Les nématodes à galle du genre Meloidogyne sont des parasites telluriques provoquant de graves pertes agricoles dans presque tous les systèmes de culture des plantes, et en particulier affectent la production de riz (Oryza sativa L.) dans toutes les régions cultivées. Ces parasites biotrophes obligatoires établissent une interaction compatible avec leur hôte grâce à des effecteurs protéiques produits par leurs glandes œsophagiennes et sécrétés dans la cellule végétale à travers leur stylet. L'objectif de ce travail était d'identifier parmi les protéines sécrétées celles qui jouent un rôle dans la virulence du nématode. L'interaction compatible entre la variété de riz Nipponbare et deux espèces de RKN (Meloidogyne incognita et Meloidogyne graminicola) a été choisie comme modèle et décryptée par des approches d'histologie et de transcriptomique. Trois nouvelles protéines de M. incognita spécifiquement exprimées dans les phases précoces de l'interaction ont été identifiées. Les deux gènes Mi-SP1 (Minc17980) et Mi-SP5 (Minc14137) sont exprimés dans les glandes subventrales alors que Mi-SP4 (Minc16281) s'exprime dans la glande dorsale de la larve parasitaire dite « juvénile au stade 2 (J2) ». Mi-SP1 et Mi-SP4 sont des gènes pionniers (sans homologue dans les bases de données publiques) et Mi-SP5 code potentiellement pour une déstabilase, de la famille des lysozymes. Les deux protéines pionnières Mi-SP1 et Mi-SP4 sont adressées dans le noyau et le cytoplasme de cellules de tabac après expression hétérologue en fusion avec la protéine GFP. La protéine Mi-SP5 exprimée en fusion GFP dans les cellules épidermiques d'oignon est localisée dans la paroi cellulaire. L'atténuation de l'expression des trois gènes Mi-SPs chez les J2s, induite par l'absorption de petits ARN interférants (siRNA), entraine une baisse significative de la reproduction du nématode chez le riz. De plus, la protéine Mi-SP1 permet de réprimer les défenses basales de la plante induites par le facteur bactérien flg22, telles que la production de composés réactifs d'oxygène. L'expression dans le riz de micro-ARNs artificiels (amiRNA) définis pour spécifiquement éteindre l'expression de Mi-SP5 entraine également une baisse significative de la reproduction du nématode chez le riz. L'analyse fonctionnelle de Mi-SP1 et de Mi-SP5 a montré que ces deux protéines sont capables de jouer un rôle important dans l'interaction compatible riz-nématode. / Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp., are telluric pests causing severe agricultural lost in almost all plants growing system including cereals. These obligate biotrophic parasites affect the rice production in all cultivated countries. Meloidogyne incognita establishes a compatible interaction with the plant host thanks to effectors produced by esophageal glands and secreted in the plant cell through the stylet. The objective of this work was to identify secreted proteins involved in the virulence of the nematode. The compatible interaction between rice variety Nipponbare and two species of RKN (Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne graminicola) was chosen as a model and decrypted by histology and transcriptomic approaches. Three new proteins of M. incognita which were specifically expressed during early stages of interaction have been identified. Two genes Mi-SP1 (Minc17980) and Mi-SP4 (Minc16281) were pioneers with no homolog in databanks and Mi-SP5 (Minc14137) encodes for a putative destabilase, belongs to lysozyme family. Mi-SP1 and Mi-SP5 were expressed in the subventral glands whereas Mi-SP4 was expressed in the dorsal gland of the parasitic larva called “juvenile stage 2 (J2)". The two pioneer proteins Mi-SP1 and Mi-SP4 were localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of tobacco cell after heterologous expression whereas Mi-SP5 was located in the onion epidermal cell wall. The silencing of three effectors by soaking approach using siRNAs leads to a significant reduction in nematode reproduction in rice. In addition, Mi-SP1 can suppress the plant defences PTI triggered by the PAMP flg22. Knock-down Mi-SP5 by host-delivered RNAi also causes a significant reduction in nematode reproduction in rice. The functional analysis of Mi-SP1 and Mi-SP5 showed that these two effectors are able to play important roles in rice-nematode interaction.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Aparecida Antes.pdf: 571702 bytes, checksum: c629643a9f77bdb02f4dd1641cbecf68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work was to study the parasitism of Meloidogyne incognita on native plants from Western Paraná, Brazil, as well as to assess the genetic variability among different populations belonging to the race 3 of this nematode by RAPD technique. Natural infection was studied in thirty six native plant species, which were identified on the basis of the perineal pattern from mature females and esterase phenotype. Native species that showed no infestation on the root system were inoculated with 1.000 eggs and/or J2 of M. incognita. After 60 days, the inoculated plants were evaluated regarding the number of galls and the number of eggs/or J2 per root. The genetic variability from different single female populations of M. incognita race 3 was studied by RAPD technique, having been tested 10 primers. The native plants that were susceptible to M. incognita parasitism were Rabo-de-Bugio (Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl.), Ipê Roxo (Tabebuia impetiginosa Mart. Ex DC. Standl), Sanga D água (Croton urucurana Boill), Ipê Amarelo (Tabebuia ahrysotricha Mart