Kontext, värderingar och människors personliga tyckande är något som alltid kommer vara en del av samhället. Stadsplaneringen är en komplex process där olika viljor och intressen konkurrerar och stadsplanerare som tjänstepersoner har en viktig roll. Detta arbete strävar efter att undersöka hur kontext och värderingar påverkar de val stadsplanerare gör i sin vardag. I studien presenteras tre teorier som beskriver kontext och värderingsaspekter i de mänskliga systemen. Med stöd från dessa teorier skapades ett antal experimentella intervjufrågor och tre stycken djupintervjuer genomfördes med stadsplanerare som arbetar inom Stockholms län. Resultatet från de kvalitativa intervjuerna visade att kontext och värderingar spelar roll för stadsplaneringens slutresultat och att speciellt kontext i form av arbetsorganisation har betydelse. På grund av arbetets experimentella karaktär kunde inga allmänna slutsatser kring planerarrollen att dras. En del av arbetet var att testa ifall de valda teorierna och den valda kvalitativa forskningsmetoden var användbara för att undersöka hur de olika aspekterna kring kontext och värderingar hanteras av stadsplanerare. Metoden fungerade någorlunda, men vissa av intervjufrågorna bör utvecklas något. Alternativa metoder, såsom exempelvis fokusgrupper, diskuteras i slutet av arbetet. / Context, values and people's personal opinions are something that will always be a part of society. Urban planning is a complex process where different wills and interests compete and urban planners as officials have an important role. This work strives to investigate how context and values affect the choices city planners make in their everyday lives. The study presents three theories that describe context and value aspects in the human systems. With the support of these theories, a number of experimental interview questions were created and three in-depth interviews were conducted with city planners working in Stockholm County. The results from the qualitative interviews showed that context and values play a role in the end result of urban planning and that special context in the form of work organization is important. Due to the experimental nature of the work, no general conclusions about the planner role could be drawn. Part of the work was to test whether the chosen theories and the chosen qualitative research method were useful to investigate how the various aspects of context and values are handled by city planners. The method worked reasonably well, but some of the interview questions should be developed somewhat. Alternative methods, such as focus groups, are discussed at the end of the work.

Practical drift is defined as the unintentional adaptation of routine behaviors from written procedure. The occurrence of practical drift can result in catastrophic disaster in high-reliability organizations (e.g. the military, emergency medicine, space exploration). Given the lack of empirical research on practical drift, this research sought to develop a better understanding by investigating ways to assess and stop the process in high-reliability organizations. An introductory literature review was conducted to investigate the variables that play a role in the occurrence of practical drift in teams. Research was guided by the input-throughput-output model of team adaptation posed by Burke, Stagl, Salas, Pierce, and Kendall (2006). It demonstrates relationships supported by the results of the literature review and the Burke and colleagues (2006) model denoting potential indicators of practical drift in teams. Research centralized on the core processes and emergent states of the adaptive cycle; namely, shared mental models, team situation awareness, and coordination. The resulting model shows the relationship of procedure—practice coupling demands misfit and maladaptive violations of procedure being mediated by shared mental models, team situation awareness, and coordination. Shared mental models also lead to team situation awareness, and both depict a mutual, positive relationship with coordination. The cycle restarts when an error caused by maladaptive violations of procedure creates a greater misfit between procedural demands and practical demands. This movement toward a theory of practical drift in teams provides a conceptual framework and testable propositions for future research to build from, giving practical avenues to predict and prevent accidents resulting from drift in high-reliability organizations. Suggestions for future research are also discussed, including possible directions to explore. By examining the relationships reflected in the new model, steps can be taken to counteract organizational failures in the process of practical drift in teams.

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Denna studie undersökte hur den mentala modellen av ett säkert mail ser ut hos en användare som inte har tidigare träning inom informationssäkerhet. Deltagarna testades först en gång och fick sedan ta del av träningsmaterial om phishing, och blev sen testade igen för att se hur den mentala modellen förändrades. Detta uppnåddes med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Deltagarna blev tilldelade en roll att spela och visades sedan mail och blev ombedda att säga hur de, i sin roll, skulle hantera mailet. Intervjun var sedan strukturerad kring deras svar. Intervjuerna transkriberades ordagrant och analyserades med en innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att före träning så bestod den mentala modellen av temana mailadress, bekantskap, utseende, relevans, länkar och språk. Efter träningen bestod den mentala modellen av temana mailadress, bekantskap, utseende, relevans, länkar, språk, filformat, begärd information och kontrollerbarhet.

