This master thesis aims to describe the creation of dramatic illusion based on the interaction of three elements: actor - play - spectator. It also seeks to define metatheatre as a defiance of the dramatic illusion. It distinguishes the notion of metatheatre from the one of play-within-play in general. Specific Plautus'use of the metatheatre technique follows with respective examples from four of his comedies: Amphitruo, Aulularia, Cistellaria and Pseudolus.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à un mode de réflexivité spécifique qui se dessine chez certains artistes contemporains comme Jérôme Bel, Philippe Quesne, Grand Magasin, entre autres. L’interrogation sur le théâtre – sa nature, son fonctionnement, sa nécessité et sa pertinence au sein de la société –, s’accompagne d’un souci de rapprochement avec le public, observable dans la forme des spectacles : effort de clarté, explicitation des règles du jeu, réserves par rapport au savoir-faire théâtral, mélange de références cultivées et de références populaires. Pourquoi ces productions subventionnées, jouissant de prestige et de reconnaissance au sein des institutions publiques, prennent-elles comme objet le dispositif théâtral lui-même ? Et pourquoi le font-elles de cette manière ? Le métathéâtre du début du XXe siècle, qui présentait des thèmes et structures similaires, réagissait au risque d’obsolescence de la scène, de sa faillite économique et plus encore de la perte de sa validité au sein du monde industrialisé. Notre hypothèse est que le métathéâtre contemporain repose sur un rapport ambivalent avec la représentation théâtrale : entre fascination pour son fonctionnement en tant que structure et scepticisme à l’égard de sa puissance référentielle, d’où résulte un jeu pour le jeu qui ne peut pas se permettre de se prendre au sérieux. D’autres ambiguïtés concernent le rapport au patrimoine culturel occidental, le rapport à l’altérité (sociale, esthétique) et l’inscription dans le système institutionnel. Autant de traits que l’on retrouve hors du monde artistique. Parce qu’il nous donne à voir les représentations mentales qu’ont aujourd’hui du théâtre des artistes qui occupent un rôle important dans le paysage théâtral, le métathéâtre nous est apparu comme une forme privilégiée pour cette observation. / This dissertation addresses a specific mode of reflexivity that appears in the work of certain contemporary artists, such as Jérôme Bel, Philippe Quesne and Grand Magasin. The examination of the theatre — its nature, its function, its necessity and its pertinence within society — is accompanied by a particular concern for getting closer to the audience. This is observable in the form of these artists’ performances, expressed in how the performances give attention to clarity, explain the rules of the game, relate hesitations concerning theatrical savoir-faire, and mix learned and popular references. Why do these subsidised productions, largely praised and recognized within public institutions, take the theatrical apparatus itself as their subject? And what is behind their choice of approaches? The metatheatre of the beginning of the 20th century, which presented similar themes and structures, responded to the risks of the obsolescence of the stage, of its economic collapse, and of its loss of legitimacy within the industrialised world. My hypothesis is that the contemporary metatheatre of the 21st century is based on an ambivalent relation to theatrical performance: between fascination for its functioning as a structure and scepticism with regard to its referential power. This results in a play made for its own sake which refuses to allow itself to be taken seriously. Other ambiguities concern the relation to Western cultural heritage, the relation to otherness (social, aesthetic) and the forms of integration within institutional systems -- traits found just as easily outside the artistic world. Because it reveals how artists occupying an important role in the theatrical landscape view theatre itself, this study considers metatheatre a privileged form of observation.

