La régénération osseuse est un processus impliquant de nombreux types cellulaires comme les ostéoblastes, les chondrocytes ou les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM). Les CSM possèdent des capacités de différenciation suggérant leur implication dans ce processus de réparation. La régénération osseuse est le fruit de la coordination complexe de l'activité de nombreux facteurs de croissance. Parmi eux, l'« Heparin affin regulatory peptide » (HARP) est fortement exprimé dans le callus durant la régénération mais son rôle n'est pas clairement établi. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été (1) d'évaluer les effets de HARP sur les propriétés de migration, de prolifération et de différenciation des CSM in vitro ; (2) évaluer la capacité de HARP à induire une formation osseuse ou une régénération osseuse in vivo.Nos résultats démontrent que HARP est chémoattractant pour les CSM et potentialise leur prolifération. De plus, nous montrons pour la première fois que le traitement de CSM par HARP durant leur chondroinduction conduit à une différenciation chondrocytaire de type hypertrophique. Ce type cellulaire est primordial dans les derniers stades de la formation osseuse endochondrale qui se met en place durant la croissance osseuse, mais également durant la réparation. L'implantation de biomatériaux associés à HARP dans un défaut osseux de condyle fémoral a conduit à la formation de cartilage et d'os dans l'implant, reproduisant le mécanisme physiologique de formation osseuse endochondrale. Le biomatériau seul n'a été envahi que par du tissu fibreux.Durant les processus de réparation tissulaire, les glycosaminoglycannes (GAG), des chaînes polysaccharidiques sulfatées, composants majeurs de la matrice extracellulaire, participent à la modulation des effets des facteurs de croissance durant la réparation. Récemment, des mimétiques structuraux et fonctionnels des GAG ont été développés. Durant ma thèse, j'ai été associé au travail d'un doctorant de l'équipe de P.Albanese, qui a montré que des mimétiques de GAG induisent une différenciation ostéoblastique des CSM en l'absence de traitement ostéoinducteur. L'implantation sous-cutanée de biomatériaux covalemment associés aux mimétiques ont également été menées, et ont permis d'observer des potentialisations des processus de vascularisation de l'implant et de l'activité ostéoclastique. Ces resultats ont permis de valider l'interêt des GAG mimétiques dans le cadre des thérapies de régénération osseuse.Cette étude démontre pour la première fois les effets chondroinducteurs directs de HARP sur la production de molécules de la matrice cartilagineuse par les CSM in vitro, mais également sur la synthèse de tissu cartilagineux in vivo. Les effets de HARP observés sur la régénération osseuse confirment qu'il pourrait être un bon candidat en chirurgie orthopédique en permettant une régénération de type endochondrale typique de la réparation physiologique. De plus les nouvelles stratégies developpées dans le laboratoire sur la fonctionnalisation covalente de biomateriaux par des GAG mimétiques, meriteraient d'etre testées en association avec HARP, afin d'augmenter sa demi-vie et de controler son relarguage et ses activités biologiques in vivo. / Bone regeneration is a complicated process which involved many cellular types such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). MSC can differentiate toward chondrocytes and osteoblasts, suggesting their implication in bone regeneration processes. Bone reparation involved a complex coordination of growth factors. Among them, heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP) is found in callus during regeneration. However, its role is poorly understood. The aim of this thesis was (1) to evaluate HARP effects on proliferation, migration and differentiation of MSC in vitro, (2) to evaluate HARP ability to promote bone regeneration or bone formation.Our results demonstrate that HARP has chemoattractive and proliferative properties on human MSC. Moreover, we show for the first time that HARP commits human MSC toward hypertrophy during chondrogenesis. This is of great interest since hypertrophic chondrocytes are of primary importance in the late stage of endochondral bone formation. We further tested the association of HARP to scaffolds in a model of bone regeneration in femoral defect in rat. HARP associated scaffolds showed an invasion of cartilage and bony tissues, mimicking endochondral bone formation, whereas scaffold alone was just filled with fibrous tissue.During regenerative processes glycosaminoglycans, polysaccharides sulfated chains, are known as major components of the extracellular matrix and modulate the effects of growth factors during regenerative processes. Recently, structurally and functionally mimetics of GAG had been developed. During my PhD thesis, I was associated to the work of a doctoral student of P. Albanese who showed that GAG mimetics induce osteoblastic differentiation of MSC without any other osteoinductive treatment. The ectopic implantation of mimetic associated scaffolds didn't show effects on osteoformation but induced an enhancement of vascularization and of osteoclastic activity, both related to tissue remodeling. These results validate that GAG mimetics are of great interest in bone regenerative field.This study demonstrates for the first time the chondroinductive potential of HARP through its ability to induce cartilage specific matrix production by MSC in vitro but also by inducing cartilage tissue synthesis in vivo. The effects of HARP observed on bone regeneration, by inducing an endochondral bone formation similar to that observed in normal bone regeneration, confirm that HARP could be a good candidate in orthopedic surgery. Moreover, scaffold covalently linked with GAG mimetics should be tested in association with HARP. This strategy could increase the half life, control the release and potentiate HARP properties in vivo.

