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Vesículas de Membrana Externa (OMV) de Neisseria lactamia: Processo de Obtenção e Avaliação do Potencial Adjuvante / Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) from Neisseria lactamica: Cultivation Process and Evaluation of Adjuvant Potential.Garcia, Mariana Watanabe 10 April 2018 (has links)
Vesículas de membrana externa, OMV, são formadas a partir de evaginações da membrana externa de bactérias Gram-negativas e têm ganhado interesse em suas funções biológicas por serem uma alternativa ao desenvolvimento de novas estratégias e combinações vacinais. OMV da bactéria comensal Neisseria lactamica induzem anticorpos que possuem reatividade cruzada com N. meningitidis e podem ser, além de antígeno para a doença meningocócica, um potencial adjuvante de mucosa. O objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer condições de cultivo de N. lactamica para a obtenção de OMV e avaliar a função adjuvante destas OMV em combinação com o antígeno de superfície, PspA5, de Streptococcus pneumoniae. Foram realizados cultivos descontínuos em biorreatores de 5L por 10-15h. O meio de Catlin, MC, teve a concentração do substrato fonte de carbono (lactato) e aminoácidos modificada, além do acréscimo de extrato de levedura. Foram monitorados temperatura, pH, agitação e oxigênio dissolvido. Amostras foram coletadas a cada hora para análise de biomassa, consumo de nutrientes, produção de ácidos e concentração das OMV. Foram determinados os parâmetros cinéticos de produtividade máxima de células (ProdXmáx) e de produto (ProdPmáx), fatores de conversão (Yx/s, Yp/s e Yp/x) e velocidade de crescimento (Xmáx). O meio MC3LA2AA2YE (12h), com 18,0 g/L de lactato e o dobro da concentração original dos aminoácidos do MC foi o melhor, quando comparado aos demais para a obtenção de OMV. N. lactamica, cultivada nesta condição, apresentou produtividade máxima de OMV de 30,66 mg OMV/L.h, e concentração de OMV de 340,43 mg/L, na 11ª hora de cultivo. Os ensaios imunológicos foram realizados com a formulação de OMV puras ou OMV tratadas com detergente, para a retirada de parte do lipooligossacarídeo (LOS), em combinação com a proteína PspA5 de S. pneumoniae. O esquema de imunização foi de duas doses via intranasal, em modelo murino. Foram avaliados a indução de anticorpos IgG anti-PspA5 e o potencial protetor das formulações. Os grupos vacinais com adjuvante apresentaram indução de anticorpos IgG anti-PspA5 de aproximadamente 105ng/mL e sobrevivência de 100%, 75% e 66,7%, respectivamente, para PspA5-OMVp, PspA5-OMVt0,5%, e PspA5-OMVt0,3% Os resultados evidenciam atividade adjuvante determinante das OMV em combinação com a proteína heteróloga PspA5 e proteção contra o desafio de Streptococcus pneumoniae em modelo murino. / Outer membrane vesicles, OMV, are formed and released from all Gram-negative bacteria´s outer membrane. Those vesicles have gained interest from scientific community due to their biological functions, as they can be a potential alternative to the development of new vaccine strategies and formulations. OMV from the commensal bacteria Neisseria lactamica induce antibodies that present cross reactivity with N. meningitidis and may be a potential mucosal adjuvant in addition to antigen for a meningococcal disease. The objective of this work is to define culture conditions of N. lactamica in order to obtain OMV, and evaluate the adjuvant function of their OMV in combination to the surface antigen, PspA5, from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Discontinuous batches cultures were carried out in 5L bioreactors for 10-15h. Catlin medium, MC, had its carbon substrate concentration (lactate) and its amino acids concentration modified according to each experiment, plus the addition of yeast extracts. Temperature, pH, agitation and dissolved oxygen were monitored. Samples were collected hourly for analysis of biomass, nutrient consumption, acid production and OMV yield. Maximal cell production products (ProdXmáx) and product (ProdPmáx), conversion factors (Yx/s, Yp/s e Yp/x) and growth rate (Xmáx) were obtained. The MC3LA2AA2YE medium (12h), with 18.0 g / L lactate and double the original MC amino acid concentrations, was the best formulation to obtain OMV. N. lactamica, cultivated in this condition, presented maximum OMV productivity of 30.66 mg OMV/L.h and OMV concentration of 340.43 mg/L, at the 11th hour of cultivation. Immunological assays were performed with formulations with native OMV or OMV treated with detergent to remove part of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS), in combination with S. pneumoniae PspA5 protein. Two-dose of intranasal immunization were administered in mice. An induction of anti-PspA5 IgG antibodies and the protective potential of the formulations were evaluated. Adjuvanted vaccine groups showed induction of anti-PspA5 IgG antibodies of approximately 105 ng/mL and 100%, 75% and 66.7% survival, respectively for PspA5-OMVp, PspA5-OMVt0,5%, e PspA5-OMVt0,3%. The results obtained in this project show a significant adjuvant activity of Neisseria lactamica OMV in combination with heterologous protein PspA5 and protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge in mice model.