ex DC. Standl.), Genipapo (Genipa americana L.), Ariticum Comum (Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.) and Aroeira Vermelha (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.). On the other hand, M. javanica was found parasiting Café de Bugre (Cordia ecalyculata Vell.), Guatambu Vermelho (Aspidosperma subincanun Mart.) and Tarumã Branco (Cytrarexllum myruanthum Cham.). The DNA polymorphism showed that there was genetic variability among populations from a same race (3) of M. incognita, allowing the separation of them into five genetic groups, through reactions with the primers (O)AK20, A10, AQ12, AS08 and (OP)F01 / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estudar o parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita em plantas nativas do oeste paranaense, bem como a variabilidade genética de populações de M. incognita raça 3 pela técnica RAPD. Trinta e seis espécies de plantas nativas foram analisadas com relação à infecção natural por Meloidogyne spp. A identificação de Meloidogyne foi feita com base na configuração perineal de fêmeas maduras e no fenótipo para a isoenzima esterase. Espécies nativas com ausência de galhas no sistema radicular foram inoculadas com 1.000 ovos e/ou J2 de uma população de campo de M. incognita. Após 60 dias da inoculação, as plantas foram avaliadas com relação ao número de galhas e número de ovos e/ou juvenis por raiz. A variabilidade genética de diferentes populações monoespecíficas de M. incognita raça 3 do noroeste paranaense foi estudada pela técnica RAPD com o teste de 10 primers. As plantas nativas hospedeiras de M. incognita foram Rabo-de-Bugio (Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl.), Ipê Roxo (Tabebuia impetiginosa Mart. Ex DC. Standl), Sanga D água (Croton urucurana Boill), Ipê Amarelo (Tabebuia ahrysotricha Mart ex DC. Standl.), Genipapo (Genipa americana L.), Ariticum Comum (Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.) e Aroeira Vermelha (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.). Já M. javanica foi encontrado parasitando Café de Bugre (Cordia ecalyculata Vell.), Guatambu Vermelho (Aspidosperma subincanun Mart.) e Tarumã Branco (Cytrarexllum myruanthum Cham.). A análise do polimorfismo do DNA possibilitou a detecção de variabilidade genética para diferentes populações de uma mesma raça (3) de M. incognita, permitindo a separação das populações em 5 grupos genéticos, através de reações com os primers AK20, A10, AQ12, AS08 e F01

Les nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne peuvent provoquer des pertes de récolte importantes chez de nombreuses plantes d’intérêt agronomique, comme le caféier (Coffea arabica). Dans ce travail, une variété de C. arabica (UFV 408-28) résistante à M. incognita a été identifiée et les réponses de résistance de la plante ont été caractérisées aux plans histologique et moléculaire. La résistance du génotype UFV 408-28 s’exprime par une réaction de type hypersensibilité (RH), avec mort cellulaire au site d’infection. L’infection par M. incognita est stoppée avant la formation des sites nourriciers. Chez la plante sensible (IAC15), le développement du nématode se poursuit jusqu’à la production d’oeufs dans les galles, le cycle complet durant environ 45 jours. L’étude comparative des réponses moléculaires des deux génotypes entre 4 et 6 jai montre une spécificité de l’expression des gènes associée à la RH ou à la sensibilité. Dans le génotype résistant, l’expression de gènes liés à la voie de résistance dépendante du acide salicylique, ou à la voie des composés phénylpropanoides, est particulièrement modifiée. L’identification de gènes impliqués dans l'expression de la résistance, et pouvant être utilisés comme marqueurs de sélection offre de nouvelles perspectives pour améliorer les variétés commerciales de café. En parallèle, la transformation génétique de C. arabica a été développée à l’aide du gène rapporteur uidA (GUS), permettant désormais d’envisager le transfert de gènes d’intérêt pour étudier leur rôle dans la résistance aux nématodes. / Os nematoides da galha do gênero Meloidogyne provocam perdas importantes na produção de numerosas plantas de interesse agronômico, como o cafeeiro (Coffea arabica). Neste trabalho foi identificado o acesso UFV 408-28 de C. arabica resistente à M. incognita e foram caracterizadas as respostas de resistência da planta nos níveis histológico e molecular. A resistência do genótipo UFV 408-28 se exprime por uma reação do tipo hipersensível (RH), com morte celular no local da infecção. A infecção por M. incognita é bloqueada antes de haver a formação de sítios de alimentação. Na planta suscetível (IAC15), o desenvolvimento do nematoide prossegue até a produção de ovos nas galhas, sendo que o ciclo se completa em aproximadamente 45 dias. O estudo comparativo das respostas moleculares dos dois genótipos entre 4 e 6 dias após infecção mostraram uma especificidade da expressão dos genes associados à RH ou à suscetibilidade. No genótipo resistente, a expressão de genes ligados à via de resistência dependente do ácido salicílico, ou à via dos compostos fenilpropanoides, é particularmente modificada. A identificação dos genes implicados na expressão da resistência pode ser utilizada no desenvolvimento de marcadores de seleção para o melhoramento de variedades comerciais de cafeeiro. Em paralelo, a transformação genética de C. arabica foi desenvolvida com o auxílio do gene repórter uidA (GUS), permitindo assim a possibilidade de transferência de genes para o estudo do seu respectivo envolvimento na resistência aos nematoides.