A engenharia de tecido ósseo associando células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) a biomateriais tem sido proposta como tratamento potencial para o reparo de defeitos ósseos, constituindo uma abordagem nova na área da medicina regenerativa e de amplo interesse para as áreas de cirurgia buco-maxilo-facial e ortopedia. A seleção das CTMs mais adequadas e o método utilizado para carreá-las nos sítios de defeitos ósseos são fatores importantes para o sucesso do tratamento. Como a osteoporose reduz a capacidade de regeneração dos ossos, seria de grande importância que a engenharia do tecido ósseo pudesse ser aplicada com sucesso nessa patologia. Assim, foi avaliado o potencial das CTMs de medula óssea (CTMs-MO) e de tecido adiposo (CTMs-TA) associadas ao arcabouço de vitrocerâmica BioS-2P ou a membrana de P(VDF-TrFE)/BT no reparo de defeitos ósseos em ratas osteoporóticas. A osteoporose foi induzida por ovariectomia e comprovada pela análise microtomográfica dos fêmures. Nas ratas osteoporóticas foram criados defeitos ósseos nas calvárias que foram tratados com implantação de BioS-2P associado à CTMs-MO e CTMs-TA ou com a implantação de membrana de P(VDF-TrFE)/BT combinada com a injeção de CTMs-MO e CTMs-TA. Ao final de 4 semanas, as análises microtomográficas e histológica mostraram que não houve formação óssea nos defeitos sem qualquer tratamento, mas nos defeitos tratados com implantação de BioS-2P ou membrana de P(VDF-TrFE)/BT houve formação óssea independente da presença de CTMs. Apenas os defeitos tratados com membrana de P(VDF-TrFE)/BT e injeção de CTMs-MO apresentaram maior formação óssea, mas não ocorreu a regeneração. / Bone tissue engineering based on the combination of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and biomaterials, has been proposed as a potential treatment for the repair of bone defects, constituting a new approach in the field of regenerative medicine and of interest to the areas of oral and maxillofacial surgery and orthopedics. To select the most suitable MSCs and an efficient method to carry them to the bone defects are the key for the successful treatment. Considering that osteoporosis represents a challenge situation, it would be of the utmost importance that bone tissue engineering could be used in this pathological condition. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of MSCs harvested from bone marrow (MSCs-BM) and from adipose tissue (MSCs-AT) associated to a vitreous scaffold (BioS-2P) or to a membrane of P(VDF-TrFE)/BT in regenerate bone defects created in osteoporotic rats. Osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomy and confirmed by microtomography of the femurs. Defects created in calvaria of osteoporotic rats were implanted with either Bios-2P seeded with MSCs-BM and MSCs-AT or a membrane of P(VDF-TrFE)/BT combined with injection of MSCs-BM and MSCs-AT. After 4 weeks, microtomography and histological analyses showed that there was no bone formation in untreated defects but in those treated with BioS-2P or membrane of P(VDF-TrFE)/BT there was bone formation irrespective of the presence of MSCs. Only defects treated with membrane of P(VDF-TrFE)/BT and MSCs-BM injection resulted in greater bone formation but there was not full bone regeneration.

A crescente demanda clínica para regeneração óssea tem dirigido esforços significativos para o desenvolvimento de novos biomateriais, incluindo aqueles aplicados em terapias baseadas em engenharia de tecidos. Neste contexto, os biovidros são considerados uma boa alternativa mas as suas propriedades mecânicas têm limitado a sua aplicação. Para melhorar tais propriedades sem afetar a biocompatibilidade, um novo material vitrocerâmico bioativo do sistema P2O5-Na2O-CaO-SiO2, chamado Biosilicato® com duas fases cristalinas (BioS-2P) foi desenvolvido. No entanto, os efeitos da adição das fases cristalinas sobre o comportamento biológico do BioS-2P ainda não foram estudados. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a capacidade do BioS-2P em induzir, in vitro, a diferenciação osteoblástica de células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs); a capacidade do BioS-2P em aumentar, in vitro, a atividade dos osteoblastos em fase inicial de diferenciação (OBs) e osteoblastos da linhagem UMR-106 (UMRs); e a capacidade do BioS-2P em conduzir e induzir a neoformação óssea, in vivo, associado ou não a células. Células derivadas da medula óssea obtidas de fêmures de ratos foram cultivadas em meio de crescimento para obtenção de CTMs ou em meio osteogênico para obtenção de OBs. Essas células e UMRs foram cultivadas sobre discos de BioS-2P, Bioglass® 45S5 (45S5) e plástico de cultura (Controle) e utilizadas nas avaliações in vitro. Para as avaliações in vivo, defeitos de 5 mm criados em calotas de ratos foram implantados somente com arcabouços de BioS-2P ou com arcabouços de BioS-2P associados às CTMs ou aos OBs. Os dados foram comparados por teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste de Student Newman-Keuls, e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. As CTMs foram caracterizadas por apresentarem alta porcentagem de células expressando os marcadores de superfície CD29 e CD90 e baixa porcentagem expressando CD31, CD34, CD45 e CD106. A diferenciação osteoblástica das CTMs foi confirmada pela expressão dos genes marcadores da diferenciação osteoblástica fosfatase alcalina (ALP), runt-related transcriptor factor-2 (RUNX2), sialoproteína óssea (BSP) e osteocalcina (OC). CTMs cultivadas sobre discos de BioS-2P em meio não-osteogênico