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Imunogenicidade de antígenos de vesículas de membrana externa (OMVs) de Neisseria meningitidis B associada a lípide catiônico (DDA-BF). / Immunogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis B outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) associated with cationic lipid (DDA-BF).Rinaldi, Fabiana Mahylowski 28 April 2014 (has links)
Neisseria meningitidis é um diplococo Gramnegativo, aeróbio e encapsulado, causador mais comum de meningite e septicemia. Este agente é o principal causador de infecções bacterianas invasivas no mundo. Apesar de existirem 13 sorogrupos de N. meningitidis, apenas 6 são capazes de causar infecção: A, B, C, W135, X e Y. O sorogrupo B difere dos outros sorogrupos patogênicos por sua cápsula polissacáride ter composição idêntica ao ácido policiálico, presente em muitas glicoproteínas humanas, particularmente encontrados no tecido cerebral fetal, e bioquimicamente homóloga com a estrutura molecular de adesão do neurônio. Sendo assim, a cápsula polissacáride não pode ser usada em vacinas conjugadas, pois pode causar autoimunidade, sendo pouco imunogênica. Doenças meningocócicas causadas pelos sorogrupos A, C, Y e W135 podem ser prevenidas pelas vacinas que contêm polissacarídeos capsulares específicos conjugados. Para que uma vacina seja eficaz contra o sorogrupo B, é importante que esta abranja todos os sorotipos e seja capaz de promover imunidade duradoura, principalmente em crianças abaixo de dois anos, as mais acometidas. Vacinas baseadas em vesículas de membrana externa (OMVs, do inglês Outer Membrane Vesicles) de N. meningitidis B são amplamente estudadas. No presente estudo, OMVs de meningococo B (B:4:P1.9) foram associadas a um lipídio catiônico, o dioctadecildimetilamônio (DDA-BF) em preparação antigênica testada em camundongos fêmeas não isogênicos, e comparamos os títulos de anticorpos IgG, IgG1, IgG2a e IgG2b com os anticorpos produzidos por camundongos imunizados com a mesma OMVS associada ao hidróxido de alumínio, por ELISA. As análises foram realizadas com soros de cada animal colhidos individualmente, após 60 dias de imunização. A avidez dos anticorpos também foi analisada por ELISA. Immunoblot e Dot-ELISA avaliaram a reação específica entre a cepa homóloga usada na imunização e a reação a antígenos cruzados com outras cepas de meningococo. A hipersensibilidade tardia (HTT) foi comparada entre os dois grupos experimentais, após o desafio com cepa homóloga em uma das patas, depois de 24 horas da injeção, após 14 dias da primeira dose de imunização. / Neisseria meningitidis is an encapsulated Gram-negative aerobic diplococcus, the most commom meningitidis and sepsis agent , and the major bacterial invasive disease agent worldwide. Infections are caused by only 6 of 13 pathogenic serogroups: A,B,C, W135 and Y. Meningococcal serogroup B differs from the other pathogenic serogroups because it has a capsular polysaccharide identical to the polysialic acid present in many human glycoproteins, in particular, it is similar to carbohydrates found in fetal brain tissue. This is the reason that it does not allow the use of polysaccharide protein in conjugate vaccine, and for its low immunogenic. An effective meningococcal B vaccine development should cover all serotypes and be able to promote long term immunity, mainly in children under 2 years, the most affected age. Meningococcal outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) vaccines are widely studied. In this present study, meningococcal serogroup B OMVs (B:4:P1.9) was associated with a cationic lipid, dioctadecyldimetylammonium (DDA-BF) in an antigenic preparation tested in female outbred mice. Individual serum was collected, and antibodies titles IgG, IgG1, IgG2a were compared with animals immunized with OMVs and aluminium hydroxide, analyzed by ELISA. Analyses were carried out 60 days after first immunization. Antibodies avidity index were also analyzed by ELISA. Immunoblot and Dot-ELISA were carried out to evaluate specific reaction for homologous stranis and cross-reactive antigens present in other meningococcal strains. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was compared between two experimental groups, 24 hours before injection of homologous strain challenge.
