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Restriction endonucleases occur ubiquitously among bacteria, archaea and in viruses of certain unicellular algae, and they are usually accompanied by a modification enzyme of identical specificity; together, the two activities form a restriction-modification (R-M) system- the prokaryotic equivalent of an immune system. More than 3,800 R-M enzymes have been characterized so far and they manifest 262 unique recognition specificities. These enzymes represent the largest family of functionally related enzymes. Based on the number and organization of subunits, cofactor requirements, catalytic mechanism, and sequence specificity, restriction enzymes have been classified into different types, Types I, II, III, and IV. R-M systems are important model systems for studying highly specific DNA-Protein interactions and serve as excellent systems for investigating structure-function relationship and for understanding the evolution of functionally similar enzymes with highly dissimilar sequence. In bacteria, DNA methyltransferases (MTases) associated with R-M systems protects the host DNA from cleavage by the cognate restriction endonuclease recognizing the same sequence and provides the integrity of host cell genome against foreign DNA invasion. The modification MTases catalyses the addition of a methyl group to one nucleotide in each strand of the recognition sequence using S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) as the methyl group donor. Based on the chemistry of the methylation reaction catalyzed, DNA MTases are classified as C5 enzymes (endocyclic MTases), which transfer the methyl group to C5 position of cytosine, and N6 and N4 enzymes (exocyclic amino MTases), which transfer the methyl group to the exocyclic amino group of adenine or cytosine, respectively. DNA MTases of all three types contain conserved regions, which are responsible for catalysis and AdoMet binding, and variable regions known as target recognition domains (TRD), which determine the substrate specificity of a particular enzyme. Ten conserved amino acid motifs (I–X) are found in C5 MTases. Exocyclic DNA MTases are subdivided further into six groups (namely α, β, γ, ζ, δ and ε), according to the linear arrangements of three conserved motifs, the AdoMet-binding domain (FXGXG), the TRD (target recognition domain) and the catalytic domain (D/N/S)PP(Y/F). Base flipping has been proposed as a general mechanism used by all MTases in which the target base to be methylated is rotated 180º out of the DNA into a catalytic domain (motif IV). EcoP15I restriction enzyme (R.EcoP15I) belongs to the Type III restriction-modification (R-M) family. These enzymes are composed of two subunits, Res (Restriction) and Mod (Modification). The Mod subunit alone functions as a DNA methyltransferase in presence of AdoMet and magnesium and determines the specificity for restriction and methylation, whereas restriction activity requires the cooperation of both the Res and Mod subunits. EcoP15I methyltransferase (M.EcoP15I), a homodimeric enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from AdoMet to the second adenine residue in the recognition sequence, 5’-CAGCAG-3’, in presence of magnesium ions. M.EcoP15I belongs to the β-subfamily of N6-adenine methyltransferases. In addition to the two highly conserved sequence motifs, FXGXG (motif 1) involved in AdoMet binding and DPPY (motif IV) involved in catalysis, the amino acid residues of the region 355-377 contains a PD(X)n(D/E)XK-like motif involved in metal binding. A Mutation in the Mod Subunit of EcoP15I Restriction Enzyme Converts the DNA Methyltransferase to a Site-Specific Endonuclease An interesting aspect of M.EcoP15I is that the methylation requires magnesium and magnesium binding to the PD(X)n(D/E)XK-like motif participates in base flipping. The PD-(D/E)XK superfamily of Mg2+-dependent nucleases were initially identified in structurally characterized Type II REases and later found in many enzymes involved in DNA replication, recombination and repair. The charged residues from the catalytic triads are implicated in metal ion mediated DNA cleavage. In EcoP15I DNA methyltransferase, a PD(X)n(D/E)XK like motif is present in which the partially conserved proline is replaced by methionine (MD(X)18(D/E)XK). Using site-directed mutagenesis methionine at 357 was changed to proline (M357P), which resulted in the formation