apresentaram diminuição da proliferação e aumento da atividade de ALP e da expressão dos genes marcadores da diferenciação osteoblástica ALP, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), proteína óssea morfogenética-4 (BMP-4), osteopontina (OPN) e OC, comprovando seu potencial osteoindutor similar ao 45S5. O BioS-2P foi capaz de aumentar a atividade de OBs e UMRs de maneira similar àqueles cultivados sobre o 45S5. OBs apresentaram diminuição na proliferação e aumento da atividade da ALP e da expressão dos genes marcadores da diferenciação osteoblástica RUNX2, OSX, BMP-4, OPN e OC. A análise em larga escala da expressão de mais de 23.000 genes mostrou que o BioS-2P induziu a sobre-expressão de genes envolvidos no aumento da atividade osteoblástica e a repressão de genes envolvidos na diminuição dessa atividade, em comparação com o Controle. Ao menos em parte, esse aumento da atividade osteoblástica foi atribuído à modulação das vias de sinalização proteíno-quinases ativadas por mitógenos (MAPK) e Wnt Canônica, e à modulação da expressão de microRNAs. UMRs crescidos sobre o BioS-2P corroboraram esses achados, pela capacidade em formar matriz mineralizada e por apresentarem aumento na expressão das proteínas ALP, RUNX2, dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1) e OPN. Arcabouços de BioS-2P (5 mm de diâmetro e 2 mm de altura com porosidade de 76 ± 5% e com tamanhos de poros variando entre 100 e 800 µm) implantados em defeitos na calota de ratos estimularam a formação de tecido ósseo, que ocorreu tanto na periferia como no interior dos defeitos e em íntimo contato com o material. A morfometria por microtomografia computadorizada não evidenciou qualquer diferença entre os parâmetros volume ósseo, volume ósseo/volume total, superfície óssea, superfície/volume ósseo, número de trabéculas, separação trabecular e espessura trabecular, avaliados na 4a, 8a e 12a semanas de implantação. As CTMs e os OBs foram carreados para os arcabouços de BioS- 2P (com eficiência de 90% e 81%, respectivamente) e essas células permaneceram nos defeitos por 14 dias. A combinação de arcabouços de BioS-2P com CTMs ou OBs, implantados por 8 semanas, resultou no mesmo padrão de formação óssea daquele observado para o arcabouço sem células. No entanto, essa combinação não resultou em aumento na quantidade de osso formado. Os resultados evidenciaram a capacidade do BioS-2P em induzir a diferenciação osteoblástica de CTMs e estimular a atividade osteoblástica de OBs, o que resultaria na neoformação óssea observada in vivo. No entanto, a combinação de BioS-2P com CTMs e OBs não foi capaz de aumentar a formação óssea e induzir o reparo dos defeitos ósseos. / The increasing clinical demand for bone regeneration has driven significant efforts to develop new biomaterials including those for tissue engineeringbased therapies. In this context, bioglasses emerges as a good alternative, but their use has been limited mainly due their poor mechanical properties. To improve these mechanical properties without affecting biocompatibility, a novel bioactive glass-ceramic of the P2O5-Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system, named Biosilicate® with two cristallyne phases (BioS-2P) was developed. However, the effects of these two phases on BioS- 2P biological behavior have not yet been evaluated. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the BioS-2P capability of inducing in vitro mesenquimal stem cell differentiation (MSC) towards osteoblasts; the BioS-2P capability to increase in vitro activity of osteoblasts derived from rat bone marrow at early stages of differentiation (OBs) and osteoblasts from rat cell line UMR- 106 (UMRs); and the BioS-2P capability to drive and induce bone formation in vivo, associated or not with cells. Bone marrow cells harvested from rat femurs were cultured either in growth media to obtain MSCs or in osteogenic media to obtain OBs. MSCs, OBs and UMRs were cultured on discs of BioS-2P, Bioglass® 45S5 (45S5) and tissue culture polystyrene (Control). For in vivo evaluations, 5-mm rat calvarial surgical defects were filled with BioS-2P with or without MSCs or OBs. Data were compared by non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Student Newman- Keuls test and the significance level was set at 5%. MSCs were characterized by presenting high percentage of CD29 and CD90 surface markers and low percentage of CD31, CD34, CD45 and CD106 surface markers. Osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs was detected by gene expression of bone markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcritption factor 2 (RUNX2), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin (OC). MSCs cultured on Bios-2P discs under non-osteogenic conditions exhibited a decrease on cell proliferation and an increase on ALP activity and gene expression of bone markers ALP, RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), osteopontin (OPN) and OC, confirming its osteoinductive potential similar to 45S5. Also, BioS-2P increased the OBs and UMRs activity, similar to 45S5. OBs cultured on Bios-2P discs presented a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase on ALP activity and gene expression of bone markers RUNX2, OSX, BMP-4, OPN and OC. The large-scale analysis of over 23,000 genes showed that the BioS-2P induced overexpression of genes positively related to osteoblastic activity and repression of genes negatively related with its activity, compared with control. At least in part, the increase on OBs activity was associated to the modulation