Les nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne peuvent provoquer des pertes de récolte importantes chez de nombreuses plantes d’intérêt agronomique, comme le caféier (Coffea arabica). Dans ce travail, une variété de C. arabica (UFV 408-28) résistante à M. incognita a été identifiée et les réponses de résistance de la plante ont été caractérisées aux plans histologique et moléculaire. La résistance du génotype UFV 408-28 s’exprime par une réaction de type hypersensibilité (RH), avec mort cellulaire au site d’infection. L’infection par M. incognita est stoppée avant la formation des sites nourriciers. Chez la plante sensible (IAC15), le développement du nématode se poursuit jusqu’à la production d’oeufs dans les galles, le cycle complet durant environ 45 jours. L’étude comparative des réponses moléculaires des deux génotypes entre 4 et 6 jai montre une spécificité de l’expression des gènes associée à la RH ou à la sensibilité. Dans le génotype résistant, l’expression de gènes liés à la voie de résistance dépendante du acide salicylique, ou à la voie des composés phénylpropanoides, est particulièrement modifiée. L’identification de gènes impliqués dans l'expression de la résistance, et pouvant être utilisés comme marqueurs de sélection offre de nouvelles perspectives pour améliorer les variétés commerciales de café. En parallèle, la transformation génétique de C. arabica a été développée à l’aide du gène rapporteur uidA (GUS), permettant désormais d’envisager le transfert de gènes d’intérêt pour étudier leur rôle dans la résistance aux nématodes. / Os nematoides da galha do gênero Meloidogyne provocam perdas importantes na produção de numerosas plantas de interesse agronômico, como o cafeeiro (Coffea arabica). Neste trabalho foi identificado o acesso UFV 408-28 de C. arabica resistente à M. incognita e foram caracterizadas as respostas de resistência da planta nos níveis histológico e molecular. A resistência do genótipo UFV 408-28 se exprime por uma reação do tipo hipersensível (RH), com morte celular no local da infecção. A infecção por M. incognita é bloqueada antes de haver a formação de sítios de alimentação. Na planta suscetível (IAC15), o desenvolvimento do nematoide prossegue até a produção de ovos nas galhas, sendo que o ciclo se completa em aproximadamente 45 dias. O estudo comparativo das respostas moleculares dos dois genótipos entre 4 e 6 dias após infecção mostraram uma especificidade da expressão dos genes associados à RH ou à suscetibilidade. No genótipo resistente, a expressão de genes ligados à via de resistência dependente do ácido salicílico, ou à via dos compostos fenilpropanoides, é particularmente modificada. A identificação dos genes implicados na expressão da resistência pode ser utilizada no desenvolvimento de marcadores de seleção para o melhoramento de variedades comerciais de cafeeiro. Em paralelo, a transformação genética de C. arabica foi desenvolvida com o auxílio do gene repórter uidA (GUS), permitindo assim a possibilidade de transferência de genes para o estudo do seu respectivo envolvimento na resistência aos nematoides.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T17:16:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana de Jesus Santos Pereira - 2017.pdf: 2005975 bytes, checksum: 1d53cfdb916b2f188eb7ed3980d23ed4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-03T13:19:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana de Jesus Santos Pereira - 2017.pdf: 2005975 bytes, checksum: 1d53cfdb916b2f188eb7ed3980d23ed4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T13:19:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana de Jesus Santos Pereira - 2017.pdf: 2005975 bytes, checksum: 1d53cfdb916b2f188eb7ed3980d23ed4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The fig (Ficus carica L.) is a fruitful species with great worldwide expansion, since it is considered a species of temperate climate, but that presents / displays good adaptation to a great diversity of climates and solos. Among the phytosanitary problems occurring in ficiculture, nematodes are the most important. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the influence of the application of different doses of organic compost and the intercropping with Crotalaria spectabilis on nematode population density and fig yield. The experiment was conducted in the orchard already installed, from September of the year 2015 to September 2016. The plants were arranged in a spacing of 4 m between rows and 2 m between plants. The treatments were five doses of organic compound, having as reference the recommended amount of nitrogen for the fig tree crop, combined with the presence or absence of Crotalaria spectabilis in a consortium. Five phytoematoid species were identified in the orchard, being Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Criconemoide sp. and Rotylenchulus sp .. M. incognita was present in higher population densities and with dominance over 90% in the three evaluation periods. This species was not affected by the doses of organic compound nor by the use of C. spectabilis. The productivity of the fig trees increased with the increase of the dose of applied organic compound. / O figo (Ficus carica L.) é uma espécie frutífera com grande expansão mundial, pois é considerada uma espécie de clima temperado, mas que apresenta boa adaptação a uma grande diversidade de climas e solos. Dentre os problemas fitossanitários ocorrentes na ficicultura, o de maior importância são os nematoides. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a influência da aplicação de diferentes doses de composto orgânico e da consorciação com Crotalaria spectabilis sobre a densidade populacional de nematoides e a produtividade de figueira. O experimento foi conduzido no pomar já instalado, a partir de setembro do ano de 2015 até setembro de 2016. As plantas estavam dispostas em um espaçamento de 4 m entrelinhas e 2 m entre plantas. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de composto orgânico, tendo elas como referência a quantidade recomendada de nitrogênio para a cultura da figueira, combinadas com a presença ou a ausência de Crotalaria spectabilis em consórcio. Foram identificados cinco espécies de fitonematoides no pomar sendo, Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Criconemoide sp. e Rotylenchulus sp.. M. incognita apresentou-se em maiores densidades populacionais e com dominância acima de 90% nas três épocas de avaliação. Esta espécie não foi afetada pelas doses de composto orgânico nem pelo uso de C. spectabilis. A produtividade das figueiras aumentou com o aumento da dose de composto orgânico aplicado.

O feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) é atacado por uma gama de patógenos que afetam a produtividade das lavouras e a qualidade dos grãos. Dentre os patógenos de importância econômica para a cultura no Brasil, destaca-se o nematoide das galhas (Meloidogyne incognita). Embora haja relatos sobre a avaliação de cultivares na presença de M. incognita, as fontes de resistência tem se mostrado pouco efetivas. Por isso, pesquisas que possibilitem um melhor entendimento sobre a interação planta-nematoide são de extrema valia e devem nortear novas estratégias para o melhoramento do feijoeiro. Assim, no presente estudo, 18 cultivares de P. vulgaris foram avaliadas quanto à resistência a M. incognita raça 3, sendo que quatro comportaram-se como pouco suscetíveis, 11 como moderadamente suscetíveis e três altamente suscetíveis. A cultivar IPR Saracura mostrou menor grau de suscetibilidade e foi, então, usada na construção de 12 bibliotecas de RNAseq, visando à identificação dos genes envolvidos na reposta à infecção pelo nematoide. Foram adotados dois tratamentos, 4 e 10 DAI (dias após inoculação), compostos de plantas inoculadas e controles. Primeiramente, realizou-se o mapeamento dos transcritos de cada biblioteca, tomando como referência o genoma de P. vulgaris (G19833), o que resultou na identificação de 27.195 unigenes. Em seguida, foi realizada a quantificação da expressão dos transcritos mapeados e genes diferencialmente expressos foram identificados. No total, 191 genes do hospedeiro apresentaram expressão diferencial, considerando-se: i) o tratamento inoculado em relação ao controle; ii) a razão de expressão (Fold Change - FC) mínima absoluta igual a 4; iii) o nível de significância ? = 0,05. Do total, 120 genes foram identificados aos 4 DAI e 71 aos 10 DAI. As sequências mapeadas foram contrastadas àquelas dos bancos de dados NCBI e TAIR, usando a ferramenta BLASTx e, posteriormente, anotadas usando os softwares Blast2GO e MapMan. Detectou-se similaridade com genes codificadores de proteínas conhecidas para 90% (24.604/27.195) dos unigenes, sendo que 69% (16.991/24.604) deles foram anotados. Quanto à expressão diferencial, 98% (188/191) dos transcritos mostraram similaridade com proteínas conhecidas e 67% (127/188) puderam ser anotados. Os transcritos foram atribuídos a diferentes categorias funcionais putativas, predominando o termo ontológico \'processos metabólicos\', em ambas as plataformas. A anotação dos genes na plataforma MapMan mostrou abundância das categorias da via de resposta a estresse, com predominância de genes de defesa superexpressos aos 4 DAI e reprimidos aos 10 DAI. Por fim, 10 genes mostraram expressão diferencial tanto aos 4 como aos 10 DAI: sete deles foram estáveis, sendo superexpressos nas plantas inoculadas, e três apresentaram comportamentos opostos nos momentos avaliados. Ênfase foi dada a um gene que codifica uma \'probable inactive ADP-ribosyltransferase\' e a quatro genes de resposta a ferimento. / The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is attacked by a range of pathogens, which affect crop yield and the quality of grains. Among the pathogens of economic significance to the crop in Brazil, the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) deserve attention. Though there are some reports on cultivar evaluation in presence of M. incognita, the resistance sources have not being effective. Therefore, it is of valuable importance research projects that could lead to a better understanding of plant-nematode interaction and to indicate new strategies for common bean breeding. In the present study, 18 cultivars of P. vulgaris were evaluated in regard to their resistance to M. incognita race 3; four were less susceptible, 11 moderately susceptible, and three were highly susceptible. \'IPR Saracura\' behaved as the less susceptible cultivar and then was selected for the construction of 12 RNAseq libraries, aiming at the identification of genes differentially expressed in response to nematode infection. Two treatments were adopted, 4 and 10 days after inoculation (DAI), each comprised of inoculated and control plants. Firstly, the transcripts were mapped to the reference genome of P. vulgaris (G19833), resulting in the identification of 27,195 unigenes. Then, the mapped transcript\'s expression was quantified and differentially expressed genes were identified. In total, 191 genes of the host plant showed differential expression taking into consideration: i) the inoculated treatments in relation to their control; ii) an absolute fold change (FC) >= 4; iii) a level of significance ? = 0,05. Of the total, 120 genes were detected at 4 DAI and 71 at 10 DAI. The mapped sequences were compared against those deposited in NCBI and TAIR databanks using BLASTx and subsequently annotated using Blast2GO and MapMan softwares. Similarity to known proteins was detected for 90% of the unigenes (24,604/27,195) and 69% (16,991/24,604) of them were annotated. Regarding assessing differential expression, 98% (188/191) of the transcripts showed similarity to known proteins and 67% (127/188) were annotated. Transcripts were attributed to different putative functional categories and the ontological term \'metabolic process\' was predominant within both platforms. Gene annotation within MapMan platform showed predominance of stress-related pathway categories, with prevalence of defense genes overexpressed at 4 DAI and repressed at 10 DAI. Finally, 10 genes showed differential expression at both 4 and 10 DAI: seven were stably overexpressed in the inoculated plants, and three showed an opposite behavior regarding the evaluation periods. Attention was given to a gene encoding a probable inactive ADP-ribosyltransferase and four genes related to wound response.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ely_Pires.pdf: 515209 bytes, checksum: eb35fb697192367ccb2283da6cfd8b93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Among the pathogens that reduce the cotton productivity in Brazil, Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most important by causing yield losses and for being widespread. The most recommended control methods to this species are the use of resistant cultivars and crop rotation systems. In Paraná, M. incognita races 3 and 4 have already been reported as cotton parasites. The present work aimed at knowing the distribution of M. incognita on cotton at the northwest of Paraná State, as well as to find out about the prevalent race in this region. This work also aimed at selecting sources of resistance to M. incognita race 3 in cotton genotypes. A survey was carried out in order to know the distribution of M. incognita in cotton areas at the northwest of Paraná State. Cotton plants showing galls on the root system were sampled in infested areas from the cities of Altônia, Iporã, Moreira Sales, Mariluz, Pérola and Umuarama. Single egg masses were settled and reproduced on tomato plants cultivar Rutgers and left in a greenhouse at 25oC. The race identification was carried out based on the infection developed on differential hosts, inoculated with 5.000 j2 and cultivated in pots at 25oC. The evaluation of the race tests occurred 60 days after the inoculation. To assess the resistance of cotton genotypes to M. incognita, essays were developed from both greenhouse condition and field and contained 31 treatments and 10 