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Avaliação de diferentes vias de imunização com novo adjuvante para Neisseria meningitidis em diferentes linhagens de camundongos. / Evaluation of different immunization routes with new adjuvant for Neisseria meningitidis in different strains of mouse.Brito, Luciana Tendolini 29 October 2015 (has links)
Na primeira parte do estudo camundongos Swiss foram imunizados por diferentes vias de imunização com OMVs de Neissera meningitidis com DDA-BF ou HA como adjuvantes . Os adjuvantes e diferentes vias foram comparados quanto às respostas imunes por meio de ELISA ,Immunoblot ,HTT e análise histopatológica. Os animais imunizados apenas com adjuvantes não produziram títulos de anticorpos. Após única dose e decorridos 15 dias, a imunização com HA e antígeno apresentou títulos de IgG mais altos em relação ao DDA-BF nas vias subcutânea, intraperitoneal e intramuscular. Após 2 doses e 66 dias, todas as vias exibiram títulos de IgG, sendo as que receberam o HA com OMVs produziram títulos discretamente mais altos e ainda altos índices de avidez. O perfil da resposta imune quanto ao padrão Th1/Th2 foi avaliado. Ambos adjuvantes promoveram a produção de IgG2a, as respostas variaram de acordo com as vias de imunização utilizada. Enquanto as vias subcutânea e intramuscular induziram títulos semelhantes de IgG2a para ambos adjuvantes, a via intraperitoneal com DDA teve título mais alto. A produção de IgG1 foi modulada apenas por HA, sendo mais robusta na via subcutânea, seguida pela intramuscular com valores muito próximos aos da intraperitoneal. Camundongos isogênicos Balb/c H2d e C57Bl/6J H2b foram imunizados pela via subcutânea. Foram avaliadas as produções de anticorpos do tipo IgG, IgG1 e IgG2a, bem como o índice de avidez de IgG. De modo geral, os grupos de OMVs HA induziram maior produção de anticorpos que OMVs DDA ou apenas OMVs, enquanto os controles HA, DDA e salina não apresentaram níveis de anticorpos. Pelas técnicas utilizadas no estudo não observamos uma diferença significante entre os dois adjuvantes utilizados independente da via e da linhagem de camundongos utilizados. / In the first part of the study Swiss mice were immunized by different routes of immunization with OMVs of Neisseria meningitidis with DDA-BF or HA as adjuvants. Adjuvants and different routes were compared regarding immune responses through ELISA, Immunoblot, HTT and histopathological analysis. Animals immunized with only adjuvants did not produce evidence of antibodies. After single dose and 15 days, of immunization with HA presented antigen specific IgG higher in relation to the DDa-BF in the subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular immunization . After 2 doses and 66 days, all exhibited IgG, and the bonds that received the HA with OMVs produced titles discreetly higher and still high levels of antibodies. The profile of the immune response to Th1/Th2 pattern has been evaluated. Both adjuvants promoted the production of IgG2a, the responses varied according to the immunization routes used. While the subcutaneous and intramuscular routes induced similar titles of IgG2a to both adjuvant intraperitoneal route with had highest title. IgG1 production was modulated only by HA, being more robust in subcutaneous injection, followed by intramuscular with values very close to those of intraperitoneal. Isogenic Balb/c and C57Bl/6J H2d H2b mice were immunized by subcutaneous administration. Been evaluated antibody production of type IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, as well as the IgG avidity index. In General, the greater production of OMVs HA induced antibodies that OMVs DDA or just OMVs, while the controls .DDA-BF and controls showed no antibody levels. The techniques used in the study did not observe a significant difference between the two adjuvants used independent of the route and of mice strains used.