of two main signaling pathways, the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the Canonical Wnt, and the modulation of microRNAs expression. These findings were corroborated by UMRs grown on BioS-2P, which produced mineralized matrix and exhibited increased expression of the ALP, RUNX2, dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1) and OPN proteins, than on control. BioS-2P scaffolds (5 mm diameter and 2 mm heigh, presenting 76 ± 5% of total porosity, with poros size ranging from 100 to 800 µm) implanted in calvarial defects promoted new bone formation in close contatc to BioS-2P, both on periphery and in the center of the defect. The computed microtomography morphometry showed no difference between the evaluated parameters bone volume, bone volume / total volume, bone surface, surface / bone volume, number of trabeculae, trabecular separation and trabecular thickness, measured at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. MSCs and OBs were seeded into the scaffold (with efficiency of incorporation 90% e 81%, respectively) and they remained on the defects for 14 days. After 8 weeks, the same pattern of bone formation was observed, however, the combination of BioS-2P with cells did not increase the amount of new bone. The results showed the BioS-2P ability to induce osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs and to stimulate osteoblastic activity, resulting in new bone formation in vivo. However, the combination of BioS-2P with MSCs and OBs was not able to increase bone formation and induce the repair of bone defects.

A desnutrição proteico-energética (DPE) altera a hemopoese e, portanto, a geração de células imunológicas, bem como compromete o sistema imune. Desta forma, indivíduos desnutridos apresentam maior susceptibilidade a infecções. As células tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) possuem propriedades imunomodulatórias e são importantes na formação do estroma medular que sustenta a hemopoese. Visto que a L-glutamina (GLUT) é o aminoácido condicionalmente essencial mais consumido por CTMs, e que também apresenta capacidade imunomoduladora, investigou-se, neste trabalho, se a GLUT exerceria efeito sobre aspectos imunomodulatórios das CTMs em um modelo experimental de DPE. Para tanto, utilizou-se camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, os quais receberam rações normoproteica ou hipoproteica isocalóricas contendo, respectivamente, 12% e 2% de proteína por um período de 5 semanas. Após o isolamento e a caracterização de CTMs provenientes dos grupos controle (CTMct) e desnutrido (CTMdesn), cultivou-se essas células em 0, 0,6, 2 e 10mM GLUT, a fim de determinar a influência deste aminoácido sobre a expressão de fatores de transcrição e produção de citocinas por CTMct e CTMdesn. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o efeito dos sobrenadantes das culturas de CTMct e CTMdesn sobre a proliferação e produção de citocinas por macrófagos e linfócitos esplênicos. Os animais desnutridos apresentaram anemia, leucopenia, hipoplasia medular e diminuição na concentração de proteínas séricas, albumina e préa-lbumina. A DPE não modificou a morfologia e o fenótipo das CTMs, bem como não alterou a expressão de proteínas reguladoras do ciclo celular. Por outro lado, a expressão de NFkB e STAT-3 e a produção de IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 e TGF-β por CTMs foram alteradas pela DPE e variaram de acordo com as concentrações de GLUT testadas. O aumento na concentração de GLUT diminuiu a expressão de NFkB e induziu a expressão de STAT-3 por CTMs obtidas de ambos os grupos. Quanto a produção de citocinas por essas células, observou-se uma diminuição nos níveis de IL-β e IL-6 e uma elevação nos níveis de IL-10 e TGF-β com o aumento na concentração de GLUT. Variações na concentração desse aminoácido não alteraram a produção de IL-17 ou IFN-γ por CTMct e CTMdesn. Ademais, a concentração de GLUT alterou, de forma diretamente proporcional, a taxa de proliferação das CTMs. Os meios condicionados de CTMct e CTMdesn diminuíram a proliferação de macrófagos e linfócitos esplênicos estimulados com LPS, induziram aumento na produção da citocina antiinflamatória IL-10 por ambos os tipos celulares e diminuíram a produção das citocinas pró-inflamatórias IL-12 e TNF-α por macrófagos e IL-17 por linfócitos. Portanto, conclui-se que a GLUT possui efeito sobre a proliferação das CTMs, bem como a capacidade de imunomodular estas células. / Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) alters hemopoiesis and, therefore, the generation of immune cells, and compromises the immune system. In this way, malnourished individuals are more susceptible to infections. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory properties and are important in the formation of bone marrow stroma that supports hemopoiesis. Since L-glutamine (GLUT) is a conditionally essential amino acid, which is most consumed by MSCs, and present immunomodulatory capacity, this work investigated whether GLUT would have an effect on immunomodulatory aspects of MSCs in a PEM experimental model. For this purpose, BALB/c mice were used, which received isocaloric normoproteic or hypoproteic diets, containing respectively, 12% and 2% of protein for a period of 5 weeks. After isolation and characterization of MSCs from control (MSCct) and malnourished (MSCmaln) groups, these cells were cultured with 0, 0.6, 2 and GLUT 10mM in order to determine the influence of this amino acid on the expression of transcription factors and cytokine production