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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo pesquisar o jogo Set Junior em um contexto de oficina de jogos, analisando processos de aprendizagem e propondo atividades de intervencao em criancas de 3 a 10 anos (N=154). Este e fundamentado na Teoria das Correspondencias de J. Piaget e no modelo de Funcoes Executivas de A. Diamond. Os participantes foram divididos em tres grupos: Alfa (3 a 4 anos e 11 meses), Beta (5 a 6 anos e 11 meses) e Gama (7, 8 e 9 anos e 11 meses). As oficinas de jogos ocorreram ao longo de dois semestres, totalizando 24 encontros, e foram registradas em fotos e videos. O jogo SET Junior e derivado do Jogo SET. E composto por 27 cartas diferenciadas em tres atributos (cor, forma e quantidade) com tres qualidades cada e dois tabuleiros. O desafio proposto no Tabuleiro A e de emparelhar cartas com o objetivo de formar uma linha, coluna ou diagonal de tres cartas para pontuar. Ja o desafio proposto pelo Tabuleiro B e de formar Sets ou trios de cartas segundo a regra de que as qualidades dos atributos sejam agrupadas pelas semelhancas ou diferencas entre si. A partir deste jogo foram criadas duas atividades, denominadas Parear Cartas e Piscadela. A primeira consiste em encontrar a posicao das cartas no tabuleiro A e a segunda e de descartar as cartas da mao, justificando a jogada pela semelhanca ou diferenca entre as qualidades da carta do monte e da que foi descartada. Para a analise dos dados foram criados protocolos, um para cada atividade. No Tabuleiro A buscou-se verificar se as jogadas que geravam pontuacoes multiplas foram planejadas ou nao. Verificou-se uma maior evolucao no Grupo Alfa, porem somente alguns participantes do Grupo Beta foram capazes de identificar a possibilidade de pontuacao maxima em uma unica jogada. No Tabuleiro B buscou-se qual tipo de Set ou trio foi o mais formado. No Grupo Alfa os Sets com mais qualidades iguais foram os que apareceram com maior frequencia. No Grupo Beta, foi possivel verificar a formacao de Sets com qualidades unidas pela diferenca no final do processo de intervencao. Ja no Grupo Gama a distribuicao por tipo de trio foi homogenea. Na atividade Parear Cartas buscou-se compreender como os participantes enfrentaram o problema. Destacou-se o Grupo Alfa com trocas e desistencias em emparelhar cartas. Na atividade Piscadela, verificaramse os tipos de jogadas e as justificativas dadas pelos participantes. As jogadas foram sequenciais com uma carta apos a outra no Grupo Alfa, descartes de mais de uma carta para o Grupo Beta e justificativas mais completas no grupo Gama. Estas quatro atividades foram praticadas em mais de uma oficina. Estes resultados indicaram que houve evolucao em todos os tres grupos de criancas no enfrentamento das atividades nos diferentes momentos. Eles tornaram-se mais habeis no planejamento, argumentacao e resolucao dos problemas. Considera-se esta pesquisa relevante para a area de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem sobretudo com relacao a analise dos processos de aprendizagem e enfrentamento de problemas / The objective of this study was to investigate the SET Game Junior in a context of games workshop, by analyzing learning processes and proposing intervention activities for children from 3 to 10 years old (N=154). This work is based on J. Piagets Correspondence Theory and A. Diamonds Executive Functions model. Participants were divided into three groups: Alpha (3 to 4,11 years old), Beta (5 to 6,11 years old) and Gamma (7, 8 and 9,11 years old). The workshops occurred over two semesters, totaling 24 meetings. They were recorded in photos and videos. The SET Game Junior is derived from the SET Game. It is composed of 27 cards differentiated into three features (color, shape and number) with three features parts each, and two table boards. The challenge proposed on Board A is to pair cards with the objective of forming a line, column or diagonal of three cards to score. The challenge proposed on Board B is to form Sets of three cards according to the rule that the features parts are grouped by similarities or differences between them. Two activities were created from this game, called Parear Cartas (matching cards) and Piscadela (blink). The first one consists of finding the position of the cards on the board A and the second one consists of discarding the hands cards, justifying the play by the similarity or difference between the features parts of the card on the table and the one that was discarded. Protocols were crated for the data analysis for each activity. On Board A we investigated if the plays that generated multiple scores were planned or not. It was verified greater evolution in the Alpha Group, but just a few Beta Group participants were able to identify the possibility of maximum score in a single play. On Board B, we attempted to identify which type of Set was the most frequently formed. In the Alpha Group the Sets with more similarities were the most frequent. In the Beta Group, it was possible to verify the Sets with the features parts linked by the difference at the end of the intervention process. In the Gamma Group, the distribution by kind of Set was homogeneous. In the Parear Cartas activity, we attempted to understand how the participants faced the problem proposed. It is worth to highlight the Alpha Group with exchanges in matching cards and abandonment of the activity. In the Piscadela activity, it was analyzed the types of plays and the justifications given by the participants. The plays were sequential with one card after other in the Alpha Group, more than one card were discarded simultaneously in the Beta Group and more complete justifications were given in the Gamma Group. These four activities were carried out in more than one workshop. These results indicated that there was an evolution in all three groups of children in facing the activities at the different moments. They became more skilled in planning, argumentation and problem solving. This research is relevant to the area of development and learning, especially in relation to learning processes and problem facing

