This essay studies the translation of metaphorical concepts and lexical variation in relation to walking in a text about hiking in the Lake District. These two linguistic features are deemed to be important in fulfilling the communicative intention of the source text and the aim of the essay is to investigate to what extent these two linguistic features have been retained translation and what motivates different translation strategies. The qualitative study of metaphors focuses on the metaphorical concept THE LAKE DISTRICT IS A PERSON analyses how often different translation strategies are employed when translating metaphors. The results show that which strategy was preferred depended on whether the metaphor was lexicalised or novel and a qualitative analysis aims to explain these differences in preference. A qualitative study of the lexical variation regarding walking between the two languages found the number of different words used to be fairly similar in both languages. Context was determined to be more important than the exact meaning when translating words related to hiking. At times context therefore also motivated a single word to be translated into several different words in the target text or vice versa.

This essay researches metaphors and metonymy in motorsports language, mainly investigating strategies for translating the structural metaphors RACING is WAR and RACE POSITIONS are RESOURCES and analyzing the results through both a quantitative and qualitative approach. The material for the research was selected parts of former Formula 1 driver Mark Webber’s autobiography, Aussie Grit: My Formula One Journey (2016). For the translation, dictionaries and parallel texts were utilized, and several works on translation theory, such as Ingo (2007), Newmark (1988), and Lakoff & Johnson (2003) were consulted for both the translation and the following analysis. Research into similar metaphors in other sports (such as Shields & Bredemeier (2013) and Bergh & Ohlander (2012)) was analyzed for background on the phenomenon of structural metaphors in sports. The results show that metonyms are prevalent in motorsports language, and structural metaphors are also well established in both the SL and TL. Regarding metonyms, the parallel texts show that proper noun metonyms can be transferred directly. Most metonyms in the ST are of the PLACE for EVENT category (for example names of racetracks/countries used to reference whole races, and the podium being used to reference placing top three or winning). The metaphor structures are also found in the TL, meaning the intended images can largely be maintained without changing the author’s established structure of the source text. Most metaphors and metonyms can thus be translated literally, or with TL equivalents. Where expansions are necessary, the translator can safely fall back on the structures present in motorsports language to ensure a text a reader with previous knowledge of such language will understand.

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According to recent cognitive science, our perceptive senses help develop human cognition, and the process of organizing our inner representations of the world around us. As a result, conceptual metaphors are deemed to be essential to our understanding of abstract entities; how we perceive an organization depends for instance on what metaphor is used to describe it. Thus, conceptual metaphor theory has been given a lot of attention in the past thirty years. The Metasaga philosophy was established on the Shetland Islands in 2008. The idea is for participants to explore the environment and create reflective questions involving metaphors which can be used for reflective purposes in connection to work, school, businesses or other organizations. In this paper, linguistic metaphors involving organizations in 228 reflective questions were studied. The linguistic metaphors were sorted according to which organization conceptual metaphor they appeared to belong to. A broad category called Organization Is Physical Structure was set up, and the name was taken from Joseph Grady’s list of primary metaphors in Lakoff and Johnson (1999 pp. 50-55) Four sub-categories of organization metaphors were subsequently established: Organization Is An Artificial Structure, Organizational Help Is Support, Organization Is A Plant and Organization Is A Living Creature. Almost 55 % of the reflective questions involving organization shared the common theme of a description of an organization as some kind of artificial structure. Thus, it seems likely that we often think of organizational arrangement as some kind of concrete structure and also that we use different metaphors depending on how the organization is structured.