by MSCct and MSCmaln. Besides that, the effect of MSCct and MSCmaln culture supernatants on proliferation and cytokine production by macrophages and splenic lymphocytes was evaluated. Malnourished animals presented anemia, leucopenia, marrow hypoplasia and decreased concentration of serum proteins, albumin and prealbumin. PEM did not change morphology and phenotype of MSCs or altered the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins. On the other hand, the expression of NFkB and STAT-3 and the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β by MSCs were modified by PEM and varied according to the tested GLUT concentrations. An increase in GLUT concentration decreased NFkB expression and induced STAT-3 expression by MSCs obtained from both groups. Regarding the production of cytokines by these cells, an increase in GLUT concentration resulted in decreased IL-1β and IL-6 levels and increased IL- 10 and TGF-β levels. Changes in the concentration of this aminoacid did not alter IL- 17 or IFN-γ production by MSCct and MSCmaln. Furthermore, the concentration of GLUT changed, in direct proportion, the proliferation of MSCs. The conditioned media MSCct and MSCmaln decreased the proliferation of macrophages and splenic lymphocytes stimulated with LPS, induced an increase in the production of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 by both cell types, and decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and TNF-α by macrophages and IL-17 by lymphocytes. Therefore, it can be concluded that GLUT has an effect on the proliferation of MSCs and it has the capacity to immunomodulate these cells.

Protein malnutrition (PM) causes anemia and leukopenia by reduction of hematopoietic precursors and impaired production of mediators that induce hematopoiesis, as well as structural and ultrastructural changes in the bone marrow (BM) extracellular matrix. Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow (BM) in distinct regions called niches, which modulate the processes of differentiation, proliferation and self-renewal of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). The perivascular niche, composed mainly by mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and endothelial cells (EC), is the major modulator of HSC and its function extends to the migration of mature hematopoietic cells into the peripheral blood through the production of cytokines and growth factors. Thus, our hypothesis is that PM changes the perivascular niche and our objective is to evaluate whether PM affects the modulatory capacity of MSC and EC on hematopoiesis. C57BL/6 male mice were divided into Control and Malnourished groups, which received for 5 weeks, respectively, a normal protein diet (12% casein) and a low protein diet (2% casein). After this period, animals were euthanized, nutritional and hematological evaluations were performed, featuring the PM. We performed leukemic myelo-monoblasts cells transplantation and observed that these cells have a lower proliferation rate and are rather in the cell cycle G0/G1 phases in malnourished mice, indicating that the BM microenvironment is compromised in PM. MSC were isolated, characterized and differentiated in vitro into EC cells, which were evidenced by CD31 and CD144 markers. We performed the quantification of HSC and hematopoietic progenitors, as well as some regulators of proliferation and differentiation, ex vivo and after cultures with MSC or EC. We observed that PM reduces HSC and hematopoietic progenitors ex vivo. In PM, MSC promote increase in HSC and suppress hematopoietic differentiation, whereas ECs induce cell cycle arrest. Additionally, we verified that PM affects granulopoesis by decreasing the expression of G-CSFr in granule-monocytic progenitors. Thus, we conclude that PD compromises hematopoiesis due to intrinsic alterations in HSC, as well as alterations in the medullary perivascular niche. / A desnutrição proteica (DP) provoca anemia e leucopenia decorrente da redução de precursores hematopoéticos e comprometimento da produção de mediadores indutores da hematopoese. A hematopoese ocorre na medula óssea (MO) em regiões distintas chamadas de nichos, que modulam os processos de diferenciação, proliferação e auto renovação da célula tronco hematopoiética (CTH). O microambiente perivascular, composto principalmente por células tronco mesenquimais (CTM) e células endoteliais (CE), é o principal modulador das CTH e sua função se estende até a migração das células hematopoiéticas maduras para o sangue periférico, através da produção de citocinas e fatores de crescimento. Dessa forma, nossa hipótese é que a DP altera o microambiente perivascular e objetivamos avaliar se a DP afeta a capacidade modulatória das CTM e CE sobre a hematopoese. Utilizamos camundongos C57BL/6 machos, divididos em grupos Controle e Desnutrido, sendo que o grupo Controle recebeu ração normoproteica (12% caseína) e o grupo Desnutrido recebeu ração hipoproteica (2% caseína), ambos durante 5 semanas. Após este período, os animais foram eutanasiados, foi realizada a avaliação nutricional e hematológica, caracterizando a DP. Realizamos transplantes de mielomonoblastos leucêmicos e observamos que estas células apresentam menor taxa de proliferação e se encontram em maior quantidade nas fases G0/G1 do ciclo celular em camundongos desnutridos, indicando que o microambiente medular está comprometido. Isolamos CTM, que foram caracterizadas e diferenciadas in vitro em CE, o que foi evidenciado pelos marcadores CD31 e CD144. Quantificamos CTH e progenitores hematopoéticos, bem como reguladores de proliferação e diferenciação, ex vivo e após culturas com CTM ou CE. Observamos que a DP reduz CTH e progenitores hematopoéticos ex vivo. Na DP, as CTM promovem incremento de CTH e suprimem a diferenciação hematopoética, enquanto que as CE induzem parada no ciclo celular. Adicionalmente, observamos que a DP afeta a granulopoese por diminuição da expressão de G-CSFr nos progenitores grânulo-monocíticos. Dessa forma, concluímos que a DP compromete a hematopoese por alterações intrínsecas na CTH, como também por alterações ocasionadas no microambiente perivascular medular.