of a Mg2+ binding/catalytic motif similar to several Mg2+-dependent endonucleases. Substitution of methionine at position 357 by proline converts EcoP15I DNA methyltransferase to a site-specific endonuclease. The mutant protein specifically binds to the recognition sequence 5’-CAGCAG-3’ and cleaves DNA in presence of Mg2+. The engineered EcoP15I-M357P is an active, sequence-dependent restriction endonuclease that cleaves DNA 10/1 nucleotide away from its recognition sequence in the presence of Mg2+. Unlike the holoenzyme, R.EcoP15I, the engineered endonuclease neither requires AdoMet or ATP nor requires two sites in the inverted orientation for DNA cleavage. It is of potential interest to use such an engineered enzyme as a genetic manipulation tool. Dimerisation of EcoP15I DNA Methyltransferase is Required for Sequence Recognition and Catalysis In the cell, after each round of replication, substrate for any DNA MTase is hemimethylated DNA and therefore, only a single methylation event restores the fully methylated state. This is in agreement with the fact that most of the DNA MTases studied exist as monomers in solution. The peculiar feature of M.EcoP15I is that it methylates only one strand of the DNA, at the N6-position of the adenine residue. Earlier studies using gel filtration and glutaraldehyde cross-linking demonstrated that M.EcoP15I exists as dimer in solution. However, the significance of dimerisation in the reaction mechanism of EcoP15I MTase is not clear. Therefore, experiments have been performed to determine whether M.EcoP15I could function as a monomer and the significance of dimerisation, if any, in catalysis. Towards this a homology model of the M.EcoP15I was generated by “FRankenstein monster” approach. Residues D223, V225, and V392, the side chains of which are present in the putative dimerisation interface in the model were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis. These residues were mutated to lysine and their importance was studied. Methylation and in vitro restriction assays showed that the triple mutant was catalytically inactive. Interestingly, the mutations resulted in weakening of the interaction between the monomers leading to both monomeric and dimeric species. M.EcoP15I was inactive in the monomeric form and therefore, dimerisation might be the initial step in its function. This must be required for positioning of the target base of the DNA in the active-site pocket of the M.EcoP15I. A part of this interface may be involved in site-specific DNA binding. Dimerisation of M.EcoP15I is, therefore, a prerequisite for the high-affinity substrate binding needed for efficient catalysis. Understanding the role(s) of Amino and Carboxyl-terminal Domains of EcoP15I DNA Methyltransferase in DNA Recognition and Catalysis N-terminal and C- terminal domains (NTD and CTD) of proteins are known to play many important roles such as folding, stability, dimerisation, regulation of gene expression, enzyme activity and substrate binding. From the modeled dimeric structure of M.EcoP15I, it was hypothesized that N- and C-termini are in close proximity with each other. In addition, it was predicted that each monomer can bind to AdoMet and DNA. Towards understanding the role(s) of the N- and C-terminal domains of M.EcoP15I in its structure and function, N-, and C-terminal deletions were created. Interestingly, deletion of N-terminal 53 amino acids and C-terminal 127 amino acids from of EcoP15I MTase converted the dimeric enzyme to a stable, monomeric protein that was structurally stable but enzymatically inactive. Each monomer could bind single-stranded DNA but dimerisation was required for double-stranded DNA binding and methylation. This indicated that amino acids at the N- and C-termini are important for maintaining a proper dimeric structure for M.EcoP15I functions. Therefore, it can be proposed that in a complex three-dimensional structure, the NTD and CTD should be properly maintained in order to execute its function, including dimerisation and DNA binding. However, since the 3D structure of M.EcoP15I has not yet been determined, the biochemical, biophysical and bioinformatics approaches may serve to provide useful information on the relative contributions of the electrostatic forces and hydrophobic contacts to the structural stability. Understanding the structural organization and folding of M.EcoP15I is crucial to elucidation of the mechanism of action.