An experiment was conducted investigating the utility of teamwork exercises and problem structure for promoting technological problem solving in a student team context. The teamwork exercises were designed for participants to experience a high level of psychomotor coordination and cooperation with their teammates. The problem structure treatment was designed based on small group research findings on brainstorming, information processing, and problem formulation. First-year college engineering students (N = 294) were randomly assigned to three levels of team size (2, 3, or 4 members) and two treatment conditions: teamwork exercises and problem structure (N = 99 teams). In addition, the study included three non-manipulated, independent variables: team gender, team temperament, and team teamwork orientation. Teams were measured on technological problem solving through two conceptually related technological tasks or engineering design activities: a computer bridge task and a truss model task. The computer bridge score and the number of computer bridge design iterations, both within subjects factors (time), were recorded in pairs over four 30-minute intervals. For the last two intervals with the computer bridge, teams started construction of the truss model task, which created low and high task load conditions for the computer bridge: another within subjects factor. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze time (computer bridge) by factor interactions. No significant time by teamwork exercises or time by problem structure interactions on computer bridge scores were found [F(2.31, 198.46) = 0.10, p = .928; F(2.31, 198.46) = 0.03, p = .984]. There was a significant interaction between the factors of time and team size [F(4.62, 198.46) = 2.75, p = .023]. An ANOVA was conducted with the between subject factors on the truss model task. A significant main effect was found for teamwork exercises [F(1, 86) = 2.84, p = .048, one-tailed], but not for problem structure or team size. Post hoc analyses were conducted for team size on computer bridge and iteration scores over time, as well as teamwork exercises effects for each team size. Findings and their implications were reported, along with suggestions for future research on technological problem solving in a team context. / Ph. D.

The increasing scope and speed of biological invasions around the world is a major concern of the modern environmental conservation movement. Although many ecological impacts of biological invasions are still not well understood, there is a general consensus that exotic, invasive species are a primary driver of extinctions globally. By altering ecosystem structure and function, invasive species also affect human quality of life; however, not all impacts lead to negative outcomes. Given that invasive species have diverse impacts on society, their management in human-dominated landscapes is a wicked problem wherein the resolution is as much an issue of social value as technical capacity. The purpose of my research was to understand the propensity for engaging private landowners in an effort to eradicate an invasive species on an inhabited island. Specifically, I investigated private landowner perspectives on eradicating the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) from the Tierra del Fuego (TDF) island archipelago in Argentina and Chile. The beaver was introduced in 1946 and has since become a central conservation issue due to its long-lasting changes to local hydrology, nutrient cycling, riparian vegetation, food webs, and aquatic and terrestrial species assemblages. Because eradication requires near complete cooperation from stakeholders and no research had been conducted to understand the perspectives or willingness of private landowners to cooperate, my objectives were to: 1) characterize the links private landowners make between the presence of beavers and impacts to the ecosystem services in their riparian areas, and 2) explore the role of a market-based incentive program to increase landowner cooperation in eradication efforts. Through semi-structured interviews, I elicited landowner mental models of how beavers impact the ecosystem services they receive from their riparian lands. I found that TDF ranchers prioritized provisioning ecosystem services, and held diverse and idiosyncratic beliefs about how beavers influence these outcomes. TDF ranchers may not recognize the beaver as a highly salient problem because they do not connect them to reductions in ecosystem services that are important to them. Among those who do perceive beavers affecting important ecosystem services, there is no clear, unified understanding of how the beavers disturb the ecosystem and key ecosystem services. Additionally, in a broadly administered survey, I used a factorial vignettes to examine the role of program structure and other program-related factors on landowners' willingness to participate in a voluntary eradication program. Overall, landowners were willing to cooperate in an incentive program to eradicate beavers. They were positively motivated by greater financial compensation, an increased expectation that the program would be successful, and the program assuming full responsibility for its implementation. Other factors returned mixed results indicating that further research may be required. In diverse, human-inhabited, and privately-owned landscapes, conservation requires collective action—i.e., the high threshold of participation needed for eradication to be achieved. Understanding the knowledge systems that cause landowners to perceive value or risk serves as a first step in understanding behaviors, and can also serve as a framework for crafting more effective outreach, as current communication about the beaver and the proposed eradication may not resonate with private landowners. Further, barriers to inaction can be overcome by understanding landowner needs and how program-related factors influence the potential for cooperation. In sum, by putting human needs at the forefront of program design, conservation planners can better understand stakeholder perspectives, reduce barriers to participation, and ultimately increase cooperation and improve conservation outcomes. / Master of Science

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Anwendung des Groupware Systems cAR/PE!, das auf der Mixed Reality Technologie basiert. cAR/PE! wurde im Forschungszentrum Ulm der Daimler- Chrysler AG speziell für Ingenieure entwickelt, die in verteilten Gruppen zusammenarbeiten. Im Rahmen zweier Studien fand eine Testung der Software in verschiedenen Werken der DaimlerChrysler AG statt. Interviews mit verteilt arbeitenden Ingenieuren als auch deren Beobachtung bei Projektmeetings bildeten die Grundlage für die Konzeption beider Studien. In der ersten Studie wurde der erste Prototyp von cAR/PE! untersucht. Hierbei zeigte sich kein signifikanter Unterschied in der Lösungsgüte von Gruppen, die eine Aufgabe mit geringer Komplexität in cAR/PE! oder in einem realen Meeting zu bearbeiten hatten. Bei der Bearbeitung der komplexen Konstruktionsaufgabe schnitten Gruppen in realen Meetings besser als cAR/PE!-Meeting Gruppen ab. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse dieser ersten Studie wurde cAR/PE! Zu cAR/PE!2 weiterentwickelt und in einer zweiten Studie wiederum evaluiert. Die zweite Studie bestand aus zwei Forschungsbedingungen, in denen die Gruppen die komplexe Konstruktionsaufgabe amphibious car bearbeiten mussten. Unter der ersten Forschungsbedingung schnitten reale Meetings2 Gruppen weiterhin signifikant besser als cAR/PE!2-Gruppen ab. Der Problemlöseprozess dieser Gruppen war vergleichbar und somit nicht mehr - wie in der ersten Studie - strukturell unterschiedlich. Die Unterschiede in der Lösungsgüte lassen sich vielmehr auf die stärkere softwarebedingte Beeinträchtigung durch die Nutzung von cAR/PE!2 zurückführen. Unter der zweiten Forschungsbedingung wurde der Einfluss der Arbeitsumgebung auf die Qualität der Gruppenarbeit untersucht. Die Arbeitsumgebung weist einen direkten, allerdings nicht signifikanten Einfluss auf den Problemlöseprozess der Gruppen auf. Somit konnte abgeleitet werden, dass die Arbeitsumgebung für eine erfolgreiche Kommunikation lediglich relevante Informationen für die Problemlösung und die Bestimmung des Sprecherortes beinhalten sollte. Auf der theoretischen Ebene konnte das mit task awareness erweiterte Rahmenmodell von Vertegaal et al. (1997) untermauert werden. Außerdem erwies sich das Model for the elements of distributed group work als sehr geeignet zur strukturierten Darstellung von Unterschieden in Gruppenarbeit. Auf der praktischen Ebene wurde cAR/PE! durch die Ergebnisse beider Studien weiterentwickelt und etablierte sich als Groupware System in den Werken bei der Daimler-Chrysler AG zwischen Sindelfingen und Bremen. / The aim of this thesis is to examine the use of the groupware system cAR/PE!, which is based on Mixed Reality technology. cAR/PE! was developed at the DaimlerChrylser Research Center in Ulm dedicated to distributed engineering group work and subsequently tested in two studies at various plants of DaimlerChrysler AG. Interviews and observations of engineer meetings in distributed project groups provided the basis for the conception of the two empirical studies. In the first study the first cAR/PE! prototype was tested. The study confirmed that less complex tasks could be solved equally well in both a conventional meeting room and in cAR/PE! Meetings. However, when solving a complex task, the conventional meeting was more favorable than cAR/PE!. These results were exploited for further developments of cAR/PE! resulting in cAR/PE!2. In the second study, the modifications were evaluated under two conditions to solve the complex design task amphibious car. Under the first condition, groups were still better at solving a complex task under the conventional meeting2 condition compared with cAR/PE!2, even the problem-solving processes were comparable and no longer structurally different than in the first study. The differences in the group results were caused by the software when using cAR/PE!2. Under the second condition, the influence of the meeting workspace was tested; this had a direct influence on the problem-solving processes of the groups, but the result was not significant. However, from this outcome it was deduced that only the relevant information for the tasks and the physical placement of the speaker leads to a successful conversation. On the theoretical level, the enhancement of the framework developed by Vertegaal et al. (1997) introducing the concept of task awareness and the appropriateness of the Model for the elements of distributed group work were confirmed. On the practical level, cAR/PE!2 was improved based on the results of both studies, then implemented and established as a permanent running groupware system between DaimlerChrysler´s plants in Sindelfingen and Bremen.