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-05-07T22:56:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 126110041.pdf: 1662239 bytes, checksum: 4c1751ff15692d571713c45fca07289c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T22:56:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 126110041.pdf: 1662239 bytes, checksum: 4c1751ff15692d571713c45fca07289c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Células tronco são células indiferenciadas e multipotentes, capazes de se diferenciar nos mais diversos tipos celulares. São definidas por duas características principais, a autorrenovação e o potencial de diferenciação. Devido ao seu potencial de diferenciação, facilidade de isolamento e expansão em cultura, as células tronco mesenquimais (Mesenchymal Stem Cell – MSCs) são largamente utilizadas em testes para o tratamento de inúmeras doenças, como doenças cardíacas, mieloma e osteoartrite. O corticosteroide dexametasona é amplamente utilizado como indutor de diferenciação óssea em células tronco e está envolvido no aumento da atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina (ALP). Há quatro genes que codificam a ALP: ALPL, ALPP, ALPPL2 e ALPI. A ALPL é um dos principais marcadores de diferenciação óssea promovida pelo tratamento com dexametasona, esse gene possui três diferentes variantes que são geradas por splicing alternativo. Porém, até hoje não se tem conhecimento de qual dessas variantes atua na deposição de matriz óssea. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar, por PCR quantitativo (qPCR), a atividade das variantes de ALPL durante a diferenciação de MSCs tratadas com dexametasona. Os primers das três variantes do gene ALPL foram desenhados pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa. Para o experimento, aproximadamente 3x10 4 células por mL foram semeadas em placa de cultura. Para o tratamento utilizou-se dexametasona 10 -7 M, tendo como período de tratamento 0, 3 e 7 dias. Os resultados da qPCR mostraram que os primers desenhados possuem uma eficiência superior a 90% e R 2 = 1, sendo os primers da variante 2 mais eficiente que os primers da variante 1, e os primers de ambas as variantes mais eficientes que os primers de ALP atualmente utilizados. Os primers da ALPL/v3 não apresentaram amplificação. Nossa análise estatística indica que a diferença de expressão entre as células tratadas e os controles se mostrou relevante, apontando para um grande aumento de ALPL/v1 nas células tratadas. A expressão de ALPL/v2, apesar de significativa entre os controles e tratados, é baixa quando comparada à ALPL/v1. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que a dexametasona, além de aumentar a atividade do promotor de ALPL, também dá preferência ao splicing alternativo que origina o mRNA da variante 1 do gene. / Stem cells are undifferentiated and pluripotent cells that are able to differentiate into several cell types. Stem cells are distinguished from other cell types by two important characteristics: self-renewal and differentiation potential. Due to their differentiation potential and easiness for isolate and growth in vitro, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in trials for the treatment of numerous diseases such as heart disease, myeloma and osteoarthritis. The corticosteroid dexamethasone is broadly used to induce bone differentiation in stem cells and is involved in the increased activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALPL). There are four genes coding ALP: ALPL, ALPP, ALPPL2 and ALPI. The ALPL is one of the main markers for bone differentiation stimulated by dexamethasone. This gene has three different variants which are generated by alternative splicing. However, to date it is not known which of these variants act in the bone matrix deposition. In this context, the aim of this work was to analyze the activity of ALPL variants during the differentiation of MSCs treated with dexamethasone. Primers for the three ALPL variants were designed by our group. For the experiment, approximately 3x10 4 cells per ml were seeded in culture plate. For treatment, we used 10 -7 M dexamethasone for 0, 3 and 7 days. The qPCR results showed that the primers designed had an amplification efficiency higher than 90% and R 2 = 1; variant 2 (V2) primers was more efficient than the variant 1 (V1) primers and primers of both variants are more efficient than the currently used ALP primers. The primers of ALPL/v3 showed no amplification. Our statistical data showed that the differences in expression between treated and control cells were significant, indicating an expressive increase of ALPL/v1 in treated cells. The expression of ALPL/v2, although significant between controls and treated cells, was low when compared to ALPL/v1. The results of this study indicate that dexamethasone, besides increasing the activity of the ALPL promoter, gives preference to alternative splicing that originates the variant1 mRNA.