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Etude des vésicules membranaires produites par les Archées hyperthermophiles marines de l’ordre des Thermococcales / Study of membrane vesicles produced by hyperthermophilic marine archaea of the order of ThermococcalesGaudin, Marie 13 June 2012 (has links)
La sécrétion de vésicules membranaires (VMs) constitue un processus physiologique important qui a particulièrement été étudié chez les Bactéries et les Eucaryotes. La récente découverte de la production de VMs chez les Archées souligne cependant que ce phénomène est universel et suggère que le dernier ancêtre commun aux trois domaines, LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor), produisait certainement des VMs. Les VMs des Archées n’ayant pour le moment été étudiées que chez certaines Crénarchées (ex : G/ Sulfolobus), nous avons entrepris de caractériser les VMs produites par un groupe d’Euryarchées hyperthermophiles anaérobies, les Thermococcales. Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous avons examiné le mécanisme de production ainsi que la composition en lipides et en protéines des VMs de trois espèces de Thermococcales: Thermococcus kodakaraensis, Thermococcus gammatolerans et Thermocococus sp. 5-4. Nous avons observé que les VMs sont sécrétées par un processus de bourgeonnement à partir de l’enveloppe cellulaire similaire à la formation des ectosomes par les cellules eucaryotes. De plus, les VMs sont fréquemment libérées en groupes, formant de grosses protubérances ou des filaments ressemblant aux nanopodes récemment décrits chez les Bactéries. Des différences de structure et de composition protéique sont observées entre les VMs des trois souches étudiées. Cependant, les VMs et les membranes cellulaires d’une même souche ont des compositions protéique et lipidique très proches, confirmant que les VMs sont produites à partir des membranes des cellules. Les VMs et les membranes cellulaires des trois souches comportent notamment un récepteur de peptides de la famille OppA (Oligopeptide-binding protein A) et des homologues de cette protéine ont été identifiés dans les VMs de certaines souches de Sulfolobus.Les VMs sécrétées par les Thermococcales sont associées à de l’ADN et cette association les protègent contre la thermodégradation. Nous montrons dans notre étude que les cellules de T. kodakaraensis transformées avec le plasmide navette plC70 relâchent des VMs comportant ce plasmide. De façon intéressante, ces VMs peuvent être utilisées pour transférer pLC70 à des cellules dénuées de plasmides, suggérant que les VMs pourraient être impliquées dans le transfert d’ADN entre cellules à haute température.Dans la seconde partie de cette étude, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la souche Thermococcus nautilus, une Thermococcale produisant des VMs associées de manière sélective à deux plasmides contenus dans la cellule. L’un d’eux correspond notamment à un génome viral défectueux de la lignée d’adenovirus PRD1. Ceci indique que les VMs peuvent être un moyen de transport pour des génomes viraux et suggère que la production de VMs par des cellules ancestrales pourraient avoir joué un rôle dans l’apparition des virus.En plus d’être impliquées dans le transport de plasmides/virus, les VMs produites par T. nautilus exercent un effet toxique sur certaines souches de Thermococcales, probablement dû au convoyage de toxines. Même si ces « thermococcines » nécessitent d’être caractérisées, il s’agit de la première mise en évidence d’une activité toxique liée aux VMs chez les Thermococcales. / Secretion of membrane vesicles (MVs) is an important physiological process that has been extensively studied in Bacteria and Eukarya. The recent discovery that Archaea produce MVs shows that this process is universal and suggests that the Last Universal Common Ancestor, LUCA, certainly produced MVs. As these archaeal MVs have been only studied in some Crenarchaeota (ex: G/ Sulfolobus), we started characterizing MVs produced by Thermococcales, a group of hyperthermophilic anaerobic Euryarchaeota.In the first part of this study we examined the mechanism of production as well as the protein and lipid composition of MVs produced by three strains of Thermococcales: Thermococcus kodakaraensis, Thermococcus gammatolerans and Thermocococus sp. 5-4. We observed that MVs are released by a budding process from the cell envelope that is similar to ectosome formation in eukaryotic cells. Moreover, clusters of MVs often form filamentous structures