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo pesquisar o jogo Set Junior em um contexto de oficina de jogos, analisando processos de aprendizagem e propondo atividades de intervencao em criancas de 3 a 10 anos (N=154). Este e fundamentado na Teoria das Correspondencias de J. Piaget e no modelo de Funcoes Executivas de A. Diamond. Os participantes foram divididos em tres grupos: Alfa (3 a 4 anos e 11 meses), Beta (5 a 6 anos e 11 meses) e Gama (7, 8 e 9 anos e 11 meses). As oficinas de jogos ocorreram ao longo de dois semestres, totalizando 24 encontros, e foram registradas em fotos e videos. O jogo SET Junior e derivado do Jogo SET. E composto por 27 cartas diferenciadas em tres atributos (cor, forma e quantidade) com tres qualidades cada e dois tabuleiros. O desafio proposto no Tabuleiro A e de emparelhar cartas com o objetivo de formar uma linha, coluna ou diagonal de tres cartas para pontuar. Ja o desafio proposto pelo Tabuleiro B e de formar Sets ou trios de cartas segundo a regra de que as qualidades dos atributos sejam agrupadas pelas semelhancas ou diferencas entre si. A partir deste jogo foram criadas duas atividades, denominadas Parear Cartas e Piscadela. A primeira consiste em encontrar a posicao das cartas no tabuleiro A e a segunda e de descartar as cartas da mao, justificando a jogada pela semelhanca ou diferenca entre as qualidades da carta do monte e da que foi descartada. Para a analise dos dados foram criados protocolos, um para cada atividade. No Tabuleiro A buscou-se verificar se as jogadas que geravam pontuacoes multiplas foram planejadas ou nao. Verificou-se uma maior evolucao no Grupo Alfa, porem somente alguns participantes do Grupo Beta foram capazes de identificar a possibilidade de pontuacao maxima em uma unica jogada. No Tabuleiro B buscou-se qual tipo de Set ou trio foi o mais formado. No Grupo Alfa os Sets com mais qualidades iguais foram os que apareceram com maior frequencia. No Grupo Beta, foi possivel verificar a formacao de Sets com qualidades unidas pela diferenca no final do processo de intervencao. Ja no Grupo Gama a distribuicao por tipo de trio foi homogenea. Na atividade Parear Cartas buscou-se compreender como os participantes enfrentaram o problema. Destacou-se o Grupo Alfa com trocas e desistencias em emparelhar cartas. Na atividade Piscadela, verificaramse os tipos de jogadas e as justificativas dadas pelos participantes. As jogadas foram sequenciais com uma carta apos a outra no Grupo Alfa, descartes de mais de uma carta para o Grupo Beta e justificativas mais completas no grupo Gama. Estas quatro atividades foram praticadas em mais de uma oficina. Estes resultados indicaram que houve evolucao em todos os tres grupos de criancas no enfrentamento das atividades nos diferentes momentos. Eles tornaram-se mais habeis no planejamento, argumentacao e resolucao dos problemas. Considera-se esta pesquisa relevante para a area de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem sobretudo com relacao a analise dos processos de aprendizagem e enfrentamento de problemas / The objective of this study was to investigate the SET Game Junior in a context of games workshop, by analyzing learning processes and proposing intervention activities for children from 3 to 10 years old (N=154). This work is based on J. Piagets Correspondence Theory and A. Diamonds Executive Functions model. Participants were divided into three groups: Alpha (3 to 4,11 years old), Beta (5 to 6,11 years old) and Gamma (7, 8 and 9,11 years old). The workshops occurred over two semesters, totaling 24 meetings. They were recorded in photos and videos. The SET Game Junior is derived from the SET Game. It is composed of 27 cards differentiated into three features (color, shape and number) with three features parts each, and two table boards. The challenge proposed on Board A is to pair cards with the objective of forming a line, column or diagonal of three cards to score. The challenge proposed on Board B is to form Sets of three cards according to the rule that the features parts are grouped by similarities or differences between them. Two activities were created from this game, called Parear Cartas (matching cards) and Piscadela (blink). The first one consists of finding the position of the cards on the board A and the second one consists of discarding the hands cards, justifying the play by the similarity or difference between the features parts of the card on the table and the one that was discarded. Protocols were crated for the data analysis for each activity. On Board A we investigated if the plays that generated multiple scores were planned or not. It was verified greater evolution in the Alpha Group, but just a few Beta Group participants were able to identify the possibility of maximum score in a single play. On Board B, we attempted to identify which type of Set was the most frequently formed. In the Alpha Group the Sets with more similarities were the most frequent. In the Beta Group, it was possible to verify the Sets with the features parts linked by the difference at the end of the