Les plaquettes sanguines ont comme rôle principal d’arrêter les saignements. Elles sont produites dans la moelle osseuse par des mégacaryocytes (MK) qui proviennent de la différenciation des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH). L’objectif de ma thèse a été d’identifier les éléments cellulaires du microenvironnement contrôlant la mégacaryopoïèse. Mon travail a permis d’identifier une population particulière de progéniteurs hépatiques du foie foetal capable de promouvoir in vitro les étapes précoces de la mégacaryopoïèse à partir de CSH humaines et murines (Brouard et al., 2017). Le rôle des cellules endothéliales (EC) dans les étapes tardives de maturation a été étudié après purification à partir de moelle humaine dans des expériences de co-culture avec des MK prédifférenciés. Mes résultats montrent que ces EC ont la propriété unique, par comparaison avec des EC d’autres tissus, de promouvoir la maturation des MK. Une analyse transcriptionnelle différentielle a permis d’identifier des effecteurs possibles ouvrant des pistes pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes de la mégacaryopoïèse et pour améliorer la production des plaquettes en culture. / The main role of platelets is to stop bleeding. They are produced in the bone marrow by megakaryocytes (MK) that are produced by the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). The objective of my thesis was to identify the cellular elements of the microenvironment controlling megakaryopoiesis. My work has identified a particular population of hepatic progenitors from the fetal liver capable of promoting in vitro the early stages of megakaryopoiesis from human and murine HSC (Brouard et al., 2017). The role of endothelial cells (EC), purified from human bone marrow, in late maturation stages was studied in co-culture experiments with predifferentiated MK. My results show that these EC have the unique property in comparison with EC from other tissues, of promoting the maturation of MK. A differential transcriptional analysis identified possible effectors that could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of megakaryopoiesis and improve platelet production in culture.

In this work, gadolinium-based carbon nanocapsules are developed as a novel nanotechnology that addresses the shortcomings of current diagnostic and therapeutic methods of stem cell-based cardiomyoplasty. With cardiovascular disease (CVD) responsible for approximately 30% of deaths worldwide, the growing need for improved cardiomyoplasty has spurred efforts in nanomedicine to develop innovative techniques to enhance the therapeutic retention and diagnostic tracking of transplanted cells. Having previously been demonstrated as a high-performance T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, Gadonanotubes (GNTs) are shown for the first time to intracellularly label pig bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Without the use of a transfection agent, micromolar concentrations of GNTs deliver up to 10^9 Gd(III) ions per cell, allowing for MSCs to be visualized in a 1.5 T clinical MRI scanner. The cellular response to the intracellular incorporation of GNTs is also assessed, revealing that GNTs do not compromise the viability, differentiation potential, or phenotype characteristics of the MSCs. However, it is also found that GNT-labeled MSCs exhibit a decreased response to select cell adhesion proteins and experience a non-apoptotic, non-proliferative cell cycle arrest, from which the cells recover 48 h after GNT internalization. In tandem with developing GNTs as a new stem cell diagnostic agent, this current work also explores for the first time the therapeutic application of the magnetically-active GNTs as a magnetic facilitator to increase the retention of transplanted stem cells during cardiomyoplasty. In vitro flow chamber assays, ex vivo perfusion experiments, and in vivo porcine injection procedures all demonstrate the increased magnetic-assisted retention of GNT-labeled MSCs in the presence of an external magnetic field. These studies prove that GNTs are a powerful ‘theranostic’ agent that provides a novel platform to simultaneously monitor and improve the therapeutic nature of stem cells for the treatment of CVD. It is expected that this new nanotechnology will further catalyze the development of cellular cardiomyoplasty and other stem cell-based therapies for the prevention, detection, and treatment of human diseases.

