Drawing on the ideas of J.G. Fichte and M. Merleau-Ponty, I argue that experience and freedom are intersubjective, linguistic, and bodily. In the first chapter, I take up Fichte's three "fundamental principles" from the Science of Knowledge alongside his ideas of embodiment and intersubjectivity from the Foundations of Natural Right to show that all experience is an indefinite mixture of self and not-self, and, therefore, that both the experiences of self-consciousness and its freedom must also be accomplished with reference to the not-self, and particularly others. The second chapter is an examination of Merleau-Ponty's account of expression in his Phenomenology of Perception. The key insight I pursue here is that the medium of expression, which makes possible all significance, is bodily and intersubjective, and that any expressive act is therefore both self-opaque and soliciting cooperation. In the end, I turn to how this cooperation, i.e. freedom, should be enacted.

Figure majeure de la scène contemporaine, tant sociale que conceptuelle, le corps est à la fois au centre de tout un discours "corporéïste" (qui en fait le lieu du sujet et travaille à le rendre le plus transparent possible à l'identité individuelle) et investi par des pratiques médicales bénéficiant de moyens techniques jusqu'alors inédits, tendant de plus en plus à l'instrumentaliser. A partir de ce double constat, nous avons choisi d'interroger trois exemples de biotechnologies, les greffes, les techniques de chirurgie esthétique et celles des procréations médicalement assistées mettant en évidence la variété de l'intervention technique, l'humanisation ou l'aliénation qu'elle rend possible. La phénoménologie, et notamment la notion de "corps propre" dégagée par Merleau Ponty nous permettra d'affiner notre compréhension de la corporéïté, avant de confronter la pensée du philosophe au concret des pratiques évoquées et d'examiner si les concepts phénoménologiques permettent d'articuler la rencontre du corps et de la technique et de poser des balises éthiques à certaines interventions médicales.

Artistic meaning via visual art and literary fiction is debated in modern aesthetic thought. Language is a cognitive component in postmodernist aesthetic projects. This thesis investigates Maurice Merleau-Ponty's and Paul Ricoeur's writings on painting and language, respectively, whose phenomenological aim is the revelation of being in works of the imagination in tandem with Lambert Zuidervaart's approach to artistic truth which opens the lifeworld to the biotic context of the earth. For him, imaginative disclosure is integral to techno-scientific and art realms. Embodiment, natality, and expression illuminate the problematic of meaning in forms of postmodern visual art. Metaphoric imagination and metaphor are used for metaphor is a principle of articulation, not a figure of speech. Aesthetic projects connect with the lifeworld in a hermeneutic circle of meaning.

La presente tesis busca, a partir de un análisis fenomenológico de la primera infancia, explicar la génesis del individuo humano en el pensamiento de Merleau-Ponty. Sostenemos que el individuo se origina a partir de la organización de los movimientos que realiza su cuerpo, oscilando entre el anonimato brindado por el mundo natural y el anonimato del mundo cultural, sin los cuales no podría existir. Analizaremos cómo se va instituyendo esta “oscilación” del cuerpo en el recién nacido y le va dando un estilo particular de relacionarse con el mundo, pero que solo puede darse si entendemos la génesis de la individualidad como una relación intersubjetiva. Para ello, hemos dividido la tesis en tres capítulos. En el primero describimos cómo Merleau-Ponty sitúa al cuerpo como ser al mundo proponiendo, a través de los movimientos que son estimulados por la madre, que el niño vaya adquiriendo su propia manera de relacionarse con las cosas y consigo mismo. En el segundo capítulo analizamos la adquisición del lenguaje a través de los movimientos propiciados por el cuerpo del niño en el proceso de separación madre-hijo, y que van creando gestos y palabras de diferentes grados de complejidad. En el tercer capítulo, analizamos la dialéctica entre lo sedimentado y lo instituyente, dentro del contexto de la reflexión del fenomenólogo sobre la historicidad y su vinculación con la naturaleza en la que retoma ideas planteadas por el materialismo histórico. Estos tres capítulos han sido planteados como ejes (cuerpo, expresión, historicidad) de una reflexión sobre la génesis del individuo descrita en la etapa infantil y puesta bajo la noción de Fundierung / Tesis