intervention process. In the Gamma Group, the distribution by kind of Set was homogeneous. In the Parear Cartas activity, we attempted to understand how the participants faced the problem proposed. It is worth to highlight the Alpha Group with exchanges in matching cards and abandonment of the activity. In the Piscadela activity, it was analyzed the types of plays and the justifications given by the participants. The plays were sequential with one card after other in the Alpha Group, more than one card were discarded simultaneously in the Beta Group and more complete justifications were given in the Gamma Group. These four activities were carried out in more than one workshop. These results indicated that there was an evolution in all three groups of children in facing the activities at the different moments. They became more skilled in planning, argumentation and problem solving. This research is relevant to the area of development and learning, especially in relation to learning processes and problem facing

This study has two aims and addresses two areas of investigation. The first aim is to examine, in four novels and their textual worlds, what role is played by collective self-images and essentialist identities in maintaining power structures in regard to gender, class, norms for mental functions, and ethnicity. Whether, and if so, how, the novel’s deconstruction of language and images can function as resistance to hegemonic oppression? What does the encounter between the privileged collective and the marginalized look like in the novel, and what happens in this encounter? The project’s second aim is to probe what criticism of, and what strategies for resistance to, various power structures reading can provide. To what extent is it possible to speak of responsibility for, and in, the reading of fictional works? What role is played by the (un)expected and the conditionality in the poetical novel’s ethical demands on the reader? What might reading as an ethical practice mean and entail? The dual aim situates this dissertation in an interdisciplinary field between ethics, literary studies and aesthetics. In this study despair is the fundament on which the ethical reader stands to approach literature. Rather than discovering meanings, finding examples, or experiencing empathy, it is being engaged in the conditions determined by suffering and injustice that constitutes ethical reading. The novels Drömfakulteten (The Dream Faculty) by Sara Stridsberg, Hevonen häst (Hevonen Horse) by Annika Korpi, Montecore by Jonas Hassen Khemiri, and Personliga pronomen (Personal Pronouns) by Daniel Sjölin comprise the material for the study. They are analysed in terms of deconstructive hermeneutics. Theories brought to bear are primarily Gayatri Spivak’s post-colonial and Emmanuel Levinas’ phenomenological thinking about ethics, together with ideas from, among others, Derek Attridge, Judith Butler, and Sara Ahmed. The readings of the novels are done via four points of entry: identity, the body, the human, and the post-political, as part of the project’s work process, with each reading leading to new questions and critical interventions. The analysis points to a responsibility in relation to identity, a practice where oneself is shifted and transformed. This responsibility also encompasses accountability for the normative orders that need to be changed. Literary projects per se cannot achieve this, but they can be read as a stab at resistance, material for the reader to elaborate upon. This responsibility is an ethical practice that is not completed, that has uncertainty inscribed in its very essence, and that is reinvigorated with each new reading.

Notre thèse étudie les conditions favorables à l’autonomisation scolaire des élèves. L’étude empirique est menée en grande section de maternelle. Dans la plupart des situations de formation, les temps « d'autonomie » sont structurellement inévitables puisque le formateur ne peut être présent pour tous à chaque instant. Nous nous intéressons aux temps de classe au cours desquels l’enseignant n’intervient pas directement, soit parce qu’il n’est pas disponible, soit parce qu’il se retire volontairement de la situation. Nous les appelons temps faibles en raison de cette faible présence de l’enseignant : l’élève doit agir en fonction de ses propres forces, sans l’intervention directe du maître pour réguler l’apprentissage et les comportements. Il appert que les élèves n’y sont pas naturellement autonomes : laissées au hasard de capacités acquises hors l’école, les activités dites « en autonomie » contribuent à creuser les écarts entre les élèves face aux savoirs qui leurs sont proposés. L’autonomie ferait partie de ces comportements implicitement attendus et « davantage supposés ou requis par les enseignants que construits dans, avec et par l’école ». Comment penser le processus d’autonomisation scolaire et comment l’opérationnaliser en contexte ordinaire de classe ? Nous cherchons les outils, les leviers, les interactions et les dispositifs qui permettraient aux élèves, – à tous les élèves – de profiter des temps faibles au bénéfice de leurs apprentissages. Les données sont recueillies dans 14 classes sur 117 demi-journées d’observation directe, puis traitées à l’aide de l’analyse par les catégories conceptualisantes (Paillé, 2012). Dans la perspective (socio)constructiviste de l’apprentissage, pour construire un savoir nouveau, l’élève doit rencontrer un obstacle dans la réalisation de la tâche, l’apprentissage résultant du dépassement de celui-ci. Nous relevons des comportements différenciés face à l’obstacle