During translation, the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play the crucial role of adaptors between the messenger RNA and the amino acids. The tRNAs are first transcribed as pre-tRNAs which are then maturated. During this maturation, several nucleosides are modified by tRNA modification enzymes. These modifications are important for the functions of the tRNAs and for their correct folding. Many of the modifications are methylations of the bases or the ribose. Four families of tRNA methyltransferases are known, among which the SPOUT superfamily. Proteins of this superfamily are characterised by a C-terminal topological knot where the methyl donor is bound. With the exception of the monomeric Trm10, all known SPOUT proteins are dimeric and have an active site composed of residues of both protomers. Interestingly, depending on the organism, the same modification can be catalysed by completely unrelated enzymes. On the other hand, homologous enzymes can have different specificities or/and activities. These differences are well illustrated for the TrmJ and Trm10 enzymes.<p>In the first part of this work we have identified the TrmJ enzyme of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (the model organism of hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota) which 2’-O-methylates the nucleoside at position 32 of tRNAs. This protein belongs to the SPOUT superfamily and is homologous to TrmJ of the bacterium Escherichia coli. A comparative study shows that the two enzymes have different specificities for the nature of the nucleoside at position 32 as well as for their tRNA substrates. To try to understand these shifts of specificity at a molecular level we solved the crystal structure of the SPOUT domains of the two TrmJ proteins.<p>In the second part of this work, we have determined the crystal structure of the Trm10 protein of S. acidocaldarius. This is the first structure of a 1-methyladenosine (m1A) specific Trm10 and also the first structure of a full length Trm10 protein. The Trm10 protein of S. acidocaldarius is distantly related to its yeast homologues which are 1-methylguanosine (m1G) specific. To understand the difference of activity between the Trm10 enzymes, we compared the yeast and the S. acidocaldarius Trm10 structures. Remarkably several Trm10 proteins (such as Trm10 of Thermococcus kodakaraensis) are even able to form both m1A and m1G. To understand the capacity of the T. kodakaraensis protein to methylate A and G, a mutational study was initiated./Lors de la traduction, les ARN de transfert (ARNt) jouent le rôle crucial d’adaptateurs entre l’ARN messager et les acides aminés. Les ARNt sont transcrits sous forme de pré-ARNt qui doivent être maturés. Lors de cette maturation, plusieurs nucléosides sont modifiés. Un grand nombre de ces modifications sont des méthylations des bases ou du ribose. Quatre familles d’ARNt méthyltransferases sont actuellement connues, dont la superfamille des SPOUT. Les membres de cette superfamille sont caractérisés par un nœud dans la chaîne polypeptidique du côté C-terminal. C’est au niveau de ce nœud que se lie la S-adénosylméthionine qui est le donneur de groupement méthyle. A l’exception de Trm10 qui est monomérique, toutes les protéines SPOUT connues sont dimériques et leur site actif est formé de résidus provenant des deux protomères. Selon l’espèce, une même modification peut être formée à la même position dans la molécule d’ARNt par des enzymes qui appartiennent à des familles différentes. A l’opposé, des enzymes homologues peuvent présenter des spécificités ou des activités différentes.<p>Au cours de ce travail, nous avons identifié l’enzyme TrmJ de Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (l’organisme modèle des Crénarchées hyperthermophiles) qui méthyle le ribose du nucléoside en position 32 des ARNt. Cette protéine est un homologue de l’enzyme TrmJ de la bactérie Escherichia coli. L’étude comparative que nous avons réalisée a révélé que ces deux enzymes présentent une différence de spécificité pour la nature du nucléoside en position 32 ainsi que pour les ARNt substrats. Afin de comprendre ces différences de spécificité au niveau moléculaire, les structures des domaines SPOUT des deux TrmJ ont été déterminées et comparées.<p>En parallèle, nous avons résolu la structure cristalline de la protéine Trm10 de S. acidocaldarius. C’est la première structure disponible d’un enzyme Trm10 formant de la 1-méthyladénosine (m1A). C’est aussi la première structure complète d’une protéine Trm10. Les enzymes homologues des levures Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Schizosaccharomyces pombe qui n’ont que peu d’identité de séquence avec l’enzyme de S. acidocaldarius, forment de la 1-méthylguanosine (m1G). Dans le but de comprendre comment ces enzymes homologues peuvent présenter des activités différentes, leurs structures ont été comparées. De manière surprenante, certains homologues de Trm10 (comme l’enzyme de l’Euryarchée Thermococcus kodakaraensis) sont capables de former du m1A et du m1G. Afin de mieux comprendre comment ces protéines sont capables de méthyler deux types de bases, nous avons initié l’étude de l’enzyme Trm10 de T. kodakaraensis par mutagenèse dirigée.