and protuberances on cell surfaces, resembling recently described bacterial nanopods. Differences in structure are observable between MVs of the three species, as well as in their protein composition. However, MVs and cell membranes from the same species have a quite similar protein and lipid composition, confirming that MVs are produced from cell membranes. A major protein present in cell membranes and MVs from the three strains is the oligopeptide-binding proteins (OppA), which has homologues in MVs from Sulfolobus species. Thermococcales MVs harbor DNA and protect this DNA against thermodegradation. Here, we show that T. kodakaraensis cells transformed with the shuttle plasmid pLC70 release MVs harboring this plasmid. Interestingly, these MVs can be used to transfer pLC70 into plasmid-free cells, suggesting that MVs could be involved in DNA transfer between cells at high temperature. In the second part of this study, we were specially interested in the strain Thermococcus nautilus, a Thermococcale that produces MVs selectively enriched in two plasmids from the cell. Notably, one of them corresponds to the genome of a defective virus from PRD1-adenovirus lineage. This indicates that MVs can be used as vehicles for the transport of viral genomes and suggests that production of MVs by ancestral cells could have played a role in the origin of viruses.In addition to be involved in transport of plasmids/viruses, MVs from T. nautilus display a toxic effect on some strains of Thermococcales, maybe due to the delivery of toxins. Even if these “thermococcins” remain to be characterized, this is the first time that a toxic activity associated with MVs has been shown in Thermococcales.
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Antigen Trafficking within <em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em>-Infected Polarized Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells.Giles, David Kelley 03 May 2008 (has links)
Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K are the leading cause of bacterially-acquired sexually transmitted infections in the United States. As an obligate intracellular pathogen, C. trachomatis infects columnar epithelial cells of the genital mucosae and can cause deleterious sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Several chlamydial antigens reach the host cell cytosol prior to the natural release of chlamydiae at the end of the developmental cycle. While some of these extra-inclusion antigens traffic to the host cell surface, others remain intracellular where they are proposed to influence vital host cell functions and antigen trafficking and presentation. The research herein examines the escape and trafficking of the immunodominant chlamydial antigens MOMP, LPS, and cHsp60 within C. trachomatis serovar E-infected polarized human endometrial epithelial cells. Studies using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immuno-TEM report the novel escape mechanism of chlamydial antigens via vesicles everted/pinched off from the inclusion membrane, an occurrence observed both in the presence and absence of the antibiotic azithromycin. These extra-inclusion vesicles were differentiated from Golgi vesicles and were shown to deliver chlamydial heat shock protein 60 (cHsp60)-homologs 2 and 3, but not homolog 1, to the infected cell surface. Examination of the iron-responsiveness of the three cHsp60 homologs by immuno-TEM revealed a significant increase in cHsp60-2 following iron deprivation. Further investigation of the trafficking of chlamydial MOMP and LPS antigens enveloped within the protective everted inclusion membrane vesicles within host cells involved density gradient centrifugation for the separation of epithelial secretory pathway components followed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot to determine whether the chlamydial antigen-containing vesicles could fuse with and deliver the antigens to host cell organelles. Coupled with immuno-TEM, these data confirmed the presence of major chlamydial antigens within the endoplasmic reticulum of infected host cells. Additionally, chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was co-localized with CD1d, a lipid antigen-presenting molecule. Collectively, these studies (i) establish a novel escape mechanism for chlamydial antigens, (ii) identify cHsp60-2 as a marker of iron stress response in C. trachomatis, and (iii) define for the first time the host cell ER as a destination for selected chlamydial antigens during infection.
