A Companhia Teatro de Seraphim (CTS) surge em 1990, no Recife, Pernambuco, e logo se notabiliza pelo requinte artístico de seus espetáculos e pela abordagem polêmica de questões como sexualidade, loucura, religião e família, enfocando em geral grupos excluídos da sociedade brasileira. Seu teatro dá ênfase à teatralidade e à metalinguagem. Tomando, portanto, como eixo teórico a metateatralidade, esta tese examina os valores estéticos do grupo, em um primeiro momento, para em seguida analisar sua realização cênica, especificamente em um espetáculo: A filha do teatro. Análise que, por sua vez, se desdobra sobre dois espetáculos posteriores, encenados fora do âmbito da CTS: Thy name e A morte do artista popular. As três montagens constituem uma espécie de trilogia sobre o teatro, com textos de Luís Augusto Reis, encenados por Antonio Cadengue. Por meio deste estudo, tem-se o objetivo de apresentar a metateatralidade como uma das matrizes da poética teatral da CTS e, por extensão, de Antonio Cadengue, fundador e principal encenador do grupo. / In 1990, the Companhia Teatro de Seraphim (CTS) is founded in Recife, Pernambuco, and soon earns recognition for the artistic finesse of its productions and its controversial approach of issues such as sexuality, madness, religion, and family, generally focusing on excluded groups in Brazilian society. Its theatre gives emphasis to theatricality and metalanguage. Therefore, taking metatheatricality as theoretical basis, this thesis examines the group\'s aesthetic values, at first, to then analyze its scenic attainment, specifically observing one of its productions: A filha do teatro. Analysis which, in turn, is unfolded into the subsequent examination of two other spectacles, though not formally produced by the CTS: Thy name and A morte do artista popular. These three plays, all written by Luís Augusto Reis and staged by Antonio Cadengue, form a kind of trilogy about theatre. This study aims to present metatheatricality as one of the main poetic tenets of the CTS - and, by extension, of Antonio Cadengue, founder and leading director of the group.

A Companhia Teatro de Seraphim (CTS) surge em 1990, no Recife, Pernambuco, e logo se notabiliza pelo requinte artístico de seus espetáculos e pela abordagem polêmica de questões como sexualidade, loucura, religião e família, enfocando em geral grupos excluídos da sociedade brasileira. Seu teatro dá ênfase à teatralidade e à metalinguagem. Tomando, portanto, como eixo teórico a metateatralidade, esta tese examina os valores estéticos do grupo, em um primeiro momento, para em seguida analisar sua realização cênica, especificamente em um espetáculo: A filha do teatro. Análise que, por sua vez, se desdobra sobre dois espetáculos posteriores, encenados fora do âmbito da CTS: Thy name e A morte do artista popular. As três montagens constituem uma espécie de trilogia sobre o teatro, com textos de Luís Augusto Reis, encenados por Antonio Cadengue. Por meio deste estudo, tem-se o objetivo de apresentar a metateatralidade como uma das matrizes da poética teatral da CTS e, por extensão, de Antonio Cadengue, fundador e principal encenador do grupo. / In 1990, the Companhia Teatro de Seraphim (CTS) is founded in Recife, Pernambuco, and soon earns recognition for the artistic finesse of its productions and its controversial approach of issues such as sexuality, madness, religion, and family, generally focusing on excluded groups in Brazilian society. Its theatre gives emphasis to theatricality and metalanguage. Therefore, taking metatheatricality as theoretical basis, this thesis examines the group\'s aesthetic values, at first, to then analyze its scenic attainment, specifically observing one of its productions: A filha do teatro. Analysis which, in turn, is unfolded into the subsequent examination of two other spectacles, though not formally produced by the CTS: Thy name and A morte do artista popular. These three plays, all written by Luís Augusto Reis and staged by Antonio Cadengue, form a kind of trilogy about theatre. This study aims to present metatheatricality as one of the main poetic tenets of the CTS - and, by extension, of Antonio Cadengue, founder and leading director of the group.