The aim of biomaterials design is to create an artificial environment that mimics the in vivo extracellular matrix for optimized cell interactions. A precise synergy between the scaffolding material, bioactivity, and cell type must be maintained in an effective biomaterial. In this work, we present a technique of nanofabrication that creates chemically nanopatterned bioactive silicon surfaces for cell studies. Using nanoimprint lithography, RGD and mimetic BMP-2 peptides were covalently grafted onto silicon as nanodots of various dimensions, resulting in a nanodistribution of bioactivity. To study the effects of spatially distributed bioactivity on cell behavior, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured on these chemically modified surfaces, and their adhesion and differentiation were studied. MSCs are used in regenerative medicine due to their multipotent properties, and well-controlled biomaterial surface chemistries can be used to influence their fate. We observe that peptide nanodots induce differences in MSC behavior in terms of cytoskeletal organization, actin stress fiber arrangement, focal adhesion (FA) maturation, and MSC commitment in comparison with homogeneous control surfaces. In particular, FA area, distribution, and conformation were highly affected by the presence of peptide nanopatterns. Additionally, RGD and mimetic BMP-2 peptides influenced cellular behavior through different mechanisms that resulted in changes in cell spreading and FA maturation. These findings have remarkable implications that contribute to the understanding of cell-extracellular matrix interactions for clinical biomaterials applications.

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die biologische Charakterisierung neuartiger nanostrukturierter und für die Knochenregeneration geeigneter Calciumphosphatzemente (CPC). Hierzu wurde ein aus α-Tricalciumphosphat, Calciumhydrogenphosphat, gefälltem Hydroxylapatit und Calciumcarbonat bestehender CPC verwendet, der mit den Biomolekülen Cocarboxylase, Glucuronsäure, Weinsäure, Glucose-1-phosphat, Arginin, Lysin und Asparaginsäure-Natriumsalz modifiziert wurde. Ermittelt wurde dabei der Einfluss der Modifikationen auf die Proteinadsorption und die Biokompatibilität. In Vorversuchen wurden die Zementmodifikationen hinsichtlich ihrer Bindungskapazität für humane Serumproteine und für das knochenspezifische Protein Osteocalcin (OC) sowie hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für die Adhäsion, Proliferation und osteogene Differenzierung von humanen fötalen Osteoblasten (hFOB 1.19) und humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (hMSC) untersucht. Dabei erwiesen sich die Modifikationen mit Cocarboxylase, Arginin und Asparaginsäure-Natriumsalz als besonders günstig. Mit diesen „Favoriten“ erfolgte eine detailliertere Analyse der Adsorption humaner und boviner Serumproteine sowie der knochen-spezifischen Proteine Osteocalcin, BMP-2 und VEGF. Dabei führte sowohl der Zusatz von Cocarboxylase, als auch der von Arginin und Asparaginsäure-Natriumsalz zu einer erhöhten Adsorption von Serumproteinen. Die Bindungsaffinität des Basiszements gegenüber Osteocalcin, BMP-2 und VEGF konnte durch Funktionalisierung mit Arginin gesteigert werden. Während die Modifizierung mit Cocarboxylase nur die VEGF-Adsorption förderte, bewirkte der Zusatz von Asparaginsäure-Natriumsalz eine Erhöhung der Osteocalcin- und BMP-2-Adsorption. Bedingt durch die größere spezifische Oberfläche der noch nicht abgebundenen Zemente, war die Menge adsorbierter Proteine auf frisch hergestellten Zementproben im Vergleich zu abgebundenen und ausgehärteten Zementen signifikant höher. Die Eignung der ausgewählten Zementvarianten als Knochenersatzmaterialien wurde mithilfe humaner mesenchymaler Stammzellen zweier verschiedener Spender getestet. Bei Verwendung abgebundener und ausgehärteter Zemente waren die hMSC in der Lage, auf allen Modifikationen zu adhärieren, zu proliferieren und in die osteogene Richtung zu differenzieren. Eine vorherige Inkubation der Zementproben mit humanem Serum förderte dabei vor allem die Zelladhäsion. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass hMSC im Gegensatz zu anderen Studien auch auf frisch hergestellten Zementproben adhärieren, proliferieren und differenzieren können. Die Modifizierung des Basiszements mit Cocarboxylase führte hierbei zu einer gegenüber den anderen Modifikationen signifikant erhöhten Zelladhäsion und -vitalität. Neben den verschieden modifizierten Pulver/Flüssigkeitszementen wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neuartige ready-to-use Zementpasten untersucht. Diese zeigten allerdings im Vergleich zu den herkömmlichen Zementen eine geringere Proteinbindungsaffinität. HMSC, die auf den Pastenzementen kultiviert wurden, war es wiederum möglich zu adhärieren, zu proliferieren und den osteoblastenspezifischen Marker Alkalische Phosphatase zu exprimieren. Hinsichtlich ihrer Biokompatibilität sind sie damit vergleichbar zu den herkömmlichen Pulver/Flüssigkeitszementen.