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Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles and the host-pathogen interaction / Helicobacter pylori membranvesiklar och interaktioner med värdcellenOlofsson, Annelie January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Une nouvelle stratégie de vaccination contre Salmonella Enteritidis, chez le poulet de chair : «les vésicules externes de membrane bactérienne»Maduro, Lila 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Roles of membrane vesicles in bacterial pathogenesisVdovikova, Svitlana January 2017 (has links)
The production of membranous vesicles is observed to occur among organisms from all domains of the tree of life spanning prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea) and eukaryotes (plants, animals and fungi). Bacterial release of membrane-derived vesicles (MVs) has been studied most extensively in cases of Gram-negative species and implicating their outer membrane in formation of extracellular MVs. However, recent studies focusing on Gram-positive bacteria have established that they also undergo MV formation. Membrane vesicles are released during normal bacterial growth, they are derived from the bacterial membrane(s) and may function as transporters of different proteins, DNA and RNA to the neighbouring bacteria or to the cells of a mammalian host. The transport of virulence factors in a condensed manner via MVs to the host cells presumably protects these proteins from degradation and, thereby, targets the host cells in a specific manner. The aim of my thesis is to investigate secretion of MV-associated virulence factors and to study interactions of MVs produced by two selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, i.e. Vibrio cholerae and Listeria monocytogenes, with eukaryotic host cells. Depending on whether the bacterium acts as an extracellular or intracellular pathogen, MVs may be considered to have specific functions, which may lead to the different outcomes of MV-host interactions. V. cholerae transport systems for virulence factors include the Type VI secretion system and MVs (also referred to as the “Type 0” secretion system). We have identified that the biologically active form of PrtV protease in different V. cholerae serogroups is transported via MVs. PrtV protease is essential for V. cholerae environmental survival and protection from natural predator grazing. We demonstrated that PrtV is primarily translocated via the inner membrane to the periplasmic space, where it undergoes autoproteolysis, and the truncated version of PrtV protein is packaged inside the MVs and released from the surface of bacteria. MV-associated PrtV protease showed a contribution to bacterial resistance towards the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, thereby, enhancing bacterial survival by avoiding this innate immune defense of the host. We also studied another virulence factor of V. cholerae, the pore-forming toxin VCC, which was found to be transported by MVs. MV-associated VCC is biologically active and triggers an autophagic response in the target cells. We suggested that autophagy serves as a cellular defense mechanism against the MV-associated bacterial virulence factor of V. cholerae. Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular and facultative anaerobic food-borne pathogen causing listeriosis. It causes only sporadic outbreaks in healthy individuals, however, it is dangerous for a fetus or newborn child, and for pregnant and immunocompromised people, leading to a deadly infection in one third of the cases. We have analyzed MVs produced by L. monocytogenes and their interaction with eukaryotic cells. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that MVs are internalized into HeLa and HEK293 cells and are accumulated in lysosomes. Moreover, L. monocytogenes produces MVs inside the host cells and even inside the phagosomes. We found that the major virulence factor of L. monocytogenes, the cholesterol-dependent pore-forming protein listeriolysin O (LLO), is entrapped inside the MVs and resides there in an oxidized inactive state. LLO is known to induce autophagy by making pores in the phagosomal membrane of targeted eukaryotic cells. In our studies, we have shown that MVs effectively abrogated autophagy induced by Torin1, by purified LLO or by another pore-forming toxin from V. cholerae. We also found that MVs promote bacterial intracellular survival inside mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, MVs have been shown to have a strong protective activity against host cell necrosis initiated by pore-forming toxin. Taken together, these findings suggested that in vivo MVs production from L. monocytogenes might be a relevant strategy of bacteria to manipulate host responses and to promote bacterial survival inside the host cells.