replications. The greenhouse essays followed a completely randomized design while the field experiment was taken in randomized blocks. Regarding the greenhouse tests, it was inoculated 5.000 J2/cotton genotype containing two leaves. The evaluation was taken at 70 and 120 days after inoculation and focused on the parameters number of galls and reproduction factor (RF). The field experiment was assessed taking into account the gall index scored by notes. The results showed that M. incognita race 3 was detected from cotton plants in all the cities. The parameter Reproduction Factor (RF) was the most suitable to the selection of cotton genotypes in greenhouse at 120 days after inoculation. The assessment, taken from scoring notes in the field experiment, mixed genotypes with different levels of resistance and should be carried out only to confirm the resistance of cotton genotypes previously evaluated in greenhouse by the RF. The three monospecific isolates were important to the screening of resistant cotton genotypes to M. incognita race 3. The genotypes CD 05-419, CD 05-1222, CD 05-1087, CD 05-1323 e CD 05-1170 were resistant against M. incognita race 3, in greenhouse conditions and also in the field experiment. The screened genotypes will be tested against other specific cotton pathogens and also against multiple cotton diseases / Dos patógenos que afetam a produtividade do algodoeiro no Brasil, Meloidogyne incognita destaca-se pelas perdas de produção ocasionadas e pela ampla disseminação. Os métodos de controle mais recomendados para esta espécie são o uso de cultivares resistentes e a rotação de culturas. No Paraná, as raças 3 e 4 de M. incognita já foram relatadas como parasitas do algodoeiro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a distribuição de M. incognita em lavouras de algodão no nororeste do Paraná, bem como a raça prevalecente nesta região. Objetivou-se também selecionar fontes de resistência à M. incognita raça 3 em genótipos de algodoeiro. A distribuição de M. incognita em lavouras de algodão foi realizada com base em levantamento feito nos municípios de Altônia, Iporã, Moreira Sales, Mariluz, Pérola e Umuarama. Plantas de algodão com galhas no sistema radicular foram coletadas e isolados monoespecíficos estabelecidos e multiplicados em plantas de tomate Rutgers. A determinação de raça fisiológica foi realizada com base em testes em plantas hospedeiro-diferenciadoras, inoculadas com 5.000 ovos e J2. A avaliação ocorreu aos 60 dias após a inoculação com base na reação (+) ou suscetível e (-) ou resistente, das diferenciadoras frente ao parasitismo de diferentes isolados monoespecíficos de M. incognita. Para a avaliação da resistência de genótipos de algodoeiro à M. incognita, foram conduzidos ensaios em casa-de-vegetação e a campo, constituídos de 31 tratamentos e 10 repetições. Os ensaios de casa-de-vegetação seguiram o delineamento inteiramente casualisado, enquanto que o ensaio a campo foi conduzido em blocos ao acaso. Para os testes de resistência em casa-de-vegetação foram inoculados 5.000 ovos e J2/genótipo de algodoeiro no estádio duas folhas definitivas. As avaliações ocorreram aos 70 e 120 dias após a inoculação e os parâmetros avaliados foram número de galhas e fator de reprodução (FR). Os ensaios em casa-de-vegetação foram realizados a temperatura média de 27oC e UR 60%. Para os ensaios de campo avaliou-se o índice de galhas com base em escala de notas. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que a raça 3 de M. incognita foi detectada em todos os municípios amostrados. O parâmetro (FR) foi o mais viável na seleção de genótipos de algodoeiro em casa-de-vegetação. A avaliação por escala de notas a campo, no entanto, agrupou genótipos com diferentes níveis de resistência, devendo ser realizada somente para genótipos previamente avaliados em casa-de-vegetação pelo FR. Os 3 isolados monoespecíficos testados foram importantes na seleção de genótipos de algodoeiro com resistência à M. incognita raça 3. Os genótipos CD 05-419, CD 05-1222, CD 05-1087, CD 05-1323 e CD 05-1170 mostraram-se resistentes à M. incognita raça 3, tanto para ensaios de casa-de-vegetação quanto para ensaios de campo. Estes genótipos deverão ser testados com relação à resistência específica a outros patógenos e também à resistência múltipla a doenças do algodoeiro

O feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) é atacado por uma gama de patógenos que afetam a produtividade das lavouras e a qualidade dos grãos. Dentre os patógenos de importância econômica para a cultura no Brasil, destaca-se o nematoide das galhas (Meloidogyne incognita). Embora haja relatos sobre a avaliação de cultivares na presença de M. incognita, as fontes de resistência tem se mostrado pouco efetivas. Por isso, pesquisas que possibilitem um melhor entendimento sobre a interação planta-nematoide são de extrema valia e devem nortear novas estratégias para o melhoramento do feijoeiro. Assim, no presente estudo, 18 cultivares de P. vulgaris foram avaliadas quanto à resistência a M. incognita raça 3, sendo que quatro comportaram-se como pouco suscetíveis, 11 como moderadamente suscetíveis e três altamente suscetíveis. A cultivar IPR Saracura mostrou menor grau de suscetibilidade e foi, então, usada na construção de 12 bibliotecas de RNAseq, visando à identificação dos genes envolvidos na reposta à infecção pelo nematoide. Foram adotados dois tratamentos, 4 e 10 DAI (dias após inoculação), compostos de plantas inoculadas e controles. Primeiramente, realizou-se o mapeamento dos transcritos de cada biblioteca, tomando como referência o genoma de P. vulgaris (G19833), o que resultou na identificação de 27.195 unigenes. Em seguida, foi realizada a quantificação da expressão dos transcritos mapeados e genes diferencialmente expressos foram identificados. No total, 191 genes do hospedeiro apresentaram expressão diferencial, considerando-se: i) o tratamento inoculado em relação ao controle; ii) a razão de expressão (Fold Change - FC) mínima absoluta igual a 4; iii) o nível de significância ? = 0,05. Do total, 120 genes foram identificados aos 4 DAI e 71 aos 10 DAI. As sequências mapeadas foram contrastadas àquelas dos bancos de dados NCBI e TAIR, usando a ferramenta BLASTx e, posteriormente, anotadas usando os softwares Blast2GO e MapMan. Detectou-se similaridade com genes codificadores de proteínas conhecidas para 90% (24.604/27.195) dos unigenes, sendo que 69% (16.991/24.604) deles foram anotados. Quanto à expressão diferencial, 98% (188/191) dos transcritos mostraram similaridade com proteínas conhecidas e 67% (127/188) puderam ser anotados. Os transcritos foram atribuídos a diferentes categorias funcionais putativas, predominando o termo ontológico \'processos metabólicos\', em ambas as plataformas. A anotação dos genes na plataforma MapMan mostrou abundância das categorias da via de resposta a estresse, com predominância de genes de defesa superexpressos aos 4 DAI e reprimidos aos 10 DAI. Por fim, 10 genes mostraram expressão diferencial tanto aos 4 como aos 10 DAI: sete deles foram estáveis, sendo superexpressos nas plantas inoculadas, e três apresentaram comportamentos opostos nos momentos avaliados. Ênfase foi dada a um gene que codifica uma \'probable inactive ADP-ribosyltransferase\' e a quatro genes de resposta a ferimento. / The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is attacked by a range of