferation of rootlet interference number and root gall number. Periodic harvest intervals were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) on necrotic spot number, proliferation of rootlet interference number and root gall number in C. africanus-M. incognita relations, but were not significant for giant cell number. Treatments contributed 59, 64 and 50% in total treatment variation (TTV) of necrotic spot number, proliferation of rootlet interference number and root gall number, respectively. Harvest period had highly significant effects on necrotic spot number, giant cell number, proliferation of rootlet interference number and root gall number in C. africanus-M. javanica relations. Treatments contributed 55, 71, 63 and 59% in TTV of necrotic spot number, giant cell number, proliferation of rootlet interference number and root gall number, respectively. Periodic harvest intervals were significant (P ≤ 0.05) on giant cell number and highly significant on root gall number in C. myriocarpus-M. incognita relations. However, there were no significant treatment differences on necrotic spot number and proliferation of rootlet interference number. Treatments contributed 57 and 57% in TTV of root gall number and giant cell number, respectively. Harvest period had highly significant effects on giant cell number, proliferation of rootlet interference number and root gall number, but were not significant on necrotic spot number in C. myriocarpus-M. javanica relations. Treatments accounted for 67, 49 and 53% in TTV of giant cell number, proliferation of rootlet interference number and root gall number, respectively. In conclusion, the mechanism of resistance to M. incognita and M. javanica in both C. africanus and C. myriocarpus was post-infectional nematode resistance, which has attributes for introgression into commercial nematode-susceptible Cucumis cultivars. / Agricultural Research Council (ARC), National Research Foundation of South Africa; and the ARC-Universities Collaboration Centre for Smallholder Farmers

Orientador: Leonardo Bianco / Resumo: Sendo a beldroega uma planta infestante da cultura do tomate e uma hospedeira natural de nematoides do gênero Meloidogyne, levanta-se a hipótese de que a ocorrência dessa planta daninha em áreas de plantios de tomate possa interferir no crescimento e produtividade do tomateiro, dependendo do período de convivência, e que existe uma relação da sua ocorrência com a infestação de M. incognita no tomateiro, e que é possível controlá-la com seletividade ao tomateiro. Dessa forma, com este estudo, objetivou-se: a) avaliar se há interferência da beldroega no crescimento e produtividade do tomateiro; b) determinar o período de convivência da planta daninha com a cultura que não afete o crescimento e a produtividade do tomateiro; c) avaliar se a beldroega infestando a cultura do tomate atua como hospedeira de Meloidogyne javanica e com isso reduz a sua infestação no tomateiro; d) estudar a seletividade de herbicidas ao tomateiro visando o controle da beldroega em pré e pós-emergência e) verificar se a velocidade de controle do metribuzim elimina de imediato a interferência dessa planta daninha no tomateiro. Para tanto, esse estudo constou de três experimentos. No primeiro, os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de três períodos de convivência do tomateiro „Dylla‟ com a beldroega (14, 21 e 60 dias após o transplantio), com um tratamento para tomate sem convivência com a planta daninha e outro tratamento para a beldroega sem convivência com a cultura, todos com ou sem a inoculação de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Purslane is an infesting plant in tomato culture and a natural host of nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne, the hypothesis arises that the occurrence of this weed in tomato plantation areas may interfere in tomato growth and productivity depending on the period coexistence between them. Also that is a relationship between it ́s occurrence and the infestation of M . incognita in tomato and that it is possible to control it with tomato selective products. This study aimed to: a) assess whether purslane interferes with tomato growth and productivity; b) determine the period of coexistence of the weed with the crop that does not affect the growth and productivity of the tomato; c) to evaluate whether purslane infesting the tomato crop acts as host of Meloidogyne javanica and thereby reduces its infestation in tomato; d) to study the selectivity of herbicides for tomato aiming at the control of purslane in pre and postemergence e) to verify if the speed of control of the metribuzim immediately eliminates the interference of this weed in the tomato. This study consisted of three experiments. In the first, the experimental treatments consisted in three coexistence periods of tomato 'Dylla' with purslane (14, 21 and 60 days after transplanting), with a treatment for tomatoes without living with weeds and another treatment for purslane without coexistence with culture, all with or without Meloidogyne javanica inoculation. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, in 6 ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (M. Agric. (Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Plant extracts exhibited broad spectrum of activities against root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes and had long been considered as an attractive alternative due to their being biodegradable and posing limited risk hazards to the environment, animal and human health. Additionally, the materials had been dubbed as being of low-input costs and had been viewed as being easy to apply in agricultural systems. The objective of the current study was to investigate the efficacy of paint-brush flower (Kleinia longiflora) either as fermented or granular formulations on suppression of M. javanica and their related effects on growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants under field and greenhouse conditions. Fermented crude extracts were applied at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64%, whereas granular materials were applied at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g. Regardless of the product, the treatments were arranged in randomised complete block design (RCBD), with 12 replications. Kleinia longiflora plants were collected from the wild, chopped into pieces, oven-dried at 52⁰C and fermented in effective microorganisms (EM) for 14 days, whereas the remained were retained for use as granular formulation. Tomato seedlings cv. ꞌFloradadeꞌ were used as test plants inoculated with 2500 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. At 56 days after the treatments, nematode and plant variables were collected, prepared using appropriate methodologies and subjected to analysis of variance using Statistix 10.0 software to generate means. Plant variables were subjected to the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) computer-based model to generate appropriate biological indices. Nematode and mineral elements variable means were subjected to lines of the best fit. Findings showed second-stage juveniles (J2) in roots, J2 in soil, eggs and Pf under increasing concentration were highly significant and exhibited negative quadratic relationship. The model explained the associations by 82, xvii 81, 74 and 76%, respectively. In granular formulation, the product had no significant effects on nematode population densities. The fermented crude extracts significantly affected and exhibited positive quadratic relations for dry fruit mass, chlorophyll content, dry shoot mass, number of flowers, plant height, number of fruit and stem diameter of tomato plants. The model explained the relationship by 97, 94, 95, 96, 94, 97 and 96%, respectively. In contrast, in granular formulation, the product had significant effects and positive exhibited quadratic relations on Chlorophyll content under field and greenhouse, plant height, dry root mass and dry shoot mass. The model explained the relationships by 52, 45, 56, 47 and 59%, respectively. Plant variables and increasing concentration of the products exhibited density-dependent growth patterns for both formulations, with overall sensitivity (∑k) values of 1 and 11, respectively. In fermented liquid and granular formulations, the Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP) values were derived at 1.97% and 2.84 g, respectively. The increasing concentration of fermented K. longiflora also had significant effects and exhibited negative quadratic relations on the accumulation of K, Na and Zn in leaf tissues of tomato plants. The model explained the associations with 87, 94 and 94%, respectively. In conclusion, the findings in the current study suggested that the nematicidal chemicals in K. longiflora could not be released through irrigation water but could be released into solution through microbial degradation. Also, at low concentration suitable for use without inducing phytotoxicity, the products in either formulation could improve the accumulation of certain nutrients in leaf tissues of tomato plants.

CAPES; Fundação Araucária / O controle biológico e a adição de matéria orgânica ao solo representam as principais alternativas para o controle do nematoide-de-galhas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o efeito do subproduto sólido da indústria vinícola (SSIV) sobre o desenvolvimento, in vitro, de Pochonia chlamydosporia e o efeito da associação do SSIV a esse fungo no manejo de Meloidogyne javanica em tomateiros, em casa de vegetação. Para avaliar o efeito direto do SSIV sobre o desenvolvimento do fungo, adicionaram-se as concentrações (0; 5; 10; e 15%) do extrato aquoso do SSIV em meio de cultivo batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA) fundente. Em seguida, a mistura foi vertida em placas de Petri e um disco de meio de cultivo ‘Corn Meal Ágar’ (CMA) colonizado pelo fungo foi colocado no centro de cada placa. Em outro estudo avaliou-se o efeito dos compostos voláteis do SSIV sobre o desenvolvimento de P. chlamydosporia. Para isto, utilizaram-se placas de Petri bipartidas, adicionando em um dos compartimentos as concentrações do SSIV (0,000; 0,065; 0,125; 0,250; e 0,500 g placa-1) e 2 mL de água destilada esterilizada placa-1. No centro do outro compartimento contendo meio de cultivo BDA, adicionou-se um disco de meio de cultivo CMA colonizado pelo