En proposant une étude comparée de l’esclave ludificator dans la comédie romaine antique et du valet vedette dans la comédie en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, ce travail entend rendre compte de la valeur proprement spectaculaire de la convention théâtrale ancienne du serviteur maître du jeu. À la notion de jeu, entendue à la fois comme l’ensemble des facéties du serviteur et comme une modalité de l’activité théâtrale, nous articulerons donc la notion de maîtrise, envisagée aussi bien du point de vue fictionnel du serviteur que du point de vue extra-fictionnel du comédien. La première partie de l’étude fera d’abord apparaître la structuration du rôle de comédie romaine en séquences spectaculaires, en identifiant l’esclave maître du jeu ou ludificator à la combinaison de certaines de ces séquences, puis proposera une interprétation de la convention comique du seruus ludificator comme figuration valorisante de l’activité théâtrale et de l’événement rituel des Jeux. Elle examinera ensuite les diverses variations de cette convention dans les vingt-six comédies du corpus romain. La seconde partie de ce travail, tout en montrant l’importance du modèle romain dans l’élaboration du genre comique en France à partir de la Renaissance, mettra en évidence le poids décisif du contexte théâtral professionnel, et particulièrement du système de vedettariat parisien, dans l’apparition du phénomène de valet vedette dans la comédie et dans son développement marqué tout au long du XVIIe siècle. Elle rendra compte, enfin, de la structuration du rôle en emploi à partir des années 1680 et de l’uniformisation qui en résulte, amenant la convention à disparaître en quelques décennies. / By proposing a comparative study of the ludificator slave in Ancient Roman comedy and of the star-servant in comedies performed in early-modern France, this thesis intends to account for the specifically spectacular value of the ancient theatrical convention of the leading servant. The idea of play, understood both as the servant’s tricks and as theatrical activity itself, is placed in relation to the idea of mastery, regarded both from the fictional point of view of the servant and from the extra-fictional point of view of the actor. The first part of the thesis endeavours to point out the specific structure of Roman comedy roles in spectacular sequences and identifies the leading or ludificator slave as a combination of some particular sequences. It then proposes an interpretation of the comic convention of the seruus ludificator as a promotional representation of theatrical activity and the ritual event of the Ludi. It finally examines the diverse variations of the convention in the twenty-six comedies of the Roman corpus. The second part of this work, although showing the importance of the Roman model in the elaboration of the comic genre in France from the Renaissance, also brings to light the decisive influence of the context of professional theatre, in particular the Parisian “star-system”, in the appearance and strong development of the star-servant phenomenon in seventeenth-century French comedy. Finally, it will account for the transformation of the role into a fixed, institutional part from the 1680s, resulting in a standardisation and progressive disappearance of the convention.

The critical discussion of metatheatre has historically connected a series of reflexive dramatic strategies - like soliloquy, chorus, dumb show, the-play-within-the-play, prologue, and epilogue - and assumed that because these tropes all involve the play's apparent awareness of its own theatrical nature they all have similar dramaturgical functions. This dissertation, by contrast, shows that the efficacy derived from metatheatrical moments that overtly reference theatrical production is better understood in the context of restaged non-theatrical cultural performances. Restaged moments of both theatrical and non-theatrical social ritual produce layers of performance that allow the play to create representational space capable of circumventing traditional power structures. The Reflexive Scaffold argues that this relationship between metatheatricality and restaged moments of culture is central to interrogating the complexities of dramatic genre on the English Renaissance stage. This project asserts that a great deal of early modern English drama begins to experiment with staged moments of cultural performance: social, cultural, and religious events, which have distinct ramifications and efficacy both for the audience and in the world of the play. However, while these restaged social rituals become focal points within a given narrative, their function is determined by the genre of the play in which they appear. A play or a feast inserted into a comic narrative creates a very different sort of efficacy within the world of the play from that which is created when the same moment appears in a tragic narrative. These various types of performance give us a glimpse into the ways that early modern English dramatists understood the relationship between their works and the audiences who viewed them. I argue that the presentation and reinterpretation of early modern social ritual is utilized by many of the major playwrights of the English Renaissance, including Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Kyd, John Marston, Thomas Middleton, and Philip Massinger to redefine genre. These moments of reflexivity construct efficacy that, depending on the genre in which they appear, runs the gambit from reinforcing social order to directly critiquing the dominant cultural discourse.