Este estudo objetiva estabelecer uma discussão acerca das referencias metateatrais e suas implicações na Andria, a primeira comédia de Terêncio, da qual também oferecemos uma tradução integral para a nossa língua. Quanto ao tratamento terenciano da fabula palliata, longe do que se pensava sobre seu suposto afastamento das técnicas empregadas pelos melhores comediógrafos do gênero, Terêncio se mostra autoconsciente de sua posição em uma tradição literária estabilizada e aceitou o desafio de se colocar na mesma posição renomada que Névio, Plauto e Ênio. Ao fazer isso, ele buscou criar uma comédia que não só não careceria de referencias metateatrais, mas que, ao contrário, daria continuidade ao metateatro plautino. Na Andria de Terêncio o vocabulário do engano, espécie de aceno para uma cena metateatral, alerta-nos para as peças dentro da comédia presentes ou vindouras e para o conhecimento que um personagem tem sobre as convenções cômicas. Plauto amiúde nos apresenta um personagem que reconhece sua existência como figura teatral em cena, mas, quando o velho Simão exibe seu conhecimento do personagem-tipo na peça Andria, podemos ver que ele falha ao enxergar enganos onde não há, interpretando a verdade como uma ficção elaborada por seus escravos, e falha na tarefa de reconhecer que ele pertence ao acervo de personagens da tradição da palliata / This study strives for a discussion about metatheatrical references and their implication in Terence\'s first comedy Andria, of which we also aim to furnish the complete translation to Portuguese. About the Terentian treatment of the fabula palliata, far away of what was thought about his supposed departing from techniques employed by the best playwrights of the genre, Terence is self-consciously aware of his place in an established literary tradition and faced the challenge of placing himself in the same renowned position of Naevius, Plautus and Ennius. In doing so, he tried to create a comedy that was not only not devoid of metatheatrical references, but, on the contrary, fond of the Plautine metatheatre. In Terences Andria the language of deception, a kind of an eye blink to a metatheatrical scene, alerts us to ongoing or further playswithin- a-play and to character\'s knowledge of comic conventions. Plautus usually presents a character who acknowledges his existence as a theatrical figure on stage, but when the old man Simo displays the knowledge of the character type in Andria, we are able to see that he fails to see deceptions where there are none, interpreting the truth as a fiction contrived by their slaves, and he also fails to recognize that he also belongs to the same stock types of palliata tradition.

Este estudo objetiva estabelecer uma discussão acerca das referencias metateatrais e suas implicações na Andria, a primeira comédia de Terêncio, da qual também oferecemos uma tradução integral para a nossa língua. Quanto ao tratamento terenciano da fabula palliata, longe do que se pensava sobre seu suposto afastamento das técnicas empregadas pelos melhores comediógrafos do gênero, Terêncio se mostra autoconsciente de sua posição em uma tradição literária estabilizada e aceitou o desafio de se colocar na mesma posição renomada que Névio, Plauto e Ênio. Ao fazer isso, ele buscou criar uma comédia que não só não careceria de referencias metateatrais, mas que, ao contrário, daria continuidade ao metateatro plautino. Na Andria de Terêncio o vocabulário do engano, espécie de aceno para uma cena metateatral, alerta-nos para as peças dentro da comédia presentes ou vindouras e para o conhecimento que um personagem tem sobre as convenções cômicas. Plauto amiúde nos apresenta um personagem que reconhece sua existência como figura teatral em cena, mas, quando o velho Simão exibe seu conhecimento do personagem-tipo na peça Andria, podemos ver que ele falha ao enxergar enganos onde não há, interpretando a verdade como uma ficção elaborada por seus escravos, e falha na tarefa de reconhecer que ele pertence ao acervo de personagens da tradição da palliata / This study strives for a discussion about metatheatrical references and their implication in Terence\'s first comedy Andria, of which we also aim to furnish the complete translation to Portuguese. About the Terentian treatment of the fabula palliata, far away of what was thought about his supposed departing from techniques employed by the best playwrights of the genre, Terence is self-consciously aware of his place in an established literary tradition and faced the challenge of placing himself in the same renowned position of Naevius, Plautus and Ennius. In doing so, he tried to create a comedy that was not only not devoid of metatheatrical references, but, on the contrary, fond of the Plautine metatheatre. In Terences Andria the language of deception, a kind of an eye blink to a metatheatrical scene, alerts us to ongoing or further playswithin- a-play and to character\'s knowledge of comic conventions. Plautus usually presents a character who acknowledges his existence as a theatrical figure on stage, but when the old man Simo displays the knowledge of the character type in Andria, we are able to see that he fails to see deceptions where there are none, interpreting the truth as a fiction contrived by their slaves, and he also fails to recognize that he also belongs to the same stock types of palliata tradition.

