Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Children have been shown to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of chronic exposure to noise and also aircraft noise. Children attending schools in the vicinity of airports have shown cognitive impairments in reading comprehension, different aspects of memory and attention. This cross-sectional study forms part of a larger longitudinal study conducted at schools in the vicinity of an airport in Durban, South Africa, that was decommissioned and moved. The aim was to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to aircraft noise on children’s memory and attention before the moving of the airport. A purposive sample of 834 grade 5 and 6 learners from 5 schools in noisy and quiet areas near the airport were assessed on aspects of episodic memory, working memory, prospective memory and attention with standardised tests in a classroom context. Performance on working memory and one aspect of episodic memory was significantly better in the group exposed to noise. Prospective memory functioning was significantly better in the quiet group. These results, which to some extent unexpected, may prove important in understanding the effects of chronic noise on different aspects of memory functioning. The results and their implications are discussed in relation to previous studies and theories on the effects of noise on memory functioning.

A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a causa mais comum de demência e é caracterizada clinicamente por comprometimentos cognitivos. Histologicamente é caracterizada pela formação de placas senis e de emaranhados neurofibrilares intracelulares resultantes de alterações do metabolismo do peptídeo A e da hiperfosforilação da proteína tau, respectivamente. Essas alterações parecem, em parte, ser uma decorrência de uma deficiência na sinalização da insulina e conseqüente resistência do encéfalo a esse hormônio, sugerindo que a DA esporádica tenha uma relação com o Diabetes mellitus. A estreptozotocina tem sido utilizada como modelo de indução do Diabetes, e mais recentemente como modelo experimental da DA quando administrado intracerebroventricular. Nosso objetivo nesse estudo foi o de caracterizar o esse modelo experimental da DA induzido pela estreptozotocina, avaliando as conseqüências agudas e a longo prazo. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos de quatro meses de idade que receberam injeções intracerebroventriculares bilaterais de estreptozotocina ou de veículo. Os animais foram avaliados aguda e cronicamente por testes comportamentais de memória de referência e operacional utilizando o modelo do labirinto aquático de Morris que visavam avaliar o curso temporal dos prejuízos cognitivos após a injeção da droga. Em diferentes tempos após as injeções, os ratos foram sacrificados e regiões do encéfalo submetidas à técnica de immunoblotting para avaliação de proteínas indicadoras de neurodegeneração ou à técnica histoquimica pelo método de Fluoro-Jade C. A avaliação da memória operacional em períodos agudos mostrou que os prejuízos cognitivos parecem se instalar a partir de 3 horas da injeção de estreptozotocina. A avaliação crônica das memórias operacional e de referência mostrou que os ratos exibiram um prejuízo marcante no desempenho dessas tarefas ao longo dos testes, embora seja correto afirmar que esses animais ainda são capazes de adquirir informação relevante com relação à execução da tarefa, particularmente na versão de memória de referência. A análise de immunoblotting mostrou haver aumento da expressão do peptídeo beta amilóide significante em regiões como amigdala, córtex entorrinal, núcleos da base e do hipotálamo. Também foi observado um aumento significativo da fosforilação da proteína tau na amigdala, cerebelo, córtex, prosencéfalo basal e núcleos da base. Foi observada uma diminuição da enzima de síntese de acetilcolina, a colina acetil-transferase apenas na amigdala. Fibras em degeneração foram observadas no hipotálamo, na área septal e em neurônios piramidais na região CA1 após 1 dia da injeção de estreptozotocina. Já após 15 dias da injeção podemos observar marcação em neurônios do estriado e da região CA1 do hipocampo e em fibras próximas ao giro denteado. Em resumo a injeção intracerebroventricular de estreptozotocina parece produzir um bom modelo experimental da DA, pois reproduz as características cognitivas e histológicas encontradas nos pacientes com a doença / Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in aged humans. Recent reports have suggested a relationship between the onset of AD and an insulin-resistant brain condition. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats on behavior and neurodegeneration. Four month-old adult male Wistar rats were subjected to bilateral ICV injections of either STZ or vehicle and were tested for both reference and working memories in Morris water maze. After different survival times, rats were subjected to immunoblotting (to evaluate neurodegeneration markers) or to Fluoro-Jade C histochemistry. A marked disruption of performance in working memory was already observed after 3 hours of STZ injections. Immunoblotting analysis showed a significant increase of beta amyloid peptide expression in the amygdala, entorrinal cortex, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus. A significant increase of tau phosphorylation was also observed in the amygdala, cerebellum, cortex, basal forebrain and basal ganglia. Degenerating fibers were seen in the hypothalamus and septal area 1 day postinjection and in CA1 pyramidal neurons and close to the hippocampal dentate gyrus after 15 days. ICV injection of STZ seems therefore to produce an animal model of AD, as it reproduces the characteristic cognitive and histological changes of the disease