Il s’agit dans cette thèse d’un parcours à travers la pensée de Merleau-Ponty afin de mettre en avant la nécessité de l’intervention du lien de l’intérieur topologique des corps de Chair, la nécessité d'une pensée s'adressant à la psychanalyse, à la topologie, à la psychologie, afin de donner une autre ouverture sémantique à l’inconscient, à travers la passivité-activité et la fondation en phénoménologie. Le chiasme, la réversibilité, l’empiètement, l’intercorporéité, l’interschématisme, l’enchevêtrement du désir et du sentir est l’élan pour désigner le narcissisme esthésiologique du corps à l’espace, le mouvement de son institution, sa corrélation et sa formation continue dans l’espace vécu.De l'espace des puzzles chez Husserl à l'espace vide et combinatoire de la Gestalt théorie, on passera à la courbure de l'espace par l'intervention de l'inachevé du regard afin d'arriver à l'espace enveloppé-enveloppant, à l’intervention de la topologie pour désigner les relations de l’intérieur des corps de Chair chez Merleau-Ponty. Par la suite, l’analyse de l’espace intermédiaire de la conscience-inconscient nous amène à l’espace onirique qui transparaît à l’espace de l’objectivité, et démontre l’intervention de l’imaginaire, du symbolique, du désir et de l’inconscient lors de l’apparaître. / This thesis is about a transversal approach of Merleau-Ponty’s analysis, and aims at determining the need for intervention of topological interrelation within bodies of Flesh, the need to insert a psychoanalytical, topological, psychological approach, in order to give another dimension to the unconscious in combination with the role of passivity-activity and foundation in phenomenology. Chiasm, reversibility, encroachment, intercorporality, interschematism, chiasm of desire and sense are significant to define the esthesiological narcissism of the body in space, the movement of its institution, its correlation and continuing formation in the lived space.From Husserl's space of puzzles to the empty and combinatorial space of the Gestalt theory, we proceed to the curvature of space by intervention of the uncompleted gaze in order to reach the space of enveloped-enveloping, the topology where the internal relations within Merleau-Ponty's body of Flesh are described. Thereafter, the analysis of the intermediary space of consciousness-unconscious leads us to the oniric space which shows through the space of objectivity, and reveals the intervention of the imaginary, the symbolic, the desire and the unconscious in appearance.

xii, 278 p. / My dissertation is an existential-phenomenological account of human relations and ethics in dialogue with feminist care ethics. Using the work of Emmanuel Levinas, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Simone de Beauvoir, I describe how the ambiguity of human relationships results in an ambivalent ethical orientation, contingent as it is on negotiating the interrelated yet separable interests of the self and the other. Central to my work is a phenomenological description of maternal ambivalence (mothers' simultaneous desires to nurture and reject their children), an empirical case study that demonstrates how the conflicted nature of human relationships operates. Ultimately, I argue that ethical ambivalence is morally productive insofar as it helps one to avoid moral absolutism, recognize the alterity of others, attend to the particularities of situation, and negotiate one's own needs and desires with those of other people. This dissertation includes previously published material. / Committee in charge: Dr. Beata Stawarska, Co-Chair; Dr. Bonnie Mann, Co-Chair; Dr. Mark Johnson, Member; Dr. Sara Hodges, Outside Member

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_eb_me_mar.pdf: 681094 bytes, checksum: 49c93f89e5c6241300b80b9db5014037 (MD5) / L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser le statut de la conscience et du corps chez Merleau- Ponty en prenant comme guide pour son interprétation de la pensée de Descartes. Nous comprenons surtout que l’étude des thèses merleaypontyenne, celles qui critiquent et problématisent les conceptions de la conscience soutenues par l’ontologie dualiste de Descartes, peut contribuer à une formulation d’une nouvelle approche de l’esprit qui ne reproduise pas les mêmes problèmes de cette ontologie, plus spécifiquement ceux qui ont du rapport avec l’interaction causale esprit/corps. L’intention est de montrer comment Merleau- Ponty construit sa lecture sur le dualisme cité et comment lui, il fait son opposition à ce fondement. Pour en faire nous nous arrêterons principalement sur les references à Descartes présentées dans la Phénoménologie de la perception et dans La structure du comportement en proposant, dans cette mesure, des subsides pour une possible lecture de l’oevre Le visible et l’invisible / O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar o estatuto da consciência e do corpo no pensamento de Maurice Merleau-Ponty, tomando como fio condutor a sua interpretação do pensamento de Descartes. Em especial, entendemos que um estudo das teses merleau-pontianas, que criticam e problematizam as concepções de consciência alicerçadas sobre a ontologia dualista de Descartes, pode contribuir para a formulação de uma nova abordagem da mente que não reproduza os mesmos problemas desta ontologia, mais especificamente aqueles relacionados à interação causal mente/corpo. Desta forma, a intenção é mostrar como Merleau-Ponty constrói a leitura sobre o dualismo supracitado em sua obra, e como pretende objetar tal fundamento. Para tal, deter-nos-emos principalmente nas referências a Descartes presentes na Fenomenologia da percepção e também no apresentado em A estrutura do comportamento propondo, nesta medida, subsídios para uma possível leitura de O visível e o invisível