What role did identification play in the motives, processes, and products of select post-colonial authors who "wrote back" to William Shakespeare and colonialism? How did post-colonial counter-discursive metatheatre function to make select post-colonial adaptations creative and critical texts? In answer to these questions, this dissertation proposes that counter-discursive metatheatre resituates post-colonial plays as criticism of Shakespeare's plays. As particular post-colonial authors identify with marginalized Shakespearean characters and aim to amplify their conflicts from the perspective of a dominated culture, they interpret themes of race, gender, and colonialism in Othello (1604), Antony and Cleopatra (1608), and The Tempest (1611) as explicit problems. This dissertation combines post-colonial theory and other literary theory, particularly by Kenneth Burke, to propose a rhetoric of motives for post-colonial authors who "write back" to Shakespeare through the use of counter-discursive metatheatre. This dissertation, therefore, describes and analyzes how and why the plays of Murray Carlin, Aimé Césaire, and Derek Walcott function both creatively and critically, adapting Shakespeare's plays, and foregrounding post-colonial criticism of his plays. Chapter One analyzes Murray Carlin's motivations for adapting Othello and using the framing narrative of Not Now, Sweet Desdemona (1967) to explicitly critique the conflicts of race, gender, and colonialism in Othello. Chapter Two treats why and how Aimé Césaire adapts The Tempest in 1969, illustrating his explicit critique of Prospero and Caliban as the colonizer and the colonized, exposing Prospero's insistence on controlling the sexuality of his subjects, and, therefore, arguing that race, gender, and colonialism operate concomitantly in the play. Chapter Three analyzes A Branch of the Blue Nile (1983) as both a critique and an adaptation of Antony and Cleopatra, demonstrating how Walcott's framing narrative critiques the notion of a universal "Cleopatra," even one of an "infinite variety," and also evaluates Antony as a character who is marginalized by his Roman culture. The conclusion of this dissertation avers that in "writing back" to Shakespeare, these authors foreground and reframe post-colonial criticism, successfully dismantling the colonial structures that have kept their interpretations, and the subjects of their interpretations, marginalized.

Orientador: Marcelo Ramos Lazzaratto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:47:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_PedroHaddad_M.pdf: 1948104 bytes, checksum: 4f340ca080f183b5b32bf7a4e28351cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A presente dissertação teve por finalidade analisar as implicações da temática metateatral - em que o teatro é colocado como seu próprio objetivo e tema de realização -, dentro de processos pedagógicos em teatro, desenvolvidos com crianças entre 8 e 12 anos, idade em que o pensamento estruturante da cena começa e ser compreendido como um elemento de criação poética. Primeiramente, confrontamos esta prática, desenvolvida ao longo de nove anos, com diversas referências bibliográficas sobre o ensino do teatro publicadas no Brasil, como modo de situá-la e procurando afastá-la do sistema escolar, buscando verticalizar seu estudo. Enfatizamos, assim, o caráter próprio da linguagem teatral, como detentora, em si, de seus elementos pedagógicos. Em seguida, estabelecemos referências teóricas que balizaram a prática, reavaliando-a e ressignificando-a à luz de novos conceitos. Desse modo, o trabalho com a temática metateatral mostrou-se potencializador do desenvolvimento de um aluno-ator consciente da utilização e da combinação de diversos elementos poéticos próprios à cena, atividade lúdica por natureza, que incentiva a prática do jogo e da criatividade, essenciais ao desenvolvimento humano. Apropriamo-nos, então, do conceito de "lugar aprendente", de Jean- Jacques Schaller, para definir o lugar do ensino do teatro. Um lugar criado, determinado e alimentado por um coletivo, e que, em contrapartida, respeita a individualidade de cada um de seus componentes, efetivando o lugar do jogo e da criação poética. Posteriormente, relatamos experiências práticas - analisando-as de acordo com os conceitos discutidos -, realizadas dentro da sala de aula e quando da apresentação de quatro peças pelas crianças, exemplificando o metateatro como parte de uma metodologia pedagógica. Os espetáculos foram colocados como elemento fundamental para a assimilação da linguagem teatral, estabelecendo o público como parte do jogo, momento em que os alunos-atores se reconhecem como construtores dessa linguagem, afirmando-se, portanto, criativos, por meio do fazer teatral / Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the implications of the use of metatheatrical themes - in which the theater is set as its