dans les ateliers en autonomie : certains élèves entrent dans des conduites d’évitement, refusant d’affronter cet obstacle, s’en trouvant détournés en amont ou bien le contournant. D’autres, au contraire, entrent dans des conduites de ressources pour le dépasser et construire de nouvelles connaissances. En cours d’étude apparaissent des dynamiques remarquables : certains élèves, d’habitude « évitants », rejoignent ou se maintiennent parfois dans des conduites de ressources. L’étude de ces « exceptions notables » fait émerger les conditions favorables ayant permis leur dynamique particulière en termes d’outils, d’activités, d’interactions et de dispositifs. Ce qui aura pu fonctionner au bénéfice des exceptions notables pourrait être exploité comme levier pédagogique durable au bénéfice de tous. Ces conditions deviennent alors supposées favorables et sont réinvesties dans des dispositifs expérimentaux afin d’observer si elles produisent les effets attendus, dans quelle mesure et selon quelles limites (analyse des dispositifs expérimentaux par une adaptation du modèle systémique d’Engeström, 1987). Il apparait clairement que le processus d’autonomisation, en contexte scolaire de classe hétérogène et nombreuse, s’observe et se construit de façon privilégiée dans les temps faibles de la structuration pédagogique et leur articulation avec les temps forts, notamment les retours collectifs sur ateliers. Une pédagogie des temps faibles supposerait que soit accordé à ceux-ci un véritable statut pédagogique, en tant qu’étape et instrument essentiels au processus d’autonomisation scolaire. Une telle pédagogie supposerait également d’organiser avec soin les interventions de l’enseignant en mode opératoire indirect, au travers d’un dispositif de classe qui le relaie et dont les différentes dispositions (outils, règles, activités, interactions) peuvent « être appropriées » par l’élève comme instruments psychologiques pour agir sur lui-même, en première personne. ..... / This dissertation studies favorable conditions to empowerment of pupils. The empirical study was carried out in the final year of kindergarten. In most learning/teaching situations, "autonomy moments" are structurally inevitable since the teacher cannot be systematically available to everyone all the time. Interest is focused on moments during which the teacher does not directly intervene, either because he/she is not available or because he/she voluntarily withdraws from the learning situation. We call these moments "low times" because of the teacher's low presence: during these specific moments, each student responds according to his own strengths without the teacher's direct intervention to regulate both learning and behavior. It appears that students are not naturally autonomous: when left unattended, the so-called "autonomous" learning activities contribute to widening the knowledge gap between students in learning situations. Autonomy would be part of this implicitly expected behavior and is "all the more expected and required from teachers rather than being constructed in, with and by school". How can student empowerment be perceived and operationalized in an ordinary class context? Our goal is to identify tools, levers, interactions and devices which enable students to benefit from "low times" for their own learning. The data are collected in 14 classes in 117 half-days of direct observation. Socio-constructivist approach to learning suggests that in order to construct new knowledge, the student must encounter an obstacle in the course of accomplishing his task. Learning results from overcoming this obstacle. We highlight differentiated behaviors of students when facing obstacles in autonomy classroom workshops: some resort to avoidance strategies and refuse to deal with this obstacle by bypassing or circumventing it. Conversely, others draw on (their own) resources in order to overcome it and construct new knowledge. During the study period, remarkable dynamics appear: some students, with usually an "avoidant" attitude, join or maintain a "drawing on resource conduct". The study of the "notable exceptions" leads to the emergence of the favorable conditions which fostered this particular dynamic in terms of tools, activities, interactions and devices. What would have worked to the benefit of the notable exceptions could be further used as a sustainable and pedagogical lever to the benefit of all students. These conditions become then supposedly favorable and are reinvested in experimental devices in order to see if they produce the expected effects, to which extent and within what limits? Il clearly appears that the empowerment process, in classroom context of a large and heterogeneous class, is developed in a special way in "low times" of pedagogical structuration and their articulation with "strong times", notably collective feedbacks on workshops. A pedagogy of "low times" entails providing the teacher with substantial pedagogical status, which would be a crucial step as well as an instrument in the school empowerment process. Such pedagogy would also entail carefully organizing teacher's intervention in an indirect mode, through a class device which would relay it through its various dispositions (tools, rules, activities, interactions). The student would then internalize these dispositions as psychological instruments in referring to oneself in the first person. This pedagogy would finally entail a redefinition of teacher's role: his/her apparent "absence" from the situation which would paradoxically become, a teaching-learning tool to the benefit of school empowerment.