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4157.pdf: 2904242 bytes, checksum: dbaf93c398d3df686194c9877f64eae8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-28 / ABSTRACT This work takes its point of departure in Merleau-Ponty s Philosophy, centered in the notion of Crisis of Reason , basing itself on the presupposition that this is a fundamental concept of contemporary phenomenology. In the Cartesian thought, already it was possible to find the idea of the crisis, however, it was the finding of a crisis of sciences . Something similar was also in Valery, especially when he speaks of a crisis of spirit . The novelty of Husserl was exactly in showing that the crisis, as he lived it, was deeper, shook the Reason itself. This work assumes the task of showing that, not limiting to a crisis of sciences, of the spirit or of Reason itself, Merleau-Ponty discusses a present crisis in the man himself, or rather, in the diverse points of view that has about him. In this sense, his philosophical project is based, primarily, on the attempt to establish a dialogue with the points of view of the philosophy and of the science. Therefore, an inquiry of the divergence of these points, is warranted, elucidating not only the scenario in which the conflict is, but also its genesis. Likewise, starting from a Merleau-Pontian understanding of the crisis, finally, this study also assumes the task of asking about the repercussions of this crisis in the relation of philosophical knowledge to itself, then, in the way of his own philosophy to understand its history, being, therefore, the importance of this incursion in the desire to explain what, according to Merleau-Ponty, would be a possible way of overcoming. / Este trabalho parte de uma leitura da filosofia de Merleau-Ponty centrada na nocao de Crise da Razao , fundamentando-se no pressuposto de que se trata de um conceito fundamental da fenomenologia contemporanea. No pensamento cartesiano, ja era possivel encontrar a ideia de crise, porem, tratava-se da constatacao de uma crise das ciencias . Algo semelhante havia tambem em Valery, especialmente ao se falar de uma crise do espirito . A novidade de Husserl estava justamente em mostrar que a crise, tal como ele a vivia, era mais profunda, abalava a propria Razao. Este trabalho assume a tarefa de mostrar que, nao se limitando a uma crise das ciencias, do espirito ou da propria Razao, Merleau-Ponty discute uma crise presente no proprio homem, ou antes, nos diversos pontos de vista que se tem a seu respeito. E neste sentido que o seu projeto filosofico se fundamenta, em primeiro lugar, na tentativa de estabelecer um dialogo entre os pontos de vista da filosofia e da ciencia. Por conseguinte, justifica-se uma investigacao da divergencia destes pontos, procurando elucidar nao so o cenario no qual o conflito se encontra, mas tambem a sua genese. Do mesmo modo, partindo de uma compreensao merleau-pontiana da crise, por fim, este trabalho assume tambem a tarefa de se indagar acerca da repercussao desta mesma crise na relacao do saber filosofico consigo mesmo, logo, no modo da propria filosofia entender a sua historia, estando, pois, a importancia desta incursao no ensejo de explicitar o que, para Merleau- Ponty, seria uma possivel via de superacao.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:13:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHJM.pdf: 736012 bytes, checksum: 0f33030b5c15024825637a981a06158a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-09 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This dissertation is based the relationship between Phenomenology and Metaphysics, one of the pillars of contemporary French Philosophy. If, in that context, there seems to be a consensus according to which the metaphysical is originary, we, on the other hand, aim at investigating its place and its origins. This work focuses on one of the aspects over which that relationship has developed, and which, at the same time, characterize one novelty of contemporary Philosophy, namely, the concern with language and with writing. When the phenomenological discourse unveiled what it first denied, the Being, when it neutralized itself in this incapability of expression, it brought the metaphysical, which thereafter needed to be seen as originary. What characterizes the metaphysical in discourse is, thus, a rational cohesion without a concept, that is, the absence of abstract and objective categories and of pure meanings given a priori, for a thought which could possibly be prior to language. With this rearrangement of the metaphysical concerning language, and taking it as a Philosophical theme, we return to the origins and to the inauguration of Philosophy. Finally, we analyze this surpassing of Phenomenology through the return to language phenomenon, which meant having another encounter with Philosophy after Phenomenology. This re-visitation meant the narrative of a new beginning. As we proceeded in this process, the importance of language for the whole ontological project of Merleau-Ponty became more and more clear, especially concerning the initial moments of a Phenomenology of perception, when it was not in the center of our analysis, and when it was not discussed. This silence was revealing to us. / Essa dissertação ganha vida na relação entre fenomenologia e metafísica, que é um dos pilares da filosofia francesa contemporânea. Se, neste contexto, parece haver o acordo de que o metafísico é o originário, procuramos investigar o seu lugar e a sua proveniência. Essa dissertação toma um dos aspectos