own purpose and theme of achievement - in pedagogical processes developed in theater with children between 08 and 12 years old, age at which the structuring thought of the scene begins to be understood as an element of poetic creation. We first confronted this practice, developed over nine years, with several references published in Brazil about teaching theatre, as a way to situate this practice and to try to push her away from the school system in order to deepen its study. Thus, emphasizing the theatrical language for its characteristics: as a detainer, itself, of its pedagogical elements. Then we set theoretical references to base the practice, reviewing it and redefining it in the light of new concepts. Thus, working with the metatheatrical theme showed that it can potentiate the development of a student-actor aware of the use, and the combination between various poetic elements concerning the scene, a playful activity by its nature, that encourages the practice of the game and creativity, both essential to human development. The concept of "learning place", presented by Jean-Jacques Schaller, was then used to define the place of the teaching of theater. A place created, determined and fueled by a collective, but that respects the individuality of each of its components, effecting the game and the place of poetic creation. Finally we described practical experiments - analyzing them according to the concepts discussed - that occurred in the classroom and in the presentation of four plays with children, exemplifying metatheatre as part of a pedagogic methodology. The plays were placed as a key element for the assimilation of the theatrical language, establishing the public as part of the game, the moment where student-actors recognized themselves as builders of this language, asserting themselves, therefore, as creative individuals through the experience of doing theatre / Mestrado / Artes Cenicas / Mestre em Artes

Plaute est l'un des deux seuls auteurs latins dont des pièces entières aient été conservées : le corpus plautinien reste toutefois un ensemble problématique car les manuscrits ne nous ont transmis, sur les 130 circulant sous le nom de Plaute dans l'Antiquité, que vingt-et-une pièces, identifiées au Ier siècle avant J.-C. par le grammairien Varron comme étant caractéristiques de Plaute. Il n'est pas douteux que ces pièces du corpus plautinien soient des comédies car c'est dans le cadre rituel et ludique propre aux comédies que le poète les a fait représenter. Les pièces elles-mêmes évoquent par ailleurs à plusieurs reprises, dans leur texte, cette appartenance au genre de la comoedia. Il peut alors être intéressant de s'interroger sur ce genre théâtral : Plaute le revendique clairement comme cadre d'inscription de ses pièces, mais le genre comique semble jouer dans ses comédies une fonction supplémentaire. Notre travail cherche à interroger la spécificité du rapport de Plaute à la comédie, et met pour cela en lumière les différents moyens par lesquels la comédie plautinienne se désigne comme théâtre et plus spécifiquement comme comédie. La métathéâtralité, ou le fait de se désigner comme théâtre, apparaît alors comme un procédé ludique, qui cherche à jouer avec le spectateur et à susciter le rire. Notre travail vise également à montrer que certaines comédies de Plaute se constituent spécifiquement comme comédies à travers un jeu sur les genres littéraires de l'épopée et de la tragédie : Plaute proposerait ainsi ce que l'on peut appeler une métapoétique du genre comique. / Plautus is one of the only two Roman playwrights whose plays have been preserved. However, the Plautinian corpus remains a problematic object : among the 130 plays that circulated under Plautus' name in the Antiquity, only 21 have been transmitted to us – those identified by the grammarian Varro in the 1st century BC as characteristic of Plautus. No doubt that these plays belonging to the Plautinian corpus are comedies, for the poet had them performed as comedies in the ritual context of the ludi. Moreover, the text of the plays themselves, on various occasions, mentions them as belonging the the genre of the comoedia. For those reasons, it can be interesting to question the dramatic genre : Plautus claims it as a framework for his plays, but the comic genre seems to play a further part in his comedies. This work aims at questionning Plautus' relationship to comedy : to do so, it lights up the various means through which Plautinian comedy shows itself as theatre in general, and as comedy in particular. Metatheatre – the explicit self-consciousness of being theatre – thus appears as a ludic process which tries to play with the audience and to trigger laughter. This works also aims to demonstrating that some of Plautus' comedies draw their comic specificity from playing on the epic and tragic genres. One could talk about Plautus of a metapoetics of the comic genre.