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La méthylation de l’ADN est un phénomène épigénétique qui joue un rôle important dans le développement des mammifères et qui est associé à une répression transcriptionnelle. La méthylation de loci CpG de l’ADN est médiée par les méthyltransférases de l’ADN – les Dnmts. La méthylation joue également un rôle clef dès les stades précoces de la cancérogenèse dans une grande partie des tumeurs où on observe une méthylation, notamment la répression des gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs et une déméthylation, notamment l’expression de séquences d’ADN parasites. <p>\ / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The imbalance in the levels of certain microRNAs (miRNAs) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains promotes alterations in tau proteostasis and neurodegeneration. However, potential mechanisms governing how specific miRNAs are dysregulated in AD brains are still under investigation. Epitranscriptomics is a mode of post-transcriptional regulation that can control brain functions during development and adulthood. NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase 2 (NSun2) is one of the few known brain-enriched methyltransferases that has the ability to modify mammalian non-coding RNAs. Importantly, autosomal-recessive loss of function mutations in NSun2 have been associated with neurological abnormalities in humans. Here, we report that dysregulation of NSun2 can induce alterations in tau phosphorylation by modulating the levels of miR-125b, a main player in tau pathology. We were able to provide supporting evidence by utilizing several model systems such as Drosophila, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neurons, rat primary neuronal cultures and mice. Our Western blot analysis not only shows that NSun2 is expressed in adult human neurons in the hippocampal formation and prefrontal cortex, but also NSun2 protein expression levels are downregulated in post-mortem brain tissues from AD patients. Remarkably, we also found decreased NSun2 protein levels in AD mice and human cellular models. To prove these observed alterations were unique to AD, we further evaluated brain tissues from other tauopathies. Strikingly, NSun2 protein levels were similar between tauopathy cases and controls indicating that dysregulation of NSun2 might be unique to AD cases. Further, we investigated the pathological role of NSun2 by utilizing a well-established Drosophila melanogaster model of tau-induced toxicity. We found that a reduction of NSun2 protein levels exacerbated tau toxicity while overexpression of NSun2 partially abrogated toxicity proving bidirectionality. We used a lentiviral system to knock down NSun2 expression in iPSC derived neuronal cultures. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining showed a significant change in tau phosphorylation levels. To investigate what could be triggering observed alterations in NSun2 levels, we performed experiments in rat primary hippocampal neurons. We found that the treatment with oligomeric amyloid-beta A caused a decrease in NSun2 protein levels and at the same time, increased tau phosphorylation levels in primary hippocampal neurons. Lastly, we performed RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with qPCR and histological analysis using NSun2 conditional knockout (KO) mice and observed that NSun2 deficiency promoted aberrant levels of m6A methylated miR-125b and tau hyperphosphorylation. Altogether, our study demonstrates that neuronal NSun2 deficiency in AD promotes neurodegeneration by altering tau phosphorylation and tau toxicity through an epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanism and highlights a potential novel therapeutic target.

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are enzymes that catalyze the methylation of protein arginine residues, resulting in the formation of monomethylarginine, and/or asymmetric or symmetric dimethylarginines. Although understanding of the PRMTs has grown rapidly over the last few years, several challenges still remain in the PRMT field. Here, we describe the development of two techniques that will be very useful in investigating PRMT regulation, small molecule inhibition, oligomerization, protein-protein interaction, and substrate specificity, which will ultimately lead to the advancement of the PRMT field. Studies have shown that having an N-terminal tag can influence enzyme activity and substrate specificity. The first protocol tackles this problem by developing a way to obtain active untagged recombinant PRMT proteins. The second protocol describes a fast and efficient method for quantitative measurement of AdoMet-dependent methyltranseferase activity with protein substrates. In addition to being very sensitive, this method decreases the processing time for the analysis of PRMT activity to a few minutes compared to weeks by traditional methods, and generates 3000-fold less radioactive waste. We then used these methods to investigate the effect of truncating the NT of human PRMT1 variant 1 (hPRMT1-V1) on enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, and substrate specificity. Our studies show that the NT of hPRMT1-V1 influences enzymatic activity and protein-protein interactions. In particular, methylation of a variety of protein substrates was more efficient when the first 10 amino acids of hPRMT1v1 were removed, suggesting an autoinhibitory role for this small section of the N-terminus. Likewise, as portions of the NT were removed, the altered hPRMT1v1 constructs were able to interact with more proteins. Overall, my studies suggest the the sequence and length of the NT of hPRMT1v1 is capable of enforcing specific protein interactions.