Although not all persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) go on to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), MCI is recognized as an early stage of AD. The effects of AD are devastating to all concerned. Research has identified that recognition of AD in its earliest stages and institution of known treatment modalities can forestall the ultimate outcome. Identification of the first subtle signs of MCI can assist in the recognition of this prodromal phase, and allow for institution of therapy while still in the initial stages. Unfortunately, the development of MCI is insidious in nature, thus making it difficult to detect. The purpose of this study was to identify areas of functional decline that occur in MCI in an effort to improve its early identification. A mixed-methods design that combined qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Fifty-three participants with memory complaints were interviewed using a semi structured interview technique with open-ended questions, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and a list of eighty-five items previously identified as indicative of functional decline. Twenty-nine persons were divided into two groups: 1) those identified as probable MCI (consensus diagnosis) (n=15) and possible MCI (based on screening examination) (n=14) and 2) those identified as Normal (no cognitive impairment) (n=10), and their subjective functional deficits compared. The findings suggest that there were certain areas of functional decline more commonly experienced by persons in the MCI group than by unimpaired. These include difficulty recalling details of information and forgetting conversations. There were also other changes identified, such as adaptations on the part of persons with MCI (an increased dependence on memory aids, for example, lists and calendars) and a dec rease in social activities leading to an increase in social isolation. Additionally identified were functional activities that appear to remain intact in persons with early MCI. This study highlights the subtlety with which MCI assaults the functional abilities of individuals, thus making its early identification problematic. The results of this study will contribute by providing information that will help professionals who are assessing persons experiencing memory issues for the possible presence of MCI. Additionally, it is hoped that these findings will assist in the development of a measurement tool designed to assess for possible MCI. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Healthy aging has been associated with declines in executive functioning (EF) but it remains unclear how different subprocesses of EF are affected by age and by other possibly mediating variables. The principal aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of age and processing speed on three executive functions: set-shifting, planning, and attentional control. Four age groups (20-29 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and 80-89 years) were compared on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the DKEFS Tower Test, the Conner's Continuous Performance Test, and a Letter comparison test of processing speed. Results suggested that increased age was associated with decreased performance on most of the studied executive measures, but not all EF are equally affected by age. A slowdown in processing speed mediates some, but not all, decrements in executive performance. The results are interpreted in light of recent neuroimaging data on age-related changes in brain functioning. / by Maria Beatriz Jurado Noboa. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

There are numerous clinical and experimental accounts of retrograde and anterograde amnesia resulting from damage to the hippocampus (HPC). Several theories on the HPC hold that only certain types of recent memories should be affected by HPC damage. These theories do not accurately predict the circumstances within which memories are vulnerable to HPC damage. Here I show the HPC plays a role in the formation and storage of a wider range of memories than is posited in contemporary theories. I will demonstrate that an important factor in elciting retrograde amnesia is the number of similar learning episodes. Exposure to multiple problems in the same task context leads to retorgrade amnesia that is not observed when only one problem is learned under otherwise identical parameters. When multiple discriminations are learned, the output of the HPC blocks recall from and future use of the extra-HPC memory system. / x, 78 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.