pathogens, which affect crop yield and the quality of grains. Among the pathogens of economic significance to the crop in Brazil, the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) deserve attention. Though there are some reports on cultivar evaluation in presence of M. incognita, the resistance sources have not being effective. Therefore, it is of valuable importance research projects that could lead to a better understanding of plant-nematode interaction and to indicate new strategies for common bean breeding. In the present study, 18 cultivars of P. vulgaris were evaluated in regard to their resistance to M. incognita race 3; four were less susceptible, 11 moderately susceptible, and three were highly susceptible. \'IPR Saracura\' behaved as the less susceptible cultivar and then was selected for the construction of 12 RNAseq libraries, aiming at the identification of genes differentially expressed in response to nematode infection. Two treatments were adopted, 4 and 10 days after inoculation (DAI), each comprised of inoculated and control plants. Firstly, the transcripts were mapped to the reference genome of P. vulgaris (G19833), resulting in the identification of 27,195 unigenes. Then, the mapped transcript\'s expression was quantified and differentially expressed genes were identified. In total, 191 genes of the host plant showed differential expression taking into consideration: i) the inoculated treatments in relation to their control; ii) an absolute fold change (FC) >= 4; iii) a level of significance ? = 0,05. Of the total, 120 genes were detected at 4 DAI and 71 at 10 DAI. The mapped sequences were compared against those deposited in NCBI and TAIR databanks using BLASTx and subsequently annotated using Blast2GO and MapMan softwares. Similarity to known proteins was detected for 90% of the unigenes (24,604/27,195) and 69% (16,991/24,604) of them were annotated. Regarding assessing differential expression, 98% (188/191) of the transcripts showed similarity to known proteins and 67% (127/188) were annotated. Transcripts were attributed to different putative functional categories and the ontological term \'metabolic process\' was predominant within both platforms. Gene annotation within MapMan platform showed predominance of stress-related pathway categories, with prevalence of defense genes overexpressed at 4 DAI and repressed at 10 DAI. Finally, 10 genes showed differential expression at both 4 and 10 DAI: seven were stably overexpressed in the inoculated plants, and three showed an opposite behavior regarding the evaluation periods. Attention was given to a gene encoding a probable inactive ADP-ribosyltransferase and four genes related to wound response.

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) is a major pest of soybean in South Africa and due to its high level of pathogenicity to the crop it is quintessential that research in this regard should receive priority. Root-knot nematode control has in the past mostly included the use of nematicides, while crop rotation and inclusion of cultivars with genetic host plant resistance (henceforth referred to as resistance only) to these pests were also used. Since no synthetically-derived and/or biological agents are registered locally as nematicides on soybean, the use of resistant cultivars represents one of the most viable and environmentally-friendly strategies to protect local soybean crops against damage resulting from parasitism by M. incognita. Although numerous exotic soybean cultivars have been identified with resistance to M. incognita, only a few locally adapted ones have proved to exhibit resistance to the latter species. Moreover, at present Egret is the only cultivar still available for commercial use in South Africa. Little and fragmented information is, however, available on the use of plant enzymes, that are interrelated in biochemical pathways that are expressed in root-knot nematode resistant cultivars, for its use as an additional parameter to exploit such a trait. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to identify M. incognita resistance in selected, locally adapted soybean cultivars by quantifying and exploiting the latter trait by using enzyme activities as an additional parameter. In addition, resistance to M. incognita in selected resistant soybean cultivars was also verified by means of histopathological studies to identify cellular changes associated with the trait. In the first part of the present study, 31 locally adapted soybean cultivars of which 23 were commercially available in the 2012 growing season were evaluated for resistance to M. incognita. The latter was done by means of traditional screening protocols for which M. incognita-gall rating, egg and second-stage juvenile as well as the reproductive factor data per root system for each cultivar screened were recorded. Two greenhouse experiments were subsequently conducted concurrently, one of which the abovementioned nematode parameters were recorded 30 and the other 56 days after inoculation. Reproduction factor values were used as the main criterium to identify M. incognita resistance in local soybean cultivars since it is considered as a more reliable parameter for this specific type of evaluations. Reproduction factor values equal to and lower than one, indicating resistance to the M. incognita population used in this study, were recorded only for cultivar LS5995, as well as seven pre-released GCI cultivars. These eight cultivars also had very low egg, as well as egg and second-stage juvenile counts per root system, all of which differed significantly from the susceptible control, as well as a number of other cultivars. Root gall indices, on the other hand, did not show consistent results in terms of the identification of the host status of the 31 cultivar screened during this study. Using reproduction factor values, local farmers can thus be supplied with information on the resistance of commercially-available soybean cultivars. Eventually, such M. incognita-resistant cultivars can be used to reduce population levels of this nematode pest in fields of producers and also as valuable germplasm sources in breeding programs to introgress/stack this trait in newly-developed soybean cultivars. The second part of the study aimed to verify and exploit M. incognita-resistance in soybean either identified as resistant or susceptible during the screenings experiments, using enzymatic activity as biochemical markers. Cultivar LS5995 was included as the resistant and Dundee as the susceptible standard. The activity of three enzymes, namely guaiacol peroxidase, lipoxygenase and catalase were recorded at different time intervals in roots and leaf samples of the latter cultivars, of both nematode-inoculated and nematode-free plants of each cultivar. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in guaiacol peroxidase activity in leaf and root samples of the M. incognita-resistant cultivars GCI7 and LS5995 (inoculated with J2) were recorded 24 hours (h) after onset of the experiment. Use of this enzyme thus emanated as a useful parameter to identify soybean cultivars that exhibit resistance against M. incognita, especially in leaves, which could substantially reduce the time needed to screen cultivars. In terms of lipoxygenase activity recorded, substantial variation existed between the cultivars tested. The M. incognita-susceptible cultivar Egret was the only cultivar for which a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in lipoxygenase activity in the roots was evident 24 h after inoculation. However, during the 48 h sampling time, significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences in lipoxygenase activity were also recorded for the two M. incognita resistant cultivars GCI7 and LS5995. Although the increase in lipoxygenase activity for the susceptible cultivar Egret was unexpected, it may indicate that some level of resistance is present in the latter cultivar, which has in previous studies been identified as resistant to M. incognita. Other factors such as a different M. incognita populations used and temperature differences in greenhouse conditions that applied in this study compared to that for an earlier study may, however, serve as explanations for the latter differences in host status identification of cultivar Egret. In terms of catalase activity recorded in leaf samples of the M. incognita-resistant cultivar LS5995, substantial reductions of as much as 35.6 % were recorded for J2-inoculated plants compared to those of the J2-free control plants. In leaf samples of the susceptible cultivars, Egret and Dundee, catalase was also reduced, but to a lesser extent and ranged from 6 to 26 %. Conversely, catalase activity in the leaves of J2-inoculated plants of the highly susceptible cultivar LS6248R was substantially increased by as much as 29.3 %. Enzyme data obtained as a result of the current study thus generally complemented those of traditional screening assays in which resistance in locally adapted cultivars were identified to a certain degree. It is, however, recommended that enzyme activity, to be used as bio-markers, still needs further refinement and more investigation to optimise their use in identification, verification and exploitation of M. incognita resistance in soybean cultivars. The third and final part of the study encompassed a comparison of cellular changes induced by M. incognita in resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars to verify the resistant reactions expressed in the enzyme data. According to light- and transmission electron microscope observations, distinct differences in the appearance and development of giant cells in roots of the M. incognita-resistant cultivars LS5995 and GCI7 existed when compared to those in roots of the susceptible cultivars Dundee and LS6248R. In the latter cultivars, giant cells that formed were characteristically large and contained a dense cytoplasm, with thick irregularly surfaced cell walls. Cell walls also displayed thick aggregations that appeared to be cell-wall ingrowths. These giant cells are optimal to facilitate M. incognita development and reproduction. In contrast, giant cells that were associated with the resistant cultivars LS5995 and GCI7 were small, irregularly shaped and contained increased amounts of deposited cell-wall material in the cytoplasm known as cell wall inclusions. Necrosis was also present in M. incognita-infected root cells of both cultivars. Such giant cells have been associated with retarded feeding, development and reproduction of the latter root-knot nematode species. However, it was evident that neither GCI7 nor LS5995 are immune to M. incognita since J2 survived and developed to third- and fourth and ultimately mature females that reproduced in their roots. Optimal giant cells that were formed in the roots of the M. incognitasusceptible cultivars Dundee and LS6248R thus supported the nutritional needs of the developing M. incognita individuals and led to significant increases in M. incognita populations 56 days after inoculation as was evident from the high reproduction factor values that were obtained for such cultivars during host status assessments that represented the first part of this study. The opposite was recorded the M. incognita-resistant cultivars LS5995 and GCI7 since sub-optimal giant cells in their roots could not sustain high offspring from such mature females. The presence of necrotic root tissue adjacent to giant cells, furthermore, indicated that hypersensitive reactions occurred in the latter resistant cultivars. Enzyme data obtained in the second part of this study supported the presence of hypersensitive reactions in root cells of the latter resistant cultivars. Guaiacol peroxidase and lipoxygenase inductions in particular in plant tissues have been reported to play integral roles in hypersensitive reactions that are exhibited by cultivars that are resistant to pests and diseases. Finally, results obtained from the different parts of this study complemented each other. It resulted in the resistance that was identified in the GCI7 pre-released cultivar being verified and exploited against that of the resistant standard LS5995. Research that was done during this study also represented the first investigations into the use of enzymes as biochemical markers of resistance against M. incognita in soybean in South Africa. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) is a major pest of soybean in South Africa and due to its high level of pathogenicity to the crop it is quintessential that research in this regard should receive priority. Root-knot nematode control has in the past mostly included the use of nematicides, while crop rotation and inclusion of cultivars with genetic host plant resistance (henceforth referred to as resistance only) to these pests were also used. Since no synthetically-derived and/or biological agents are registered locally as nematicides on soybean, the use of resistant cultivars represents one of the most viable and environmentally-friendly strategies to protect local soybean crops against damage resulting from parasitism by M. incognita. Although numerous exotic soybean cultivars have been identified with resistance to M. incognita, only a few locally adapted ones have proved to exhibit resistance to the latter species. Moreover, at present Egret is the only cultivar still available for commercial use in South Africa. Little and fragmented information is, however, available on the use of plant enzymes, that are interrelated in biochemical pathways that are expressed in root-knot nematode resistant cultivars, for its use as an additional parameter to exploit such a trait. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to identify M. incognita resistance in selected, locally adapted soybean cultivars by quantifying and exploiting the latter trait by using enzyme activities as an additional parameter. In addition, resistance to M. incognita in selected resistant soybean cultivars was also verified by means of histopathological studies to identify cellular changes associated with the trait. In the first part of the present study, 31 locally adapted soybean cultivars of which 23 were commercially available in the 2012 growing season were evaluated for resistance to M. incognita. The latter was done by means of traditional screening protocols for which M. incognita-gall rating, egg and second-stage juvenile as well as the reproductive factor data per root system for each cultivar screened were recorded. Two greenhouse experiments were subsequently conducted concurrently, one of which the abovementioned nematode parameters were recorded 30 and the other 56 days after inoculation. Reproduction factor values were used as the main criterium to identify M. incognita resistance in local soybean cultivars since it is considered as a more reliable parameter for this specific type of evaluations. Reproduction factor values equal to and lower than one, indicating resistance to the M. incognita population used in this study, were recorded only for cultivar LS5995, as well as seven pre-released GCI cultivars. These eight cultivars also had very low egg, as well as egg and second-stage juvenile counts per root system, all of which differed significantly from the susceptible control, as well as a number of other cultivars. Root gall indices, on the other hand, did not show consistent results in terms of the identification of the host status of the 31 cultivar screened during this study. Using reproduction factor values, local farmers can thus be supplied with information on the resistance of commercially-available soybean cultivars. Eventually, such M. incognita-resistant cultivars can be used to reduce population levels of this nematode pest in fields of producers and also as valuable germplasm sources in breeding programs to introgress/stack this trait in newly-developed soybean cultivars. The second part of the study aimed to verify and exploit M. incognita-resistance in soybean either identified as resistant or susceptible during the screenings experiments, using enzymatic activity as biochemical markers. Cultivar LS5995 was included as the resistant and Dundee as the susceptible standard. The activity of three enzymes, namely guaiacol peroxidase, lipoxygenase and catalase were recorded at different time intervals in roots and leaf samples of the latter cultivars, of both nematode-inoculated and nematode-free plants of each cultivar. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in guaiacol peroxidase activity in leaf and root samples of the M. incognita-resistant cultivars GCI7 and LS5995 (inoculated with J2) were recorded 24 hours (h) after onset of the experiment. Use of this enzyme thus emanated as a useful parameter to identify soybean cultivars that exhibit resistance against M. incognita, especially in leaves, which could substantially reduce the time needed to screen cultivars. In terms of lipoxygenase activity recorded, substantial variation existed between the cultivars tested. The M. incognita-susceptible cultivar Egret was the only cultivar for which a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in lipoxygenase activity in the roots was evident 24 h after inoculation. However, during the 48 h sampling time, significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences in lipoxygenase activity were also recorded for the two M. incognita resistant cultivars GCI7 and LS5995. Although the increase in lipoxygenase activity for the susceptible cultivar Egret was unexpected, it may indicate that some level of resistance is present in the latter cultivar, which has in previous studies been identified as resistant to M. incognita. Other factors such as a different M. incognita populations used and temperature differences in greenhouse conditions that applied in this study compared to that for an earlier study may, however, serve as explanations for the latter differences in host status identification of cultivar Egret. In terms of catalase activity recorded in leaf samples of the M. incognita-resistant cultivar LS5995, substantial reductions of as much as 35.6 % were recorded for J2-inoculated plants compared to those of the J2-free control plants. In leaf samples of the susceptible cultivars, Egret and Dundee, catalase was also reduced, but to a lesser extent and ranged from 6 to 26 %. Conversely, catalase activity in the leaves of J2-inoculated plants of the highly susceptible cultivar LS6248R was substantially increased by as much as 29.3 %. Enzyme data obtained as a result of the current study thus generally complemented those of traditional screening assays in which resistance in locally adapted cultivars were identified to a certain degree. It is, however, recommended that enzyme activity, to be used as bio-markers, still needs further refinement and more investigation to optimise their use in identification, verification and exploitation of M. incognita resistance in soybean cultivars. The third and final part of the study encompassed a comparison of cellular changes induced by M. incognita in resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars to verify the resistant reactions expressed in the enzyme data. According to light- and transmission electron microscope observations, distinct differences in the appearance and development of giant cells in roots of the M. incognita-resistant cultivars LS5995 and GCI7 existed when compared to those in roots of the susceptible cultivars Dundee and LS6248R. In the latter cultivars, giant cells that formed were characteristically large and contained a dense cytoplasm, with thick irregularly surfaced cell walls. Cell walls also displayed thick aggregations that appeared to be cell-wall ingrowths. These giant cells are optimal to facilitate M. incognita development and reproduction. In contrast, giant cells that were associated with the resistant cultivars LS5995 and GCI7 were small, irregularly shaped and contained increased amounts of deposited cell-wall material in the cytoplasm known as cell wall inclusions. Necrosis was also present in M. incognita-infected root cells of both cultivars. Such giant cells have been associated with retarded feeding, development and reproduction of the latter root-knot nematode species. However, it was evident that neither GCI7 nor LS5995 are immune to M. incognita since J2 survived and developed to third- and fourth and ultimately mature females that reproduced in their roots. Optimal giant cells that were formed in the roots of the M. incognitasusceptible cultivars Dundee and LS6248R thus supported the nutritional needs of the developing M. incognita individuals and led to significant increases in M. incognita populations 56 days after inoculation as was evident from the high reproduction factor values that were obtained for such cultivars during host status assessments that represented the first part of this study. The opposite was recorded the M. incognita-resistant cultivars LS5995 and GCI7 since sub-optimal giant cells in their roots could not sustain high offspring from such mature females. The presence of necrotic root tissue adjacent to giant cells, furthermore, indicated that hypersensitive reactions occurred in the latter resistant cultivars. Enzyme data obtained in the second part of this study supported the presence of hypersensitive reactions in root cells of the latter resistant cultivars. Guaiacol peroxidase and lipoxygenase inductions in particular in plant tissues have been reported to play integral roles in hypersensitive reactions that are exhibited by cultivars that are resistant to pests and diseases. Finally, results obtained from the different parts of this study complemented each other. It resulted in the resistance that was identified in the GCI7 pre-released cultivar being verified and exploited against that of the resistant standard LS5995. Research that was done during this study also represented the first investigations into the use of enzymes as biochemical markers of resistance against M. incognita in soybean in South Africa. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014