En el presente trabajo llevo a cabo un estudio comparativo de las técnicas teatrales y metateatrales que utilizaron el novelista español del Siglo de Oro Miguel de Cervantes en la Segunda Parte de Don Quijote de La Mancha y el dramaturgo modernista italiano Luigi Pirandello en las obras teatrales Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore y Enrico IV. Si bien estos dos autores han sido objeto de numerosos estudios por separado, en la actualidad no existen análisis comparativos de sus obras. Para investigar la utilización que hicieron de técnicas teatrales y metateatrales, parto del teatro griego clásico como tertium comparationis. Pese a que durante mucho tiempo el concepto de metateatro se consideró incompatible con el teatro clásico, la relación entre los dos ha comenzado a reconsiderarse en los últimos tiempos. En mi estudio me baso en las publicaciones más recientes sobre el tema y muestro la importancia del teatro griego clásico para la metateatralidad cervantina y pirandelliana. Lo hago, en primer lugar, trazando el interés de Cervantes por la cultura mediterránea (en concreto, por la Commedia dell’Arte italiana) y, a través de esta, por el teatro griego clásico. Luego me aproximo a través del folclore siciliano a la filosofía del teatro de Pirandello, la cual, aunque se suele identificar con los movimientos de vanguardia europeos de comienzos del siglo XX, se nutrió profundamente de la filosofía y la tragedia griegas. Seguidamente procedo a examinar las técnicas teatrales y metateatrales cervantinas y pirandellianas desde la perspectiva de algunos topoi clave del teatro griego clásico. Asimismo, hago un repaso por los temas clave que comparten Don Quijote de La Mancha, Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore y Enrico IV y su relación con el teatro griego clásico mediante el análisis de las técnicas teatrales y metateatrales de las que se valieron sus autores. Por último, me enfoco en una de dichas técnicas (el uso de títeres) para ilustrar la recurrencia de motivos y temas entre lo clásico (el teatro griego), lo moderno temprano (Cervantes) y lo vanguardista (Pirandello). En este caso, voy más allá de Cervantes y Pirandello para incluir al poeta y dramaturgo modernista español Federico García Lorca, quien fue contemporáneo del dramaturgo italiano y que compartía con él el interés en renovar el panorama teatral de su época regresando al novelista español del Siglo de Oro y, por extensión, al teatro griego clásico.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:52:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HenriqueTeatro.pdf: 2789404 bytes, checksum: d7eebde9745970e396a4e52e2c5e62ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The goal of this work is to observe and reflect about how metalanguage and irony can be articulated and manifested in contemporary scene. The aesthetic procedures more frequently used in building metalinguistic and ironic spectacles and how they can act over and with the spectator, stablishing (or not) an open scene, plural, non-univocal, and that accepts (or even claims for) the participation of the spectator as the scene co-author. This research is many times about non-verbal elements of scene, trespassing the boundaries of theatrical text. To exemplify the theoretical reflexions here presented I analise four theatre plays from different groups from Curitiba nowadays: Morgue Story (2004), from Vigor Mortis; Mulher artificialmente branca [Artificially White Woman] (2006), from Barridos da Cena; Gambiarra (2008/2009), from Elenco de Ouro; and O bom selvagem [The Noble Savage] (2006), from Kiwi Cia. De Teatro. Themes such as Grand Guignol, trash, image theatre, the carnivalization and the political in theatre permeate the analysis. The dissertation is structured in two chapters. In the first chapter I address the elements and procedural features of metalanguage and its reverberations in an art, in a theatre that places itself as object of reflexion, that questions itself as language (self-questioning) before the audience, in scene. In the second chapter I perform a raid through current definitions of irony, from linguistic and literary studies to theatre. Unlike the previous chapter the descriptions and analysis of ironies that appear in the plays don´t get concentrated in the end of the text: they