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Imunogenicidade de antígenos de vesículas de membrana externa (OMVs) de Neisseria meningitidis B associada a lípide catiônico (DDA-BF). / Immunogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis B outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) associated with cationic lipid (DDA-BF).Fabiana Mahylowski Rinaldi 28 April 2014 (has links)
Neisseria meningitidis é um diplococo Gramnegativo, aeróbio e encapsulado, causador mais comum de meningite e septicemia. Este agente é o principal causador de infecções bacterianas invasivas no mundo. Apesar de existirem 13 sorogrupos de N. meningitidis, apenas 6 são capazes de causar infecção: A, B, C, W135, X e Y. O sorogrupo B difere dos outros sorogrupos patogênicos por sua cápsula polissacáride ter composição idêntica ao ácido policiálico, presente em muitas glicoproteínas humanas, particularmente encontrados no tecido cerebral fetal, e bioquimicamente homóloga com a estrutura molecular de adesão do neurônio. Sendo assim, a cápsula polissacáride não pode ser usada em vacinas conjugadas, pois pode causar autoimunidade, sendo pouco imunogênica. Doenças meningocócicas causadas pelos sorogrupos A, C, Y e W135 podem ser prevenidas pelas vacinas que contêm polissacarídeos capsulares específicos conjugados. Para que uma vacina seja eficaz contra o sorogrupo B, é importante que esta abranja todos os sorotipos e seja capaz de promover imunidade duradoura, principalmente em crianças abaixo de dois anos, as mais acometidas. Vacinas baseadas em vesículas de membrana externa (OMVs, do inglês Outer Membrane Vesicles) de N. meningitidis B são amplamente estudadas. No presente estudo, OMVs de meningococo B (B:4:P1.9) foram associadas a um lipídio catiônico, o dioctadecildimetilamônio (DDA-BF) em preparação antigênica testada em camundongos fêmeas não isogênicos, e comparamos os títulos de anticorpos IgG, IgG1, IgG2a e IgG2b com os anticorpos produzidos por camundongos imunizados com a mesma OMVS associada ao hidróxido de alumínio, por ELISA. As análises foram realizadas com soros de cada animal colhidos individualmente, após 60 dias de imunização. A avidez dos anticorpos também foi analisada por ELISA. Immunoblot e Dot-ELISA avaliaram a reação específica entre a cepa homóloga usada na imunização e a reação a antígenos cruzados com outras cepas de meningococo. A hipersensibilidade tardia (HTT) foi comparada entre os dois grupos experimentais, após o desafio com cepa homóloga em uma das patas, depois de 24 horas da injeção, após 14 dias da primeira dose de imunização. / Neisseria meningitidis is an encapsulated Gram-negative aerobic diplococcus, the most commom meningitidis and sepsis agent , and the major bacterial invasive disease agent worldwide. Infections are caused by only 6 of 13 pathogenic serogroups: A,B,C, W135 and Y. Meningococcal serogroup B differs from the other pathogenic serogroups because it has a capsular polysaccharide identical to the polysialic acid present in many human glycoproteins, in particular, it is similar to carbohydrates found in fetal brain tissue. This is the reason that it does not allow the use of polysaccharide protein in conjugate vaccine, and for its low immunogenic. An effective meningococcal B vaccine development should cover all serotypes and be able to promote long term immunity, mainly in children under 2 years, the most affected age. Meningococcal outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) vaccines are widely studied. In this present study, meningococcal serogroup B OMVs (B:4:P1.9) was associated with a cationic lipid, dioctadecyldimetylammonium (DDA-BF) in an antigenic preparation tested in female outbred mice. Individual serum was collected, and antibodies titles IgG, IgG1, IgG2a were compared with animals immunized with OMVs and aluminium hydroxide, analyzed by ELISA. Analyses were carried out 60 days after first immunization. Antibodies avidity index were also analyzed by ELISA. Immunoblot and Dot-ELISA were carried out to evaluate specific reaction for homologous stranis and cross-reactive antigens present in other meningococcal strains. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was compared between two experimental groups, 24 hours before injection of homologous strain challenge.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS AND OUTER MEMBRANE VESICLES AND COMPARATIVE GENOMICS TO IDENTIFY VACCINE CANDIDATES IN FUSOBACTERIUM NECROPHORUMPrabha K Bista (14206271) 02 December 2022 (has links)