Pilzentwicklung und Sekundärmetabolismus werden durch Einwirkung von Umwelteinflüssen von Regulatorproteinen kontrolliert. Das VeA Protein repräsentiert die velvet-Domänen-Familie der Pilzregulatoren. VeA passt die sexuelle Entwicklung und den dazu gehörenden Sekundärmetabolismus von Aspergillus nidulans an die Lichtverhältnisse an. VeA bindet im Dunkeln an VelB und bildet schließlich den trimeren VelB-VeA-LaeA (velvet) Komplex. VeA dient als Brückenprotein für das velvet-Domänen-Protein VelB als Regulator der Entwicklung und die Methyltransferase LaeA als Regulator des Sekundärmetabolismus. VelB kann mit VosA einen zweiten licht-regulierten Komplex bilden, der die asexuelle Entwicklung reprimiert. Auch VosA gehört zur Familie der Velvet- Proteine. LaeA kontrolliert die Bildung der VelB-VosA und VelB-VeA-LaeA Komplexe während der Entwicklung. laeA Nullmutationen können nicht mehr auf Licht reagieren, was ihre Schlüsselrolle als Regulatoren der Entwicklung unterstreicht. Die Abwesenheit von LaeA führt zur Bildung von wesentlich kleineren Fruchtkörpern. Grund hierfür ist das Fehlen runder Hülle-Zellen, die den jungen Fruchtkörper ernähren und in seiner Entwicklung unterstützen. LaeA spielt damit eine dynamische Rolle während der morphologischen und biochemischen Entwicklung des Pilzes, indem die Expression, Interaktion und die Modifikation der velvet Regulatoren kontrolliert werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die VeA-Plattform für Protein-Protein Interaktionen weiter untersucht. VeA interagierende Proteine (Vips) identifiziert in einen „Yeast-two-hybrid“ System führten zu einem trimeren Methyltransferase-Komplex, der Signaltransduktion mit epigenetischer Kontrolle verbindet. Der neuartige Komplex enthält das Plasmamembran-assoziierte Trimer VapA-VipC-VapB. Das Dimer VipC-VapB ist über das FYVE-ähnliche Zinkfinger Protein VapA an die Plasmamembran gebunden und ermöglicht dem nuklearen VelB-VeA-LaeA Komplex die Aktivierung der Transkription der sexuellen Entwicklung. Sobald die Abkopplung vom VapA stattgefunden hat, wird VipC-VapB zum Kern transportiert. VipC-VapB interagiert physikalisch mit VeA, vermindert dessen Transport zum Kern und die Stabilität. Folglich wird der Anteil des VelB-VeA-LaeA Komplexes im Kern reduziert. Die nukleare VapB Methyltransferase vermindert die Entstehung des fakultativen Chromatins indem es die Histon 3 Lysin 9 Methylierung (H3K9 me3) vermindert. Dies begünstigt die Aktivierung der frühen Regulatorgene flbA und flbC, die dann das asexuelle Programm im Licht vorantreiben. Der VapA-VipC-VapB Methyltransferase-Weg vereinigt die Kontrolle des Kernimportes und der Stabilität von Transkriptionsfaktoren mit der Modifikation von Histonen. Erst dieses komplexe Zusammenspiel unterschiedlicher Mechanismen erlaubt eine angemessene Antwort für die Differenzierung des Pilzes.