Das Hauptziel der Arbeit ist die Rekonstruktion der sozialen und kulturellen Rahmenbedingungen, unter denen dramatische Stücke zwischen Shakespeares Tod im Jahre 1616 und der Schließung der Theater im Jahre 1642 produziert wurden. Mithilfe einer Vielfalt zeitgenössischer Quellen erfolgt eine Rekonstruktion des historischen Kontextes aus zeitgenössischer Sicht. Die Arbeit analysiert wer die Menschen waren, für die Shakespeares Nachfolger ihre Stücke für die öffentlichen und privaten Bühnen Londons schrieben. Des Weiteren stellt die Arbeit dar, wie der Gang ins Theater in einer bisher von der Forschung nur wenig beachteten Epoche aussah und zeigt auf, wer genau in diesen Jahren ins Theater ging und wie diese Zuschauer und ihre Erwartungen an die Bühne durch eine Vielzahl externer und stetig wechselnder kultureller, politischer und sozialer Faktoren (z.B. Bärenhatzen, Prostitution, Hinrichtungen etc.) beeinflusst wurden. Zudem liegt ein weiteres Hauptaugenmerk der Arbeit darauf, wie die drei Autoren John Ford, Richard Brome und James Shirley in den Prologen und Epilogen zu ihren Stücken die Gegenwart der Zuschauer thematisiert und die Entwicklung des frühneuzeitlichen Theaters metadramatisch und selbstreflexiv angesprochen haben.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de mettre en évidence et d'analyser les thématiques pirandelliennes dans le théâtre de Jean Genet. Á cet effet, elle propose une redéfinition du pirandellisme, qui était sujet à de nombreuses controverses depuis sa première définition d'inspiration philosophique par le critique italien Adriano Tilgher en 1923. La nouvelle définition du pirandellisme proposée ici est construite à partir de cinq caractéristiques principales: le dualisme entre la vie et la forme, l'humorisme pirandellien, la suprématie de l'œuvre d'art sur la vie, l'impossibilité d'être un soi unifié et la métathéâtralité. Cette nouvelle modélisation dramaturgique du pirandellisme sert à analyser les pièces métathéâtrales de Pirandello et l'ensemble du théâtre de Genet dans le but d'appréhender l'historicité des textes, leur ancrage - et parfois absence d'ancrage - par rapport à leurs contextes de production et les liens qu'ils tissent entre eux. L'un des plans théoriques pris pour analyser l'influence de la dramaturgie et de l'esthétique de Pirandello sur le théâtre de Genet est de nature historique, portant précisément sur l'histoire du théâtre et des formes scéniques en Italie et en France au XXe siècle. Ce travail est étroitement lié à la question de l'auteur et à celle de l'influence. Outre le pirandellisme, la déconstruction du réalisme, le renoncement au mimétisme psychologique ou gestuel, aux effets d'illusion, la mise en espace d'un nouvel univers fictionnel et l'abondance des textes divers et didascalies qui dessinent et préconisent la mise en scène avec une précision méticuleuses sont autant de caractéristiques qui réunissent ces deux auteurs. / This thesis highlights and analyzes the Pirandellian themes in Jean Genet's plays. It proposes a redefinition of Pirandellism, which was the subject of much controversy from the time of its first definition, of philosophical inspiration, by the Italian critic Adriano Tilgher, in 1923. The new definition put forward here is based on five main characteristics: dualism between life and form; Pirandellian humourism; the supremacy of the art work over life; the impossibility of being a unified self; and metatheatricality. This new dramaturgical modelling of Pirandellism serves to analyze Pirandello's metatheatrical plays and all of Genet's theatre, with a view to understanding the historicity of the texts, that is, their anchorage – and sometimes absence thereof – in relation to their contexts of production and the relationships they weave between them. One of the theoretical frames of reference taken to analyze the influence of Pirandello's dramatic art and aesthetics on Genet's theatre is historical and precisely relevant to the history of theatre and scenic forms in 20th century Italy and France. This work is closely linked to the question of the author and of influence. Apart from Pirandellism, the deconstruction of realism, the giving up of psychological or gestural imitation and of the effects of illusion, the spatial framing of a new fictional world, and the abundance of varied texts and forms of stage direction that outline and recommend staging with meticulous precision are all characteristics common to these two authors.

Cette thèse s'attache à mettre en lumière une véritable continuité littéraire de Wilde à Beckett, tissée par une poétique de la présence qui maintient leurs oeuvres dans une permanente instabilité, aux frontières de l'ininterprétable, tout en soulignant les particularités des voies poétiques qu'ils empruntent. L'absence est une présence étrangement dense chez ces auteurs qui captent des persistances fantomatiques, interrogeant la possibilité de la représentation, de la perception et de l'altérité. Entre présence et absence, la mort est au coeur d'oeuvres qui réinventent l'héritage gothique pour exprimer l'horreur de la dégradation du moi, l'angoisse du devenir-Objet, processus de hantise qui conduit à deux esthétiques croisées de la décomposiiton. Le texte wildien est un jalon menant à la représentation beckettienne de la disparition des frontières entre vie et mort. la présence structure aussi sur le mode métatextuel : par la mise en abyme et la métathéâtralité, la représentation se fait fragmentaire pour montrer les failles d'une présence paradoxale au coeur d'un théâtre de la revenance. la suprématie de l'art sur le réel et du style sur la substance apparaissent : entre épuisement et emballement, leurs écritures sont caractérisées par la précision et la cohérence tout en décrivant le vacillement des certitudes et des conventions. De leur rapport ambivalent à l'Irlande naît un texte se déployant dans un "entre-Trois" linguistique (anglais, français, et gaélique). Les oeuvres permettent de faire l'expérience de la présence à la limite de la disparition, menant à une écriture de l'entre-Deux pour défaire les frontières, trouver des passages, inventer de nouvelles voies. / This thesis aims at highlighting a deep literary continuity from Wilde to Beckett, through a poetic of the presence which keeps their works in a permanent instability, verging on the impossibility of interpreting, while underlining the specificities of the poetic ways they undertake. The absence is a strangely dense presence in the works of those two writers who get ghostly remainings, questioning the possibility of representation, of perception and otherness. Between presence and absence, death is at the core of works which reinvent the gothic legacy to express which leads to two crossed aesthetics of decomposition. The Wildean text is a hinge leading to the Beckettian representation of the disappearance of the frontiers between life and death. The presence also structures on a metatextual mode : through mise en abyme and metatheatricality, the representation becomes fragmentary in order to show the weaknesses of a paradoxical presence at the heart of a spectral theatre. The supremacy of art over reality and of style over substance appear : between exhaustion and profusion, their writings are characterized by precision and consistency while describing the wavering of certainties and conventions. Their ambivalent relationship to Ireland brings forth a text existing in the intermediary space between English, French and Gaelic. Their works foster the experience of presence verging on disapppearence, leading to an in-Between writing to dismiss frontiers, to find new passages and invent new ways.