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In the existing literature, the constructs of "madness" and "woman' have long been associated with one another. This association has led to attempts by various authors, and also this current work, to deconstruct the constructs of madness and gender. The association between the constructs of "madness" and gender is seen in terms of metaphor. The relationship between the constructs of madness" and "woman" are described in terms of the manner in which meanings of metaphors of duality are collapsed onto one another. The approach to this discussion typifies the current shift in the human sciences from a belief in objective bias-neutral research to a new kind of self -conscious and sophisticated reality. I placed myself in this discussion as a researcher and a therapist, influenced by feminist, contextual and social constructionist ideas. The structure of this discussion was employed to reflect the theoretical perspectives mentioned above.therapist, influenced by feminist, contextual and social constructionist ideas. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

In the existing literature, the constructs of "madness" and "woman' have long been associated with one another. This association has led to attempts by various authors, and also this current work, to deconstruct the constructs of madness and gender. The association between the constructs of "madness" and gender is seen in terms of metaphor. The relationship between the constructs of madness" and "woman" are described in terms of the manner in which meanings of metaphors of duality are collapsed onto one another. The approach to this discussion typifies the current shift in the human sciences from a belief in objective bias-neutral research to a new kind of self -conscious and sophisticated reality. I placed myself in this discussion as a researcher and a therapist, influenced by feminist, contextual and social constructionist ideas. The structure of this discussion was employed to reflect the theoretical perspectives mentioned above.therapist, influenced by feminist, contextual and social constructionist ideas. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the use of conceptual metaphors in political speeches by Donald Trump and Nigel Farage. Conceptual metaphor theory is applied as the framework for the study. Metaphorical linguistic expressions are identified with help of the method Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP). The conceptual metaphors giving rise to the metaphorical linguistic expressions are identified and categorized into different domains in the study. The analysis demonstrates that the use of metaphors is ubiquitous. The metaphors related to the salient domains of politics, nation, immigration, economy, and morality are discussed and further investigated in the analysis. The analysis shows that metaphors are employed in the construction of populist discourse and to evoke the emotion of fear by mainly drawing from embodied elements. A notable parallel between Trump and Farage is the use of the Moral Order metaphor which subsequently reveal their moral values.

The metaphor is known for creating problems when it comes to translation, not only because of cultural aspects but also because of a lack of a unified terminology and theory for translation strategies. This also applies to conceptual metaphors which are the subject of analysis in this paper where an English survival guide to the Japanese culture has been translated into Swedish. As both languages are of the Germanic family, the hypothesis argues that the relation between them is noticeable in the translation work as well as a tendency towards paraphrasing due to a richer vocabulary in the source language. Regarding conceptual metaphors, the aim is to analyse if there are any correlations between the type of metaphor and the choice of translation strategy as well as what factors affects said strategies.  The results not only showed that the distribution of translation strategies supports the preferred order of priority in the background theory but also that there were very noticeable differences within the three metaphor categories. Factors affecting these results were found to differ between the categories due to the distinct differences in the metaphorical structures. These findings suggest that there indeed are correlations between the metaphor categories and their translation strategies. The closeness between the source and target languages were also found to be evident while at the same time indicating a tendency toward paraphrasing.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the engine of economic growth and job creation. Governments have devoted considerable resources to increase their competitiveness in the market. Several design support programmes (DSPs) have emerged from this investment to promote design as a strategic resource for innovation and business growth. Although existing research indicates that an effective use of design can enhance the business performance, a lack of interest amongst SMEs to work with designers is cited in several studies. Despite the great amount of money, energy and time that has been spent on design support for SMEs, there is still a lack of knowledge about effective delivery and evaluation. This thesis focuses on the problem of finding better ways to assist SMEs with design for economic growth by evaluating the effectiveness of design support for SMEs. This research, therefore, has examined the activities of UK-based DSPs, investigated the expertise of design consultancies and inquired about the self-image of designers in order to expand the knowledge of design support for SMEs. The research applied an interpretive paradigm, where multiple realities are recognised as socially constructed. Data was gathered through interviews with individuals representing DSPs, SMEs, design consultancies and government support agencies assisting SMEs. Observation of business support events and publicly available documents were used as additional sources. A thematic analysis and a systematic metaphor analysis were employed to examine the resulting data. The research has highlighted a number of key issues that are pivotal to the success of design support for SMEs. This PhD research also proposes two explanatory frameworks to contribute to design theory and practice: a seven-step evaluation framework for planning and evaluating the outcomes of DSPs and a re-framing of the generalist-specialist dilemma that can inform the activities of design consultancies and DSPs and can guide designers to improve their expertise.