Submitted by Ayla Blanco Poltronieri null (aylinha_bp@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-11T02:05:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Pós Defesa.pdf: 1526886 bytes, checksum: b50424a42154b92cbde06c084bf0975d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Manzano de Almeida (smanzano@marilia.unesp.br) on 2016-03-14T12:33:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 poltronierioliveira_ab_me_sjrp.pdf: 1526886 bytes, checksum: b50424a42154b92cbde06c084bf0975d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-14T12:33:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 poltronierioliveira_ab_me_sjrp.pdf: 1526886 bytes, checksum: b50424a42154b92cbde06c084bf0975d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introdução: A inflamação crônica desencadeada pela bactéria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a qual é considerada o principal fator ambiental relacionado ao câncer gástrico, está associada ao desenvolvimento e progressão de lesões gástricas pré-cancerosas, desencadeando diversas modificações histológicas e moleculares que promovem a transformação maligna do estômago. Para isso, conta com fatores de virulência que promovem alterações superficiais e em vias de sinalização das células epiteliais gástricas. Consequentemente pode levar a alterações no padrão de expressão de genes supressores tumorais e da atividade de enzimas DNA metil transferases (DNMTs), responsáveis pela metilação do DNA e silenciamento gênico. Objetivos: O presente estudo avaliou se a infecção pela bactéria H. pylori, bem como sua erradicação, altera a expressão do RNAm dos genes supressores SOCS1, RPRM, RUNX3 e dos genes de DNMTs (DNMT1, DNMT3A e DNMT3B) em pacientes com gastrite crônica infectados (Hp+) em comparação com indivíduos com gastrite crônica sem infecção (Hp-). Além disso, investigou a ocorrência de correlação negativa entre a expressão do RNAm dos genes supressores tumorais com a dos genes das DNMTs, assim como a associação dos níveis de expressão gênica em relação aos fatores de risco idade, sexo, tabagismo, etilismo e genótipo bacteriano cagA. Material e Métodos: A quantificação relativa (RQ) do RNAm foi realizada por PCR (polymerase chain reaction) quantitativa em tempo real (qPCR) utilizando ensaios TaqMan® em 9 pacientes com gastrite crônica Hp- e 19 Hp+, sendo estes também avaliados três meses depois da terapia de erradicação bacteriana. O diagnóstico molecular e genotipagem do fator de virulência cagA foram realizados por PCR convencional. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a infecção pela H. pylori e sua erradicação não alteraram significantemente a expressão dos genes SOCS1, RPRM, RUNX3 e DNMTs, as quais apresentaram, de modo geral, expressão reduzida (RQ< 1,0), enquanto foi observado expressão mais elevada de SOCS1 e RPRM no grupo sem infecção Hp-. Quanto aos fatores de risco, também não foram encontradas associações significantes com os níveis de expressão dos genes avaliados. A análise de correlação não mostrou correlação negativa da expressão gênica entre os supressores tumorais e as DNMTs, mas evidenciou algumas correlações positivas entre a expressão dos genes SOCS1 e DNMT1 e do RPRM com DNMT3A e DNMT3B no grupo Hp+, que podem ter sido casuais. Conclusão: Nossos resultados não indicam que a infecção causada pela bactéria H. pylori e sua erradicação em pacientes com gastrite crônica afetam a expressão dos supressores tumorais SOCS1, RPRM, RUNX3 e das DNMTs, assim como que seja influenciada pelos fatores idade, sexo, tabagismo, etilismo e genótipo bacteriano cagA. Além disso, a expressão reduzida das DNMTs e ausência de correlação negativa com a dos genes supressores tumorais não permite indicar que a baixa expressão dos genes supressores tumorais seja devido a hipermetilação do DNA em consequência da infecção. / Introduction: Chronic inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which is considered the main environmental factor related to gastric cancer, is associated with the development and progression of precancerous gastric lesions, triggering several histological and molecular changes that promote stomach malignant transformation. For this, it has virulence factors promoting superficial and signaling pathways of gastric epithelial cells changes. Consequently, it can lead to alterations in the expression of tumor suppressor genes and DNA enzyme activity methyl transferases (DNMTs), responsible for DNA methylation and gene silencing. Objectives: This study evaluated whether the infection by the bacterium H. pylori and its eradication change the mRNA expression of suppressor genes SOCS1, RPRM, RUNX3 and DNMTs (DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B) genes in patients with chronic gastritis infected (Hp+) compared to individuals with chronic gastritis without infection (Hp-). In addition, we investigated the occurrence of negative correlation between mRNA expression of tumor suppressor genes with the ones of DNMTs, as well as the association of gene expression levels in relation to the risk factors age, sex, smoking, drinking and bacterial genotype cagA. Methods: The relative quantification (RQ) mRNA