Le Plan Alzheimer 2008-2012 a mis en lumière les représentations négatives de la maladie d’Alzheimer et leurs conséquences sur la mise en place de l’alliance thérapeutique. Les travaux récents montrent également l’impact de ces représentations chez des personnes exprimant une plainte mnésique subjective ou présentant des troubles cognitifs légers sans démence. L’objectif de ce projet était de mettre au point un questionnaire évaluant les perceptions des troubles mnésiques et d’analyser ces perceptions dans une population en cours de démarche diagnostique. Nous avons recruté des patients seuls ainsi que des dyades de patients et d’aidants. Nous cherchions à étudier l’influence des perceptions des troubles mnésiques sur l’humeur, les stratégies de coping et la qualité de vie. Les résultats mettent en lumière les facteurs d’entrée dans une démarche de soins ainsi que l’influence significative des perceptions des troubles mnésiques du patient sur ses stratégies de coping et sa qualité de vie. Nous avons également étudié l’influence des perceptions des troubles mnésiques dans une approche dyadique (patient et aidant). Ces analyses dyadiques montrent l’influence des perceptions du patient sur l’humeur et les stratégies de coping de l’aidant et l’influence des perceptions de l’aidant sur la qualité de vie psychique du patient. Ce travail de recherche souligne l’importance de mener des études longitudinales sur l’évolution des perceptions des troubles mnésiques avant et après l’annonce diagnostique afin de proposer des pistes de prise en charge adaptée aux patients et aux aidants. / The 2008-2012 Alzheimer French National Plan has highlighted the negative representations of Alzheimer's disease and their consequences on therapeutic alliance. Recent works also shows the impact of these representations in people with subjective memory complaint or with mild cognitive impairment.This research aims to develop a questionnaire evaluating the perceptions of memory disorders and to analyze these perceptions in a population engaged in a diagnosis process. We recruited a group of patients and a group of patient/caregiver dyads.We investigated the influence of subjective perceptions on mood, coping strategies and quality of life. Participants had to express a memory complaint and to start a diagnosis process at the Memory Center of Nancy. The results highlight the factors to beginning a diagnosis process and the significant influence of perceptions of memory disorders on coping strategies and quality of life. Actual level of cognitive disorders do not seem to be related to perceptions of memory disorders. We also studied the influence of perceptions of memory disorders in a dyadic approach (patient and caregiver). These dyadic analyzes show the influence of patient's perceptions on caregiver's mood and coping strategies and the influence of caregiver's perceptions on patient's quality of life. This research emphasizes the importance of conducting longitudinal studies on the evolution of perceptions of memory disorders before and after the diagnosis, in order to propose psychosocial interventions adapted to patients and caregivers

A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a causa mais comum de demência e é caracterizada clinicamente por comprometimentos cognitivos. Histologicamente é caracterizada pela formação de placas senis e de emaranhados neurofibrilares intracelulares resultantes de alterações do metabolismo do peptídeo A e da hiperfosforilação da proteína tau, respectivamente. Essas alterações parecem, em parte, ser uma decorrência de uma deficiência na sinalização da insulina e conseqüente resistência do encéfalo a esse hormônio, sugerindo que a DA esporádica tenha uma relação com o Diabetes mellitus. A estreptozotocina tem sido utilizada como modelo de indução do Diabetes, e mais recentemente como modelo experimental da DA quando administrado intracerebroventricular. Nosso objetivo nesse estudo foi o de caracterizar o esse modelo experimental da DA induzido pela estreptozotocina, avaliando as conseqüências agudas e a longo prazo. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos de quatro meses de idade que receberam injeções intracerebroventriculares bilaterais de estreptozotocina ou de veículo. Os animais foram avaliados aguda e cronicamente por testes comportamentais de memória de referência e operacional utilizando o modelo do labirinto aquático de Morris que visavam avaliar o curso temporal dos prejuízos cognitivos após a injeção da droga. Em diferentes tempos após as injeções, os ratos foram sacrificados e regiões do encéfalo submetidas à técnica de immunoblotting para avaliação de proteínas indicadoras de neurodegeneração ou à técnica histoquimica pelo método de Fluoro-Jade C. A avaliação da memória operacional em períodos agudos mostrou que os prejuízos cognitivos parecem se instalar a partir de 3 horas da injeção de estreptozotocina. A avaliação crônica das memórias operacional e de referência mostrou que os ratos exibiram um prejuízo marcante no desempenho dessas tarefas ao longo dos testes, embora seja correto afirmar que esses animais ainda são capazes de adquirir informação relevante com relação à execução da tarefa, particularmente na versão de memória de referência. A análise de immunoblotting mostrou haver aumento da expressão do peptídeo beta amilóide significante em regiões como amigdala, córtex entorrinal, núcleos da base e do hipotálamo. Também foi observado um aumento significativo da fosforilação da proteína tau na amigdala, cerebelo, córtex, prosencéfalo basal e núcleos da base. Foi observada uma diminuição da enzima de síntese de acetilcolina, a colina acetil-transferase apenas na amigdala. Fibras em degeneração foram observadas no hipotálamo, na área septal e em neurônios piramidais na região CA1 após 1 dia da injeção de estreptozotocina. Já após 15 dias da injeção podemos observar marcação em neurônios do estriado e da região CA1 do hipocampo e em fibras próximas ao giro denteado. Em resumo a injeção intracerebroventricular de estreptozotocina parece produzir um bom modelo experimental da DA, pois reproduz as características cognitivas e histológicas encontradas nos pacientes com a doença / Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in aged humans. Recent reports have suggested a relationship between the onset of AD and an insulin-resistant brain condition. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats on behavior and neurodegeneration. Four month-old adult male Wistar rats were subjected to bilateral ICV injections of either STZ or vehicle and were tested for both reference and working memories in Morris water maze. After different survival times, rats were subjected to immunoblotting (to evaluate neurodegeneration markers) or to Fluoro-Jade C histochemistry. A marked disruption of performance in working memory was already observed after 3 hours of STZ injections. Immunoblotting analysis showed a significant increase of beta amyloid peptide expression in the amygdala, entorrinal cortex, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus. A significant increase of tau phosphorylation was also observed in the amygdala, cerebellum, cortex, basal forebrain and basal ganglia. Degenerating fibers were seen in the hypothalamus and septal area 1 day postinjection and in CA1 pyramidal neurons and close to the hippocampal dentate gyrus after 15 days. ICV injection of STZ seems therefore to produce an animal model of AD, as it reproduces the characteristic cognitive and histological changes of the disease

M.Tech. (Chiropractic) / Brain hibernation or cerebral dysfunction theory is the diminishing of brain function due to poor blood flow as a result of compression of the vertebral, basilar, internal carotid and subclavian arteries (Buchanan, 2004). Compression is usually due to skeletal malalignment, ligamentous or muscular in origin and correction of this by cervical spine manipulation suggests that the above difficulties may be improved with manipulative and manual techniques (Buchanan, 2005). Thomas and Wood (1992), suggest that there is a correlation between upper cervical adjustments and improved mental function. This has been shown by Shambaugh, Pearlman and Hauck (1991), who showed that after an adjustment, there was an improved brain stem evoked response which indicated that neural messages were travelling through the brain stem quicker or with less delay. Terrett (1993), has proposed that cervical manipulative therapy results in augmented cerebral blood flow, which culminates in hibernating areas of the brain becoming functional again. The higher cognitive skills tend to be affected by the decrease in blood flow. Cognitive skills are vital to the process of learning, spelling and reading. Edublox is a company that has special training programmes to develop these skills to maximise a childs potential. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of cervical manipulations combined with Edublox training versus Edublox training alone on visual spatial memory. The focus of the study would be to determine whether chiropractic cervical manipulation has a significant effect on mental function and visual memory when combined with Edublox training. The study will include a total of 34 participants split into two groups, one receiving Edublox training and the other receiving Edublox training combined with cervical spine manipulations. Participants approximately between the ages of ten and thirteen years of age will be included in this study. The manipulation group will receive spinal manipulative therapy followed by both groups receiving the same Edublox training session to limit variation. The participants shall receive an intense program of Edublox training, every day for the duration of five days and the combined group will receive adjustment every other day. The research will be conducted at the premises of Confidence College. Subjective and objective measurements will be taken at the beginning and at the end of the five days. The subjective measurement will include an Observer Memory Questionnaire – Parent Form that will be completed by the parent of the child based on their view of their child’s memory. The objective measurement will include two sub-tests from the Visual Perceptual Skills Test 3, namely the visual memory (VM) and visual sequential memory (VSM) components.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe and explain the care of older people with dementia in surgical wards from the viewpoints of the patients and their close relatives, nursing staff and physicians. The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage of the study was conducted with a qualitative approach, collecting the data from older people with dementia (n=7), their close relatives (n=5), nursing staff (n=19) and physicians (n=9) using individual and group interviews. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis. The approach in the second stage was quantitative: data were collected with a questionnaire from the nursing staff (n=191). The data were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as explorative factor analysis. The nursing staff stated that responding to the physical, psychological and social needs of patients with dementia requires more effort and time than usual. The nursing staff pointed out that they did not have all the required know-how to provide good care for older people with dementia. The nursing staff with longer work experience indicated doing nothing more often than other nursing staff when encountering challenge behaviour of a patient with dementia. Concerns about well-being of a patient and feeling shame about patient’s behavioural symptoms were causing exhaustion among close relatives. Relatives expected some time for personal dialogue and support from the nursing staff. The patients experienced that they did not get enough information about their own care. The study provides new information that can be used to develop the care of older people with dementia in hospital environment. The results can be utilized in basic, further and updating education in the field of health care. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata ja selittää ikääntyvän muistisairaan potilaan hoitotyötä kirurgisella vuodeosastolla muistisairaiden potilaiden, omaisten, hoitohenkilökunnan ja lääkäreiden näkökulmasta. Tutkimus toteutettiin kahdessa vaiheessa. Ensimmäisen vaiheen lähestymistapa oli kvalitatiivinen eli laadullinen, ja aineisto kerättiin kirurgisilla vuodeosastoilla olevilta muistisairailta potilailta (n=7), omaisilta (n=5), hoitohenkilökunnalta (n=19) ja lääkäreiltä (n=9) yksilö-, pari- ja ryhmähaastatteluina. Aineisto analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällön analyysilla. Tutkimuksen toisen vaiheen lähestymistapa oli kvantitatiivinen eli määrällinen, ja aineisto kerättiin kyselylomakkeella kirurgisilla vuodeosastoilla työskentelevältä hoitohenkilökunnalta (n=191). Aineisto analysoitiin käyttäen kuvailevan tilastotieteen menetelmiä sekä eksploratiivista faktorianalyysia. Ikääntyvän muistisairaan potilaan hoitotyössä korostui fyysiseen, psyykkiseen ja sosiaaliseen avuntarpeeseen vastaaminen, joka vaati keskimääräistä enemmän aika- ja henkilöstöresursseja. Hoitohenkilökunta toi esille, ettei heillä ollut tarvittavaa tieto-taitoa muistisairaiden potilaiden hoitamiseen. Hoitajat, joilla oli pitkä työkokemus reagoivat muistisairaan potilaan käytösoireisiin muita hoitajia välinpitämättömämmin. Huoli potilaan voinnista ja häpeän tunne potilaan käytösoireista aiheuttivat puolestaan omaisen uupumista. Omaiset kaipasivatkin henkilökunnalta keskusteluapua ja tukea. Potilaat taas kokivat, etteivät he saaneet tarpeeksi tietoa hoitoaan koskevista asioita. Tutkimuksella tuotetaan uutta tietoa, jonka avulla voidaan kehittää ikääntyvän muistisairaan potilaan hoitotyötä sairaalaympäristössä. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää terveydenhuoltoalan perus-, jatko- ja täydennyskoulutuksessa.