spread throughout the issues, punctuating and increasing the steps of theoretical reasoning and providing empirical support for subsequent discussions / O objetivo deste trabalho é observar e refletir como a metalinguagem e a ironia podem ser articuladas e manifestadas na encenação contemporânea. Quais são os procedimentos estéticos utilizados com maior freqüência na construção de espetáculos metalingüísticos e irônicos, e como os mesmos podem atuar sobre e com o espectador, instaurando (ou não) uma cena aberta, plural, não-unívoca, e que aceita (e até mesmo necessita) a participação do espectador como co-autor da cena. A pesquisa debruça-se, muitas vezes, sobre elementos não-verbais da encenação, ultrapassando os limites do texto teatral. Para exemplificar as reflexões teóricas apresentadas, analiso quatro espetáculos de diferentes grupos curitibanos atuais: Morgue Story (2004), da Vigor Mortis; Mulher artificialmente branca (2006), da Barridos da Cena; Gambiarra (2008/2009), do Elenco de Ouro; e O bom selvagem (2006), da Kiwi Cia. de Teatro. Temas como o Grand Guignol, o trash, o teatro de imagens, a carnavalização e a questão do político no teatro permeiam as análises. A dissertação é estruturada em dois capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, abordo os elementos e características processuais da metalinguagem e suas reverberações em uma arte, em um teatro que coloca a si mesmo como objeto de reflexão, que se interroga enquanto linguagem (auto-questionamento) diante do público, em cena. No segundo capítulo, realizo uma incursão pelas atuais definições de ironia, partindo de estudos lingüísticos e literários até chegar, por extensão, ao teatro. Ao contrário do capítulo anterior, as descrições e análises das ironias presentes nos espetáculos não se concentram ao final do texto: elas se espalham ao longo dos itens, pontuando e encorpando as etapas do raciocínio teórico e fornecendo bases empíricas para as discussões

This thesis closely examines the utilisation of dramatic characters’ comments on matters of literary and theatrical criticism. This phenomenon shaped a trend in European theatre during the first half of the twentieth century, and Egyptian theatre in the second half of the century. My main hypotheses are, firstly, that dramatic characters’ comments on literary and theatrical matters of criticism respond to specific problems that challenge theatre practice. Thus, my reading of literary and theatrical criticism within the dramatic texts studied in my thesis focuses on this criticism’s reformative function to rectify the crisis that faces theatre practice in general, rather than playwrights’ individual motives, such as responding to their critics. Secondly, socio-political, economic, and cultural aspects shape historical circumstances, which influence the current state of the theatre industry. Therefore, although Egyptian plays are noticeably influenced by European metatheatre, Egyptian playwrights utilise these borrowed techniques to highlight specific problems of Egyptian theatre such as the corrupt administration of governmental theatre and censorship. Finally, while Egyptian plays exploit European metatheatrical techniques, Egyptian playwrights claimed their works as a revival of intrinsically anti-illusionist traditional forms of entertainment such as the shadow play and Karagöz. This claim reflected increasing calls for pure Egyptian theatre, as part of the anti-Western jingoistic discourse of the political regime of the 1950s. In order to examine these assumptions, my theoretical approach draws from the fields of metatheatrical studies; literary and performance studies of parody and intertextuality; the history of European and Egyptian theatre; sociological, political and cultural studies; theories of modern criticism, and critical reviews. My contribution to the field of metatheatrical studies is in highlighting the reformative function of literary and theatrical criticism, whether as a discourse or a metatheatrical device, within a group of European plays that belong to different movements of the avant-garde during the first half of the twentieth century. More significantly, my study investigates the same phenomenon in Egyptian plays that, since the 1980s, have gradually been marginalised as fringe theatre and neglected by academic studies.