was performed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) quantitative real-time (qPCR) using TaqMan® assays in 9 patients with chronic gastritis Hp- and 19 Hp+, which are also evaluated three months after bacterial eradication therapy. The molecular diagnostics and genotyping of the virulence factors CagA were performed by standard PCR. Results: The results showed that the infection by H. pylori and eradication did not significantly alter the gene expression of SOCS1, RPRM, RUNX3 and DNMTs, which presented, in general, reduced expression (RQ <1.0); on the other hand, higher expression of SOCS1 and RPRM was observed in the group without Hp- infection. As for risk factors, no significant associations with the expression levels of evaluated genes were found. The correlation analysis not showed a negative correlation of gene expression in the tumor suppressor and DNMTs, but showed some positive correlations between the expression of SOCS1 and DNMT1 genes and RPRM with DNMT3A and DNMT3B the Hp + group, which may have been casual. Conclusion: Our findings do not indicate that the infection caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its eradication in patients with chronic gastritis affect the expression of tumor suppressor SOCS1, RPRM, RUNX3 and DNMTs, as it is influenced by factors such as age, sex, smoking, alcoholism and bacterial genotype cagA. Furthermore, the reduced expression of DNMTs and no negative correlation with the tumor suppressor genes do not indicate that the low expression of tumor suppressor genes is due to DNA hypermethylation in consequence of infection. / CNPq: 474.776/2013-1 / FAPESP: 2012/15036-8

All cellular RNAs contain numerous chemically modified nucleosides, but the largest number and the greatest variety are found in transfer RNA (tRNA). These modifications are posttranscriptionally introduced by modification enzymes during the complex process of tRNA maturation. The function of these modified nucleosides is not well known, but it seems that when present in the anticodon region, they play a direct role in increasing translational efficiency and fidelity, while modifications outside the anticodon region would be involved in the maintenance of the structural integrity of tRNA. Among the naturally occurring nucleoside modifications, base and ribose methylations are by far the most frequently encountered. They are catalyzed by tRNA methyltransferases (MTases), using generally the S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) as methyl donor. Most of the knowledge about tRNA MTases comes from studies on bacterial and eukaryal model organisms, and very few informations are available about tRNA methylation in Archaea, particularly for thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Archaea whose GC-rich tRNAs are difficult to sequence. Nevertheless, some works on tRNA hydrolyzates from thermophiles or hyperthermophiles highlighted the presence of numerous methylated nucleosides. Furthermore, it has been shown that the only sequenced tRNA from an hyperthermophilic Archaea, the initiator methionine tRNA (tRNAiMet) from the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, contains ten modified nucleosides, nine of them bearing a methylation on the base, on the ribose or on both base and ribose.<p>Of special interest is the modified nucleoside found at position 9 of this tRNA. It is an adenosine derivative, but the exact nature of the modification is unknown. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, some tRNAs with a guanosine at this position are methylated by the MTase Trm10p to form m1G9 (126). Since Trm10p-related proteins are found in hyperthermophilic archaea, such a homolog could be responsible for modification at position 9 of S. acidocaldarius tRNAiMet. In this work, we showed indeed that the Trm10p-related protein Saci_1677p from S. acidocaldarius methylates position 9 of tRNAs, but is specific for position N1 of adenosine, forming m1A rather than m1G. Interestingly, we demonstrated that Tk0422p from T. kodakaraensis, the euryarchaeal homolog to Saci_1677p, is the first tRNA MTase presenting a broadened nucleoside recognition capability, methylating both position N1 of A and of G to form m1A and m1G at position 9 of tRNAs. <p>This unique tRNA (m1A-m1G) MTase activity was further studied on one hand by site-directed mutagenesis of residues potentially important for the catalytic activity of Tk0422p enzyme, and on the other hand by determining the importance of the pH on the efficacy of the methylation reaction. Indeed, protonation state of atom N1 of A and G differs at physiological pH (N1 of G being protonated contrary to N1 of A), and we showed that m1G formation was increased with increasing pH. This could reflect the need of the enzyme to deprotonate G to be able to catalyze de methyltransfer. We showed also that the activity of the two archaeal enzymes (Saci_1677p and Tk0422p) present different dependence toward the structure of tRNA, the euryarchaeal Tk0422p requiring the intact tRNA structure while its crenarchaeal counterpart Saci_1677p being able to modify some truncated tRNAs.