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<p><em>Fusobacterium necrophorum</em> is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, opportunistic pathogen that causes necrotic infections in cattle leading to liver abscess, foot rot, and calf diphtheria. Particularly, liver abscess in cattle is reported at 20.7% annually, and leads to liver condemnation and an annual economic burden of about 62 million dollars to the feedlot industry. Antibiotic administration is the mainstay of treating these infections, but antibiotic resistance is unavoidable and demand for antibiotic-free, natural, and organic beef has demanded alternative therapies and preventatives. Vaccination is one of the best alternatives to prophylactic antibiotic administration. In this study, we have explored outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) for potential vaccine candidates. OMPs and OMVs are vaccine targets because of their antigenic properties and host specificity. Additionally, we performed comparative genomic analysis of <em>F. necrophorum</em> species to identify additional virulence genes with vaccine potential, unique to the <em>F. necrophorum</em> and its virulent subspecies <em>necrophorum</em>. </p>
<p>Protein- protein interaction investigation through binding assay and pulldown assay identified novel OMPs, namely 17kDa, 22kDa, and 66.3 kDa proteins, which were further characterized as OmpH, OmpA and Cell Surface Protein (CSP), respectively. In this study, these novel OMPs including previously characterized 43kDa OMPs were cloned, and recombinant proteins were expressed and purified. These recombinant proteins were used to generate polyclonal antibodies in rabbits, and their efficacy was studied using <em>in vitro</em> adhesion inhibition assays. The combination of two or more antibodies raised against the recombinant OMPs was significantly effective in reducing/neutralizing bacterial binding to bovine endothelial cells compared to individual antibody treatment. This suggests that a multiple subunit vaccine could be effective and provide sufficient evidence to perform <em>in vivo</em> studies. </p>
<p>Similarly, we purified OMVs of <em>F. necrophorum</em> subspecies <em>necrophorum</em> 8L1 and analyzed its content using proteomics and lipidomics. Out of 342 proteins identified by tandem liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), OMPs and toxins were the most abundant. These included OMPs and toxins namely, 43 kDa OMP, OmpH, OmpA, CSP, FadA, leukotoxin family filamentous adhesin, N-terminal domain of hemagglutinin and other OMP transport and assembly factor protein. The presence of a subset of these proteins was further confirmed by western blot analysis. Lipidomics analysis showed that OMVs contained phospholipid, sphingolipid, and acetyl carnitine as the main lipid contents. Cytotoxicity assay on BL-3 cell line showed that these OMVs have a toxic effect on host immune cells and could impart immunomodulatory effect. All these findings suggest the vaccine potential of OMVs and demand dose-based <em>in vivo</em> study.</p>
<p>In addition, we identified and characterized 5 clinical isolates of <em>F. necrophorum</em> using comparative genomics, UBCG (Up-to-date Bacterial Core Gene) based analysis enabled phylogenetic characterization of 46 <em>F. necrophorum</em> genomes into subspecies specific clades. The pangenome and recombination analysis showed the extensive disparity in accessory genes resulting in species divergence. Strikingly, we detected antimicrobial resistance gene for macrolides and tetracycline in one strain of <em>F. necrophorum</em>, a harbinger of the start of resistance and necessitating search for an alternative prophylactic method. We also noted common virulence genes, including toxins, outer membrane adhesion proteins, cell envelope, type IV secretion system, ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters and transporter proteins in <em>F. necrophorum</em> strains. A focused study on these genes could help identify the main genes of virulence and inform effective vaccination strategies against fusobacterial infections. </p>
<p>Overall, the studies suggest adhesins and toxin and/or OMV-based subunit vaccine could be potential targets for vaccine development against fusobacterial infections. </p>
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