fungo. As placas dos dois estudos foram armazenadas em câmara de crescimento, no escuro, a 21°C. Os dois estudos foram realizados duas vezes. Após 14 dias avaliaram-se o diâmetro das colônias e a produção de conídios do fungo. O SSIV reduziu de 9 a 21% o crescimento do fungo nos dois estudos, bem como reduziu a produção de conídios no primeiro estudo. Em casa de vegetação, avaliou-se a associação do SSIV (30 g kg-1 de substrato) às concentrações de P. chlamydosporia com clamidósporos (500; 1.500; 2.500; 3.500; 4.500; e 5.000 clamidósporos g-1 de substrato) ou sem clamidósporos (2,5; 5; 10; e 15 g de inóculo do fungo kg-1 de substrato). Três tratamentos foram utilizados como controle em cada ensaio: adição de P. chlamydosporia (5.000 clamidósporos g-1 de substrato ou 15 g de inóculo do fungo kg-1 de substrato), adição de SSIV (30 g do SSIV kg-1 de substrato) e apenas o substrato. Em seguida, cada saco contendo 4 kg de substrato esterilizado e os respectivos tratamentos foi infestado com 6.000 ovos de M. javanica kg-1 de substrato, homogeneizado e umedecido até 60% de capacidade de campo e armazenado por 14 dias no escuro, a 25 ºC. Depois, o substrato foi transferido para vasos de polipropileno de 500 mL, e uma muda de tomateiro foi transplantada para cada vaso. Após 60 dias foram avaliados a altura, a massa da parte aérea e das raízes frescas e o número de galhas e de ovos do nematoide. A associação do SSIV ao fungo, independentemente do tipo de inóculo do fungo, potencializou o desenvolvimento dos tomateiros e o controle do nematoide. As concentrações mais indicadas do fungo para se associar ao SSIV foram 3.500 clamidósporos g-1 de substrato e 15 g do inóculo sem clamidósporos kg-1 de substrato, pois, além de controlarem efetivamente o nematoide, também proporcionaram o desenvolvimento dos tomateiros. Conclui-se que a associação do SSIV ao fungo P. chlamydosporia potencializa o manejo do nematoide-de-galhas. / The biological control and the addition of organic matter to the soil represent the main alternatives for the control of root-knot nematode. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of solid wine industry by-product (SSIV) on the development, in vitro, of Pochonia chlamydosporia and the effect of combining this fungus with the SSIV on the management of Meloidogyne javanica in tomatoes grown in a greenhouse. To evaluate the direct effect of the SSIV on fungal development, concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15%) of the aqueous SSIV extract were applied to potato-dextrose-agar (BDA) culture medium. The mixture was then poured into Petri dishes and a disk of 'Corn Meal Agar' (CMA) culture medium colonized by the fungus was placed in the centre of each plate. A further study evaluated the effect of volatile SSIV compounds on the development of P. chlamydosporia. For this, twopart Petri dishes were utilised, to one of the compartments the concentrations of SSIV (0.000, 0.065, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.500 g plate-1) and 2 mL plate-1 sterile distilled water were added. To the other compartment, which contained BDA culture medium, a disc of CMA culture medium colonised by the fungus was added in the centre. The plates from the two studies were stored in a growth chamber in the dark at 21 °C. The two studies were performed twice. After 14 days, the diameter of the colonies and the production of fungal conidia were evaluated. The SSIV reduced fungal growth by 9 to 21% in the two studies, and reduced conidia production in the first study. In the greenhouse, the combination of SSIV (30 g kg-1 of substrate) with the concentrations of P. chlamydosporia with chlamydospores (500; 1,500; 2,500; 3,500; 4,500; and 5,000 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate) or without chlamydospores (2.5, 5, 10, and 15 g of inoculum of fungus kg-1 substrate) were evaluated. Three treatments were used as controls in each assay: the addition of P. chlamydosporia (5,000 chlamydospores g-1 substrate or 15 g of inoculum of fungus kg-1 of substrate), the addition of SSIV (30 g SSIV kg-1 of substrate) and only substrate. Following this, each bag containing 4 kg of sterilised substrate and the respective treatments were infested with 6,000 M. javanica eggs kg-1 of substrate, homogenized, moistened until 60% of field capacity and then stored for 14 days in the dark at 25 °C. The substrate was then transferred to 500 ml polypropylene pots, and one tomato seeding was transplanted into each pot. After 60 days the height, the shoot and fresh root masses, and the numbers of nematode galls and eggs were evaluated. The combination of SSIV and the fungus, independent of the type of fungal inoculum, increased the development of the tomato plants and the control of the nematodes. The fungal concentrations most recommended to combine with the SSIV were 3,500 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate and 15 g of inoculum without chlamydospores kg-1 of substrate, because, besides controlling effectively the nematode, they also improved the development of the tomato plants. It was concluded that the combination of SSIV and the fungus P. chlamydosporia improves the management of this root-knot nematode.