sobre os quais se desenvolveu aquela relação, e que caracteriza, ao mesmo tempo, uma novidade da filosofia contemporânea, a saber, a preocupação com a linguagem e com a escritura. Quando o discurso fenomenológico desvelou o que o negava, o Ser, quando ele neutralizou-se nessa incapacidade de expressão, ele trouxe o metafísico para o discurso, que precisava ser, doravante, sempre originário. O que caracteriza o metafísico no discurso é, pois, uma coesão racional e sem conceito, isto é, a ausência das categorias abstratas e objetivas e das significações puras dadas a priori por um pensamento anterior à linguagem. Com esse remanejamento do metafísico para a linguagem, tomando-a como tema filosófico, voltamos às origens e à inauguração da filosofia. Restavanos analisar esse ultrapassamento da fenomenologia através do retorno ao fenômeno da linguagem, o que significou reencontrarmos a filosofia depois da fenomenologia. Reencontro que foi a narrativa de um começo. Ao longo desse caminho de volta foi se nos desvelando a importância da linguagem para o projeto ontológico de Merleau-Ponty, sobretudo, nos momentos iniciais de uma Fenomenologia da Percepção em que ela não estava no centro das análises, em que não se falou dela. Esse silêncio foi-nos revelador.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2012. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2012-10-22T09:50:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MiguelMendoncadeAlvarenga.pdf: 1452537 bytes, checksum: 0f24c7c7bababa4f616bcd5db9cf3357 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2012-10-22T13:28:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MiguelMendoncadeAlvarenga.pdf: 1452537 bytes, checksum: 0f24c7c7bababa4f616bcd5db9cf3357 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T13:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MiguelMendoncadeAlvarenga.pdf: 1452537 bytes, checksum: 0f24c7c7bababa4f616bcd5db9cf3357 (MD5) / Neste trabalho, pretendo contextualizar o livro Os Comunistas e a Paz, de Jean-Paul Sartre, que não possui nenhuma tradução no Brasil. Foi escrito em 1952, como uma coletânea de artigos do autor para a célebre revista que passou a dirigir após a Liberação: Les temps modernes. É um livro importante, pois marca o início do engajamento sartriano na causa comunista e a ruptura com Merleau-Ponty, que via, no livro, uma traição ao ideal de uma esquerda independente do Partido Comunista Francês. Para tanto, reconstituirei o fundo de cultura que animava a esquerda francesa na primeira metade do século XX, naquilo que Lottman denominou “Rive Gauche”, ou margem esquerda. O conjunto dos escritores, artistas e políticos em Paris, de 1930 a 1950. Depois, discutirei um pouco a filosofia de Sartre em sua dimensão existencialista, dialética, comunista; finalmente, discutirei, brevemente, o cerne ou a essência da crítica dirigida por Merleau-Ponty, bem como as cartas que levaram à ruptura entre os dois, até então, amigos próximos. No primeiro capítulo, é abordado o período e o processo de formação do comunismo francês, da Revolução Russa à guerra, e todo o contexto subseqüente, da Guerra Fria, que engendrou a indignação de Sartre, quando da prisão de Duclos e a redação do livro. No segundo capítulo, introduzo alguns elementos da filosofia de Sartre e, no terceiro, a crítica que Merleau-Ponty faz ao autor, crítica que passa a se delinear mais claramente em seu pensamento a partir da redação do livro em tela. Aí (neste capítulo), são apresentadas as divergências dos autores no que concerne a questões ontológicas de implicação política, à noção de engajamento (central na filosofia dos dois) e podem-se vislumbrar as conseqüências, para a filosofia contemporânea francesa do livro traduzido. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / In this work, I contextualize the book The Communists and Peace, by Jean-Paul Sartre, which has no translation in Brazil. It was written in 1952 as a collection of articles by the author for the famous magazine he directed after the Liberation, Les Temps Modernes. It is an important book because it marks the beginning of Sartrean engagement in the communist cause and the break with Merleau-Ponty, who saw in the book a betrayal of the ideal of an independent left from the French Communist Party. To this end, I will try to reconstruct the culture that animated the French left in the first half of the twentieth century, what Lottman called "Rive Gauche", or the left margin. The group of writers, artists and politicians in Paris, from 1930 to 1950. Then I discuss some of Sartre's philosophy in its existential, dialectical, communist dimensions, and finally I discuss briefly the core or essence of the criticism directed by Merleau-Ponty, as well as the letters that led to the rupture between both, even then close friends. The first chapter addresses French Communism´s process of formation, from Russian Revolution to the Second World War, and all the subsequent context of Cold War, which has brought the wrath of Sartre and the writing of the book in reason of the arrest of Duclos. In the second chapter, I introduce some elements of Sartre´s philosophy, and in the third, the criticism that Merleau-Ponty directed to the author, a criticism that became clearer in his mind from the writing of the book on screen. Then (this chapter) presents differences of the authors regarding ontological questions of political implication, the notion of engagement (central for both). In this chapter might be foreseen the consequences for contemporary French philosophy of the book translated.