<p>Finally, some attempts to unveil the in vivo function of these enzymes, as well as their enzymatic mechanisms were undertaken, but these experiments are very preliminary and underline the needs for the development of genetic tools applicable to Archaea./ Tous les ARN cellulaires contiennent des nucléosides modifiés chimiquement, mais ce sont les ARNt qui en contiennent la plus grande variété et la plus grande proportion. Ces modifications sont introduites post-transcriptionnellement par des enzymes de modification durant le processus complexe de maturation des ARNt. Parmi les nucléosides modifiés, les méthylations de bases ou de riboses sont les plus fréquemment rencontrées. Elles sont catalysées par des ARNt méthyltransférases (MTases) utilisant pour la plupart de la S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) comme donneur de méthyle. <p>La plupart des connaissances relatives aux ARNt MTases provient d’études sur des organismes modèles eucaryotes et bactériens, et peu de choses sont connues en ce qui concerne les archées, plus particulièrement les archées thermophiles et hyperthermophiles dont les ARNt GC riches sont difficiles à séquencer. Néanmoins, des travaux sur des hydrolysats d’ARNt de thermophiles et hyperthermophiles ont mis en évidence la présence d’un grand nombre de nucléosides modifiés. De plus, le seul ARNt d’archée hyperthermophile séquencé à ce jour, l’ARNtiMet de S. acidocaldarius contient 10 nucléosides modifiés, essentiellement par méthylation de la base, du ribose, ou des deux à la fois. Le nucléoside présent en position 9 de cet ARNt porte une modification chimique de nature encore inconnue. Or, chez la levure S. cerevisiae, certains ARNt possédant une guanosine à cette position sont méthylés par la MTase Trm10p pour former la 1-méthylguanosine. Etant donné qu’il existe une protéine apparentée à Trm10p chez les archées hyperthermophiles, celle-ci pourrait être responsable de la modification trouvée en position 9 de l’ARNtiMet de S. acidocaldarius. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré qu’effectivement la protéine Saci_1677p de la crénarchée S. acidocaldarius, orthologue à Trm10p, modifie la position 9 des ARNt, mais catalyse la formation de 1-methyladénosine (m1A) plutôt que de m1G dans les ARNt. De façon intéressante, nous avons montré que chez l’euryarchée T. kodakaraensis, l’enzyme Tk0422p homologue à Saci_1677p est capable de méthyler à la fois une adénosine et une guanosine en position 9 des ARNt. A notre connaissance, cette enzyme est la première ARNt MTase présentant une capacité élargie de reconnaissance de substrat.<p>Le présent travail a contribué à la caractérisation fonctionnelle et structurale de ces deux enzymes archéennes, et a permis d’améliorer la connaissance générale de la machinerie de modification des ARNt d’archées.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La méthylation des cytosines de l’ADN est un niveau de contrôle essentiel de la transcription génique. Elle joue un rôle primordial dans plusieurs étapes du développement comme l’inactivation du chromosome X et l’empreinte génomique. De plus, il est de plus en plus évident que la méthylation de l’ADN participe à la cancérogenèse.<p><p>Actuellement, le monde de la méthylation de l’ADN n’en est encore qu’à l'aube de son histoire. En effet, les mécanismes moléculaires la gouvernant sont encore peu connus. La méthylation de l’ADN est caractérisée par deux concept clés :le verrouillage de la transcription des gènes et le ciblage en des régions spécifiques du génome. Au cours de notre travail de thèse de doctorat, nous avons poursuivi les avancées réalisées dans ces deux domaines.<p><p>Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes attachés à l’étude de la répression transcriptionnelle entraînée par la méthylation de l’ADN. Grâce à plusieurs études récentes, il paraît de plus en plus clair que la méthylation agit de paire avec la structure de la chromatine. Nous avons donc concentré nos recherches sur l’interconnexion de celle-ci avec deux machineries impliquées dans la régulation de son degré de compaction :la désacétylation et la méthylation des histones. Par diverses expérimentations, nous avons démontré un lien étroit entre ces machineries répressives pour l’imposition d’un état silencieux de la transcription.<p><p>Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons dirigé notre attention sur le ciblage des Dnmt. Pour cela, nous avons mené deux stratégies de front. La première est une approche ciblée et consiste en l’étude de l’association des Dnmt avec l’oncoprotéine bien connue, Myc. La seconde approche est plus large. Grâce à l’utilisation de la technique du double hybride en levure, nous avons identifié de nouveaux partenaires des Dnmt, dont un qui pourrait s’avéré particulièrement intéressant :le protéine Cart1 (cartilage homeoproteine 1) impliquée dans le développement du système nerveux central.<p><p>En conclusion, notre travail de doctorat devrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de la méthylation de l’ADN ainsi que son implication dans les divers processus physiologiques mais aussi pathologiques auxquels elle participe.<p> / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished