Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Two opposing approaches to beginning reading are used, namely the phonological and global approach, under which the whole word, whole sentence and whole language methods are classed. The whole crux of the controversy is situated in beginning reading as an explicit, intensive and systematic method of teaching phonics, as opposed to implicit beginning reading through discrimination of global configurations, augmented by psycholinguistic guesses within reading context. Arguments about the advantages and disadvantages of the opposing methods have been hurdled to and fro for decades without any discernible gain. The question emerged whether research on brain physiology with respect to language and reading, a relatively new field of study, could shed light on the foundation of an accountable method for beginning reading. Renewed insights to the controversial differences were gained, and brain physiologically accountable parameters as a base for a beginning reading method were framed from these insights. / Twee opponerende aanvangsleesbenaderings word in die skole gebruik, naamlik die fonologiese benadering en die geheelbenadering, waaronder die geheelwoord-, geheelsinen die geheeltaalmetode ressorteer. Die kern van die verskil tussen die aanvangsleesbenaderings le in aanvangslees as eksplisiete, intensiewe en sistematiese foneemonderrig, teenoor implisiete aanvangslees wat die waarneming van globale konfigurasies, aangevul deur psigolinguistiese raaiskote binne die leeskonteks, aanmoedig. In die polemiek om die beste leesmetode word argumente oor die voor- en nadele ten opsigte van die begronding van hierdie opponerende metodes reeds dekades heen en weer geslinger. Navorsingsresultate word eindeloos, sonder duidelike winste, met mekaar vergelyk. Dit het die vraag laat onstaan of navorsing ten opsigte van die breinfisiologie met betrekking tot taal en lees, 'n relatief nuwe studieveld, moontlik lig sou kon werp op die begronding van 'n verantwoordbare aanvangsleesmetode. Die literatuurstudie ten opsigte van breinfisiologie het vernuwende insigte oor die polemiese begrondingsverskille na vore gebring, en breinfisiologies-verantwoordbare parameters as basis vir 'n aanvangsleesmetode is uit hierdie insigte opgestel. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

In hierdie studie is psigoterapeutiese uitkoms navorsing gedoen (Lindegger, 1999). Die navorser het as intern opvoedkundige sielkundige ‘n groepgebaseerde gestalt-dramaterapie program van 12 sessies ontwikkel ten einde selfagting-ontwikkeling by die kind met leerhindernisse aan te spreek. Gebrekkige motivering, ongunstige selfagting, sowel as problematiese sosiale vaardighede word geassosieer met leerhindernisse (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Die Self-Esteem Index (SEI) is as meetinstrument gebruik en met aanvang en terminering van die intervensie afgeneem. Sekere strategieë is toegepas ten einde leerhindernisse te akkommodeer tydens die afneem van die meetinstrument. Na afloop van die intervensie, wat hoofsaaklik bestaan het uit dramatisering en rollespelle in kleingroep-verband, is die versamelde data statisties geanaliseer ten einde te bepaal of die intervensie moontlik tot die ontwikkeling van gunstige selfagting by die betrokke leerdergroep bygedra het. Die steekproef (n=17) is vanuit die SEI-vraelysdata van die Afrikaanssprekende Graad 4-leerders (tussen die ouderdomme van 10 tot 12 jaar) verbonde aan die betrokke remediërende skool, wie aan die LOD-program deelgeneem het, op sistematiese wyse getrek. Gepaarde t-toetse is gedoen ten einde te bepaal of daar enige statisties betekenisvolle verskille tussen die voortoets-/natoets-data bestaan. Die terapeutiese proses waartydens die data gegenereer is vir hierdie studie, was soortgelyk aan die pre-eksperimentele een groep voortoets-/natoets ontwerp. Die navorsingsresultate het aangedui dat die nulhipotese nie verwerp kan word nie. Die alternatiewe hipotese moet dus verder ondersoek word en vele moontlikhede vir toekomstige navorsing het vanuit die studie ontwikkel. ENGLISH : In this study psychotherapy outcome research was conducted (Lindegger, 1999). The researcher developed a group based gestalt drama therapy program during her internship as educational psychologist in a remedial school. The main therapeutic aim was to develop the self-esteem of the child with barriers to learning. Demoralization, low self-esteem, and deficits in social skills may be associated with barriers to learning (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). The intervention was facilitated over 12 sessions and all the Grade 4 pupils of the specific school participated in the intervention. The Self-Esteem Index (SEI) was administered during the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Certain strategies were used to accommodate barriers to learning during the administration of the SEI. After termination of the intervention the data were statistically analysed. The pretest/posttest results were compared in order to determine if the intervention contributed to self-esteem development of the participants. A data-sample (n=17) was systematically drawn from the Afrikaans speaking Grade 4 learner participants’ (between the ages of 10 to 12 years) SEI questionnaires. The therapeutic process during which the data was generated resembled a pre-experimental one group pretest/posttest design. Paired t-tests were used and the research results indicated no statistical significance which means that the null hypothesis could not be rejected. This resulted in the formulation of further hypothesis. The aim of this study therefore was to explore the possible effect of the intervention on the self-esteem development of the child with barriers to learning. Possibilities for further research emerged from this research study. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Substance abuse and suicidal behaviour are major challenges to public health. These phenomena are mainly studied by quantitative designs. This qualitative thesis aims at gaining a deeper understanding of substance abuse and suicidal behaviour, as experienced by young men in different types of treatment. By describing, exploring and interpreting lived experiences, in this thesis I try to give a more nuanced language of both substance abuse and suicidal behaviour, also in young migrating men. I also focus on the system of services related to the prevention and follow-up of life-threatening overdoses by describing and exploring how this phenomenon is experienced by individuals and professionals in Oslo. By researching the lived experiences of substance abuse and suicidal behaviour, combined with researching the phenomenon of life-threatening overdoses, a deeper insight is gained and this can be an important source to both prevention and health promotion for the group in question. The first three papers are based on descriptive, explorative and interpretative studies. How meaning is constructed is the core research question. In the fourth study I describe and explore life-threatening overdoses as a contemporary phenomenon in its context. The research questions are on a descriptive level. In the first three papers, the research object is the personal narratives from in-depth interviews, which are analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic method. The case study is composed of data collected from different sources, and analysed by triangulation. The main finding in the first paper is that substance abuse and suicidal behaviour can be understood as goal-oriented, communicative and meaning-making activities about the individuals’ balance between death as an escape from pain and the hope of a life. In the second study, metaphorical expressions about a shifting sense of self is understood as balancing being an agent or a victim. In migrating young men these phenomena are interpreted as goal-oriented, communicative and meanig-making activities about existing in a maze that is perceived as closed. The findings of the case study show that different forms of life-threatening overdoses in Oslo are experienced in a state of existential and material stress. A wish of follow-up might not be expressed by the individual. Due to structural problems, such as lack of goals, professionals do not prevent such events in a planned way, nor do they cooperate between different levels. Professionals decide what is good quality in prevention and follow-up of life-threatening overdoses / Rusavhengighet og selvmordsadferd representerer store folkehelseproblemer. Disse fenomenene er hovedsakelig studert med kvantitative design. Målet med denne kvalitative avhandlingen er å få dypere kunnskap om rusavhengighet og selvmordsadferd slik fenomenene er opplevd av yngre menn i ulike typer behandling. Gjennom å beskrive, undersøke og tolke levde opplevelser forsøker avhandlingen å få fram en mer nyansert forståelse av, og språk om, både rusavhengighet og selvmordsadferd, også hos yngre menn med migrasjonserfaring. Avhandlingen fokuserer systemnivået gjennom å beskrive og undersøke hvordan livstruende overdoser oppleves og erfares som levde erfaringer og som yrkesutfordring i Oslo. Et omverdensperspektiv, kombinert med en dypere forståelse og et rikere språk kan være viktige bidrag til forebyggende og helsefremmende tiltak. Det første, andre og tredje arbeidet i avhandlingen er beskrivende, undersøkende og tolkende studier som fokuser yngre menns levde erfaringer med rusavhengighet og selvmordsadferd. Hvordan mening konstrueres er det sentrale forskningsspørsmålet. Det fjerde arbeidet, case studien, undersøker livstruende overdoser i en nå-tidig kontekst, og forskningsspørsmålene er beskrivende. I de første tre arbeidene er forskningsobjektet personlige narrativer samlet gjennom åpne dybdeintervjuer, og som er tolket ved bruk av en fenomenologisk hermeneutisk analyse. I case studien er data fra ulike kilder analysert ved hjelp av triangulering. Hovedfunnet i den første studien er at rusavhengighet og selvmordsadferd kan forstås som måltettede, kommunikative og meningsfulle handlinger om personens balanse mellom døden som befrielse fra smerte og håpet om et bedre liv. I den andre studien kommer metaforiske beskrivelser av en skiftende opplevelse av seg selv i prosessene knyttet til både rusavhengighet og selvmordsadferd tydelig fram. Dette kan forstås som å balansere en selvopplevelse mellom aktør og offer. I den tredje studien kan rusavhengighet og selvmordsadferd hos migrerte menn forstås som målrettede, kommunikative og meningsfulle handlinger om personens opplevelse av å eksistere i en stengt labyrint. Funnene i case studien tyder på at livstruende overdoser i Oslo erfares i eksistensielt stressfulle omstendigheter. Et personlig ønske om oppfølging gis ikke alltid eksplisitt. Strukturelle problemer medfører at profesjonelle arbeider med livstruende overdoser uten overordnete mål og uten samordnet planlegging. Profesjonelle bestemmer derfor selv hva som er god kvalitet når det gjelder forebygging og oppfølging av livstruende overdoser

<p>Studija se sastojala od dva dela &ndash; eksperimentalnog i kliničkog. Eksperimentalni deo je sproveden na Fakultetu tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu na Departmanu za mehanizaciju i konstrukciono ma&scaron;instvo. Trideset dve zglobne povr&scaron;ine gornjeg okrajka golenjače sa pripojem prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze je uzeto tokom totalne aloartroplastike kolena kod trideset dva pacijenta kod kojih je preoperativno načinjena AP i profilna radiografija sa standardnim uvećanjem u cilju merenja veličine kolena a uz prethodno potpisanu saglasnost pacijenata. Zatim je načinjeno trodimenzionalno skeniranje prostorne povr&scaron;ine pripoja prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze na golenjači u odnosu na ravan zglobne povr&scaron;ine golenjače heptičkim uređajem &bdquo;Phantom Omni&reg;&ldquo; radi utvrđivanja korelacije između povr&scaron;ine pripoja prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze na golenjači i veličine platoa golenjače. U eksperimentalni deo su bili uključeni pacijenti oba pola metodom slučajnog izbora kod kojih je ugrađivana totalna proteza kolena a koji su prethodno potpisali informisani pristanak pacijenta na operativni zahvat na Klinici za ortopedsku hirurgiju i traumatologiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine. Klinički deo studije je bio retrospektivno-prospektivnog karaktera i obuhvatio je ukupno 60 pacijenata izabranih metodom slučajnog izbora od kojih je ispitivanu grupu činilo 30 pacijenata u kojih je do&scaron;lo do ponovne rupture prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze levog ili desnog kolena nakon urađene primarne rekonstrukcije te je načinjena ponovna rekonstrukcija veze, i kontrolnu grupu koju je činilo 30 pacijenata u kojih je zbog rupture prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze načinjena primarna rekonstrukcija nakon koje nije do&scaron;lo do ponovne rupture. Kod svih pacijenata je rekonstrukcija prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze kolena rađena kalemom kost-tetiva-kost. Ishod rekonstrukcije je procenjivan na osnovu Tegner bodovne skale, Lysholm i IKDC bodovne skale za koleno, artrometrijskog merenja Lachman testa, Pivot shift testa, poloţaja kalema i urađeno je poređenje dobijenih rezultata u ispitivanoj (revizionoj) i kontrolnoj grupi. U klinički deo istraţivanja su bili uključeni pacijenti oba pola, ţivotne dobi od 18 do 40 godina koji su operisani na Klinici za ortopedsku hirurgiju i traumatologiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u Novom Sadu a koji su dali informisani pristanak za uključivanje. Kriterijumi za isključivanje pacijenata iz kliničkog dela istraživanja su bili životna dob manja od 18 i veća od 40 godina, pojava težih op&scaron;te-hirur&scaron;kih komplikacija i prestanak želje pacijenta da dalje učestvuje u ovom istraživanju. Nakon sveobuhvatne analize dobijenih rezultata istraţivanja, zaključeno je da postoji korelacija između povr&scaron;ine pripoja prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze na golenjači i veličine platoa golenjače. Formula, načinjena matematičko-statističkim metodama za ovo istraživanje, adekvatna je i praktično primenljiva za predikciju povr&scaron;ine pripoja prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze na golenjači u velikom procentu slučajeva a na osnovu samo dva radiografska parametra izmerenih preoperativno &ndash; prednje-zadnjeg i unutra&scaron;nje-spolja&scaron;njeg dijametra platoa golenjače. Kori&scaron;ćenje ove formule može da doprinese pobolj&scaron;anju rezultata hirur&scaron;kog lečenja pacijenata sa pokidanom prednjom ukr&scaron;tenom vezom kolena. Takođe, zaključeno je da je uzrok neuspeha primarne rekonstrukcije multifaktorijalan kao i da nema statistički značajne razlike u ishodu između ispitanika sa dobrom i ispitanika sa lo&scaron;om pozicijom kalema. Potvrđena je pretpostavka da je ishod ponovne rekonstrukcije prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze kolena slabiji u odnosu na ishod primarne.</p> / <p>This study consisted of two parts &ndash; experimental and clinical. Experimental part was conducted at the Department of Mechanization and Design Engineering of The Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad. Thirty two proximal tibial articular surfaces together with the anterior cruciate ligament insertion of thirty two patients were harvested during total knee arthroplasty. All patients had standard preoperative AP and profile radiographs with standard magnification in order to acquire the knee measurements. All patients previously signed the informed consent. The harvested proximal tibial articular surfaces were 3D scanned by a haptic device called &bdquo;Phantom Omni&reg;&ldquo; in order to determine the correlation between the size of the anterior cruciate ligament insertion site and the size of the tibial plateau. Thirty two randomly chosen patients of both sexes which had a knee arthroplasty were included in the experimental part of this study. All of the patients signed the informed consent at The Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology of The Clinical Centre of Vojvodina. The clinical part was a retrospective-prospective study. This part included 60 randomly chosen patients divided into two groups. The test group consisted of 30 patients who had undergone a revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The control group consisted of 30 patients who had undergone only primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A bone-tendon-bone graft was used for the reconstruction in all cases. The outcome was assessed by using Tegner activity scale, Lysholm knee scoring scale, IKDC score, arthrometric evaluation, Pivot shift test and the position of the graft. The results were compared between the test group and the control group. The clinical part of the study included 60 patients of both sexes, age 18-40 which were operated at The Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology of The Clinical Centre of Vojvodina. All of the patients signed the informed consent for participation in this study. The exclusion criteria were age under 18 and above 40, occurrence of severe general surgical complications and a patient wish to be excluded from further investigation. After a thorough analysis of the results, we concluded that the correlation between the size of the anterior cruciate ligament tibial insertion site and the size of the tibial plateau exists. Formula which was created for this study by using mathematical and statistical methods, is adequate and practically applicable for the prediction of size of the anterior cruciate ligament tibial insertion site in the majority of cases based on just two preoperative radiographic parameters &ndash; AP and profile diameter of the tibial plateau. The use of this formula may improve the outcome of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We also concluded that the cause of the primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failure is multifactorial as well as that there is no statistically significant difference between the patients with good and the patients with poor graft position. We confirmed the assumption that the outcome of the revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is poorer than the outcome of the primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.</p>

<p>UVOD: Hronične inflamatorne bolesti se ispoljavaju kao Kronova bolest i ulcerozni kolitis. Njihova značajnost ogleda se u hronicitetu kao i u stepenu u kom ograničavaju rast i razvoj dece i omladine. Brojne su posledice ovih oboljenja: dugotrajno izostajanje sa nastave, ograničavanje životnih aktivnosti i pojava komplikacija koje neretko zahvataju i druge organske sisteme. Etiologija je i dalje nerazja&scaron;njenja navodeći kao značajan hronični inflamatorni proces u genetski uslovljenih pojedinaca a provociranih nekim infektivnim agensom. Početkom 21. veka genetska istraživanja su otkrila osnovu nasleđivanja hroničnih inflamatornih oboljenja povezanih sa NOD2 genom. Kako je u pitanju organskim sistem koji je ograničeno pristupačan kliničkom pregledu, osnovu dijagnostike čine radiolo&scaron;ke metode. Kako je potrebno sprečiti kontinuirano izlaganje &scaron;tetnom dejstvu rendgenskog zračenja istraživanja se usmeravaju ka UZ i magnetnoj rezonanca. Na&scaron;e istraživanje se baziralo na mogućnostima ovih dveju metoda u svakodnevnom radu za dijagnostiku i dalje praćenje hroničnih inflamatornih bolesti creva. CILJEVI: Utvrditi senzitivnost i specifičnost ultrazvučne dijagnostike i magnetne resonance kod upalnih oboljenja creva u dečjem i adolescentnom uzrastu. Definisati i uporediti prednosti i ograničenja ultrazvučne dijagnostike sa dijagnostikom magnetne rezonace kod upalnih obolenja creva u dečjem i adolescentnom uzrastu. MATERIJAL I METODE: U istraživanje je uključeno 62. dece i adolescenata u toku prvog ataka bolesti ili ponovljenim fazama bolesti ili tokom redovnog praćenja u remisiji. Obuhvaćeni uzrast je od 4. do 18. godina. Potom su razvrstani u grupe na osnovu vrste pregleda i prisustva zadebljanja crevnog zida na A i B (pregled UZ), gde je A grupa imala zabeleženo zadebljanje crevnog zida preko 3 mm, a kod dece u grupi B debljina crevnog zida je bila između 2,5-3 mm. Sa druge strane na osnovu pregleda magnetnom rezonancom podeljeni su u A1 i B1 grupe, takođe po kriterijumu zadebljanja crevnog zida većeg od 3 mm (A1), odnosno između 2,5-3 mm (B1). Istraživanje je sprovedeno na Institutu za zdravstvenu za&scaron;titutu dece i omladine Vojvodine i Institutu za radiologiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine. Prvi pregled načinjen je UZ a potom je načinjen pregled magnetnom rezonanacom. Podaci su obrađivani retrospektivno i prospektivno. Kriterijumi za uključivanje u studiju pored uzrasta bili su radiolo&scaron;ki: zadebljanje crevnog zida &gt;3mm, postojanje naru&scaron;ene arhitektonike crevnog zida, zadebljanje pojedinih crevnih segmenata-dužina segmenta, znaci fibroze, odsustvo peristaltike, izražena hiperemija na kolor Doppleru, transmuralni znaci upale, uvećani mezenterijalni limfni nodusi kao i kontrolni pregledi kod dece sa ranije ustanovljenom dijagnozom. Načinjena je endoskopija sa biopsijom radi postavljanja definitivne dijagnoze, potom se pristupilo statističkoj obradi dobijenih podataka. Izračunate su prosečne i standardne devijacije i frekvencije kao i pripadajući procenti. Određivane su maksimalne i minimalne vrednosti, medijane i interkvartalni raspon. Dobijeni podaci prikazani su u grafikonima i tabelama. Za parametrijske varijable upotrebljavan je Man &ndash; Vitni U test. Za kategoričke vrednosti upotrebljeni su &chi;2 i Fi&scaron;erov test. Nadalje su određivane senzitivnost, specifičnost kao i pozitivne i negativne prediktivne vrednosti. Veze između dva parametra uspostavljene su pomoću Pirsonove korelacione analize i linearnim regresionim modelom. Upotrebljen je program za obradu podataka SPSS 21 Statistics,a kao statistički značajne vrednosti uzete su vrednosti p&lt;0,05. REZULTATI: Nakon statističke obrade nije zabeležena signifikantnost u pogledu zastupljenosti hroničnih inflamatornih bolesti među polovima. Statistička značajnost pronađena je u pogledu uzrasta dece u akutnoj fazi kao i remisiji bolesti. Statistička značajnost je dobijena za posmatranu debljinu crevnog zida, hiperemiju creva, prisustvo fibroze u digestivnom traktu. Primećeno je da UZ bolje razgraničava decu sa akutnim oboljenjem po pitanju zahvaćenosti segmenata. Ostala posmatrana obeležja nisu nakon statističke obrade imala statistički značaju razliku kada se procenjuju ultrazvučno ili magnetnom rezonancom. ZAKLJUČAK: Inicijalne hipoteze ovog istraživanja su nakon obrade podataka i potvrđene. Određivanjem senzitivnosti i specifičnosti UZ i MR dobijene su sledeće vrednosti: senzitivnost UZ je 88,4% naspram 92,3% koliko ima pregled magnetnom rezonancom. U pogledu specifičnosti UZ ima 88% a magnetna rezonanca 91,6%. Verifikovano je da magnetna rezonanca bolje razvrstava decu u akutnoj fazi bolesti kao i decu u remisiji. Rezultati pozitivnih i negativnih verovatnoća odnosa ne predviđaju neuspeh nijednim od ova dva pregleda.</p> / <p>INTRODUCTION: Chronic inflammatory diseases are manifested through two clinical entities: Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis. Their significance lies in the chronicity and the degree to which they restrict the growth and development of children and youth. There are many consenquences that come with the very nature of the disease, in addition to long-term absence from school, limiting life activities and the occurrence of complications that often affect other organ systems. The etiology of the disease has long been in favor of the theory that a chronic inflammatory process in genetically conditioned individual is provoking an inflammation due to a certain infectious agent. However, a step closer was made regarding the etiology of the disease - when the genetic basis of inheritance studies have revealed chronic inflammatory bowel diseases were associated with NOD2 gene. It is particularly important to prevent continuous exposure to the harmful effects of X-rays. Therefore, numerous studies have been made towards the validation of complementarity, accuracy and diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging as noninvasive techniques. Our research was based on the capabilities of these two methods in their daily work for diagnosis and follow-up of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents. Furthermore, the aim was to define and compare the advantages and limitations between ultrasound diagnosis and magnetic resonance in inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 62 children and adolescents during the first attack of disease or recurrent stages of the disease, or during regular monitoring in remission. Patients included children of both sexes, aged 4-18. Then they were sorted into groups based on the type of the examination and the presence of a thickening of the intestinal wall into groups A and B - in these groups children were examined by ultrasound, A group had observed thickening of the intestinal wall &gt; 3 mm whereas children in group B had had thickening of the intestinal wall between 2,5-3 mm. Based on the review of MRI children were divided into groups A1 and B1, also according to the criterion of bowel wall thickening greater than 3mm (A1) and between 2,5-3mm (B1). The research was conducted at the Institute for Health Protection of Children and Youth and the Institute of Radiology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina. The first review was made by ultrasound, followed by the review of magnetic resonance. Data were analyzed retrospectively and prospectively. Criteria for inclusion in the study were: thickening of the intestinal wall greater than 3 mm, the existence of disturbed intestinal wall architectural structure, no clear distinction of layers, abnormal thickening of certain intestinal segments, signs of fibrosis, the absence of peristalsis, expressed hyperemia on color Doppler, transmural inflammation, increased mesenterial lymph nodes as well as check-ups for children with previously established diagnosis. Endosccopy with biopsy has made for the definitive diagnosis and then we approached statistical analysis of the data obtained. The data are presented in graphs and tables. For parametric variables we used Man - Whitney U test. For categorical values &chi;2 and Fisher&#39;s test were used. Further the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were determined. Relationship between these two parameters were established using Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression model. For data processing we used the program SPSS Statistics 21, statistically significant values were taken p values &lt;0.05. RESULTS: After statistical analysis there was no for the number of chronic inflammatory diseases between the sexes. Statistical significance was found in terms of age of the children during the acute phase as well as remission. Statistical significance was obtained for the observed thickness of the intestinal wall, intestinal hyperemia, the presence of fibrosis in the digestive tract. It was noted that US better demarcates children with acute disease in terms of involvement of segments. Other features are not observed as significant after the statistical analysis. CONCLUSION: The initial hypothesis of this study, after data processing were confirmed. By determining the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound MRI results we came to the following results: sensitivity of ultrasound was 88,4% versus 92,3%, for magnetic resonance. In terms of specifics UZ has a 88% and 91,6% of magnetic resonance imaging. The classification of children in the acute phase of the disease as well as children in remission was better when MRI was used. The results of positive and negative predictions do not predict the probability of failure in neither of these methods.</p>

<p>Uvod: Akutni apendicitis predstavlja jedno od najče&scaron;ćih abdominalnih hirur&scaron;kih oboljenja u dečjem uzrastu. Lečenje je operativno, primenom otvorene hirurgije ili primenom minimalno invazivne hirurgije tj. laparoskopske apendektomije. Iako je laparoskopska apendektomija, zbog svojih prednosti, stekla popularnost kod mnogih hirurga, jo&scaron; uvek nije &scaron;iroko primenjena metoda na na&scaron;im prostorima. Prednost izvođenja laparoskopske apendektomije u odnosu na otvorenu metodu u dečjem uzrastu je i dalje nedovoljno definisana i predmet je mnogih istraživanja. Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrdi da li je dužina hospitalizacije kod dece operisane laparoskopski zbog akutnog apendicitisa kraća u odnosu na otvorenu metodu, kao i da se utvrdi da li postoji razlika u pojavi postoperativnih komplikacija između ove dve hirur&scaron;ke metode. Pored toga, cilj istraživanja je i da se utvrdi uticaj obe metode lečenja na kvalitet života i brzinu uspostavljanja svakodnevnih aktivnosti. Metodologija: Na Klinici za dečju hirurgiju, Instituta za zdravstvenu za&scaron;titu dece i omladine Vojvodine, sprovedena je prospektivna, kontrolisana randomizirana studija, u trajanju od deset meseci, u koju su bili uključeni svi pacijenti sa akutnim apendicitisom, kod kojih je planirana apendektomija, a čiji roditelji su dali pismeni pristanak za uče&scaron;će u istraživanju. Svi ispitanici su podeljeni u dve osnovne grupe u odnosu na operativnu tehniku: otvorena i laparoskopska apendektomija. Potom su svi ispitanici podeljeni u tri podgrupe, u zavisnosti od stepena upaljenosti crvuljka (negativni, nekomplikovani i komplikovani apendicitis). Svaki ispitanik je imao svoj individualni protokol istraživanja gde su preoperativno zabeleženi: uzrast, pol, simptomi (vrsta i dužina), fizikalni pregled, laboratorijske analize (broj leukocita, hematokrit), ultrazvučni nalaz, procena op&scaron;teg stanja, udružena oboljenja, vreme od prijema do operacije, preoperativna antibiotska terapija. Intraoperativno je analizirano: vrsta hirurgije, nalaz na apendiksu, prisustvo peritonitisa, udružena patologija, dužina operacije i trajanje pneumoperitoneuma (kod laparoskopske apendektomije), patohistolo&scaron;ki nalaz apendiksa, bakteriolo&scaron;ki bris abdomena. Postoperativno su analizirani: antibiotska terapija (vrsta i dužina), započinjanje peroralnog unosa, utvrđivanje postoperativnog bola, febrilnost, uspostavljanje peristaltike creva, izgled rane, postoperativne komplikacije (infekcija rane, intraabdominalni apscesi, ileus) i dužina hospitalizacije. Posebno su analizirani kvalitet života pacijenata nakon operacije pomoću modifikovanog upitnika SF 10 za dečji uzrast, kao i uspostavljanje svakodnevnih aktivnosti pomoću Activity Assessment Scale (AAS), modifikovane za dečji uzrast, nakon svakog postoperativnog dana, prvih sedam dana, nakon mesec dana, tri i &scaron;est meseci od operacije. Svi pacijenti su operisani u uslovima op&scaron;te anestezije. Klasična, otvorena apendektomija je vr&scaron;ena kroz naizmenični rez u desnoj ilijačnoj jami. Po otvaranju peritoneuma, cekum je izvučen i načinjena je klasična apendektomija. Laparoskopska apendektomija je vr&scaron;ena kroz tri 5 mm porta. Pneumoperitoneum je kreiran otvorenom metodom po Hasson-u, kroz infraumbilikalnu inciziju, a preostala dva porta su postavljena desno i levo ilijačno. Mezenteriolum je zbrinut pomoću ultrazvučnih makaza. Postavljene su intrakorporalne ligature i apendiks je odstranjen kroz desni port. Rezultati: Tokom perioda od deset meseci operisano je ukupno 125 pacijenata uzrasta od 2 do 18 godina, zbog akutnog apendicitisa. Laparoskopskom tehnikom je operisano 60 pacijenata (48%), a otvorenom metodom 61 (48,8%). Kod 4 pacijenta je načinjena konverzija, tj. promena operativne tehnike iz laparoskopske u otvorenu metodu. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike između terapijskih grupa u odnosu na stepen upaljenosti apendiksa, vrstu i dužinu trajanja simptoma, u dijagnostičkim procedurama, kao ni u vremenu proteklom od prijema u bolnicu do operacije. Srednje operativno vreme je iznosilo 65 minuta (25-185 min) za laparoskopsku grupu i 45,49 minuta (25-90 min) za otvorene apendektomije (razlika je statistički značajna, p&lt;0,001). Crevna peristaltika, kao i započinjanje peroralnog unosa, se statistički značajno ranije uspostavljaju u grupi laparoskopsko operisanih. U grupi laparoskopskih apendektomija, postoperativne komplikacije (infekcija rana i formiranje intraabdominalnih apscesa) su se javile kod 8,33% ispitanika (5/60), a u otvorenoj grupi kod 4.91%, (3/61), &scaron;to nije bilo statistički značajno (c2 = 0,152; df = 1; p = 0,696). Dužina hospitalizacije kod dece operisane laparoskopski je iznosila 5,95 } 1,21 dana, a otvoreno 6,43 } 1,09 dana, &scaron;to je statistički značajna razlika (t = -2,206; p = 0,029). Rezultati Man-Vitnijevog U testa su pokazali statistički značajno bolji ukupni skor svakodnevnih aktivnosti za grupu laparoskopskih apendektomija (Z = -7,608; p = 0,000). U svim ispitivanim indikatorima kvaliteta života, deca laparoskopske grupe su imala veći skor. Deca sa akutnim apendicitisom operisana laparoskopski značajno ranije postižu visok stepen kvaliteta života (t = 2,407; p = 0,018). Zaključak: Prednost minimalno invazivne hirurgije u terapiji akutnog apendicitisa u dečjem uzrastu ogleda se u bržem uspostavljanju ponovnog funkcionisanja gastrointestinalnog trakta, kraćoj hospitalizaciji, a samim tim i bržem sveukupnom oporavku, vraćanju svakodnevnim aktivnostima i dobrom kvalitetu života. Postoperativne komplikacije se podjednako javljaju, kako kod otvorene, tako i kod laparoskopske operativne tehnike.</p> / <p>Introduction: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal surgical diseases in children. Operative treatment means open surgery or minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic appendectomy). Although laparoscopic appendectomy, gained popularity among many surgeons, it is still not widely accepted in our region. The advantage of laparoscopic appendectomy compared to the open method in children is still not sufficiently defined and is the subject of further research. The aim of the research was to determine whether the length of hospital stay after laparoscopic surgery in children with acute appendicitis is shorter compared to the open method, as well as to determine whether there is a difference in the occurrence of postoperative complications after these two operative techniques. In addition, the aim of the research was to determine the effect of both methods of treatment on quality of life and everyday functioning. Methodology: This prospective, randomized controlled study was performed at the Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Children and Youth Healthcare of Vojvodina, during a period of ten months. All patients with acute appendicitis, whose parents have given written consent, were included in research. All patients were divided into two basic groups, in relation to the surgical technique: open or laparoscopic appendectomy. Then, all of them were divided into three groups, depending on the degree of appendicitis (negative, uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis). Each participant had their own individual research protocol where we recorded preoperatively: age, sex, symptoms (type and length), physical examination, laboratory tests (white blood cell count, hematocrit), ultrasound finding, general state (ASA classification), associated diseases, time from admission to surgery, preoperative antibiotic therapy. During the operation we analyzed: type of surgery, degree of the appendicitis, the presence of peritonitis, associated pathology, length of surgery and duration of pneumoperitoneum (in laparoscopic appendectomy), hystopathologic findings of the appendix, a bacteriology. Postoperatively we analyzed: antibiotic therapy (type and length), oral intake, postoperative pain, fever, establishing peristalsis, the appearance of postoperative complications (wound infections, intra-abdominal abscesses, ileus) and length of hospitalization. Especially, we analyzed the quality of life of patients after surgery using the modified questionnaire SF 10 for children; and the establishment of daily activities using Activity Assessment Scale (AAS), modified for children; after each postoperative day, the first seven days, one month, three and six months after surgery. All patients were operated under general anesthesia. Open appendectomy was performed through incision in the right iliac fossa. Peritoneum was opened, the cecum was pulled out and classic appendectomy was made. Laparoscopic appendectomy is performed through three 5 mm ports. Pneumoperitoneum was created by the Hasson techique, through the infraumbilical incision, and the remaining two ports are set at right and left iliac region. Mezenteriolum was ligated by ultrasonic scissors. After putting intracorporal ligature, appendix was removed through the right port. Results: Over a period of ten months we operated 125 patients , aged 2 to 18 years, due to acute appendicitis. Laparoscopic technique was performed in 60 patients (48%), and the open method in 61 (48,8%). In 4 patients the conversion was made (operative technique changed from laparoscopic to open method). There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups with respect to the degree of appendix inflammation, the type and duration of symptoms, the diagnostic procedures, as well as the time from hospital admission to the surgery. Medium operative time was 65 minutes (25-185 min.) for laparoscopic group and 45,49 minutes (25-90 min.) for open appendectomy (the difference is statistically significant, p&lt;0,001). Intestinal peristalsis, as well as the initiation of oral intake was significantly sooner established in the laparoscopic group. Postoperative complications (wound infections and intra-abdominal abscess formation In laparoscopic appendectomy) occurred after laparoscopy in 8,33% of patients (5/60), and in the open group in 4,91% (3/61), which was not statistically significant (c2 = 0,152, df = 1; p = 0,696). Length of hospital stay in children operated by laparoscopy was 5,95 } 1,21 days and by open technique 6,43 } 1,09 days, which is significantly longer (t = -2,206; p = 0,029). Results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed significantly better overall record of daily activities for a group of laparoscopic appendectomy (Z = -7,608; p = 0,000). In all tested indicators of quality of life, children from laparoscopic group had a higher score. Children with acute appendicitis treated by laparoscopic surgery achieved a high level of quality of life, significantly earlier (t = 2,407; p = 0,018). Conclusion: The advantage of minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of acute appendicitis in children is reflected in the faster re-establishment of functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, shorter hospitalization and therefore, a faster overall recovery, resuming normal activities and a good quality of life. Postoperative complications occur equally in both, open as well as in laparoscopic operative techniques.</p>

<p>Karcinomi pluća su najče&scaron;ći uzrok oboljevanja i umiranja od malignih tumora u Svetu. Neodjuvantna terapija kod bolesnika sa lokalno uznapredovalim (IIIA-IIIB) karcinomom pluća i zahvaćenim N2 limfnim čvorovima jedan je od modusa multimodalnog lečenja bolesnika sa nemikrocelularnim karcinomima pluća (NSCLC) u cilju pobolj&scaron;anja ishoda njihovog lečenja. Ovakav pristup podrazumeva prevođenje bolesnika iz vi&scaron;eg u niži stadijum bolesti - &bdquo;downstaging&rdquo;. Do danas nije utvrđena povezanost između pojedinih obrazaca tumorskog odgovora i vrste terapije. S obzirom na značaj kompletnog patolo&scaron;kog odgovora i tumorske regresije u prognozi ishoda lečenja, iznalaženje ove povezanosti je od značaja za dizajniranje budućih neoadjuvantnih trajala. Prilikom utvrđivnja histolo&scaron;ke slike tumorske regresije veoma je važno i merenje areje rezidualnog tumora (ART). Kako je veličina tumora jedan od prognostičkih faktora za bolesnike sa NSCLC koji nisu primali neoadjuvantnu terapiju tako je i merenje ART, za razliku od makroskopske veličine tumora, jedan od prognostičkih faktora za bolesnike sa NSCLC koji su primali neoadjuvantnu terapiju. Krajnji cilj neoadjuvantne terapije trebalo bi da bude resektabilnost i &bdquo;downstaging&rdquo; koji bi mogao da obezbedi u specifičnim kliničkim situacijama i sveukupni onkolo&scaron;ki benefit. Osnovni ciljevi ove doktorske disertacije su bili: da se objektivizira procena veličine ART u tumorskom tkivu pluća i limfnih čvorova; da se proceni povezanost povr&scaron;ine ART sa veličinom tumora na postoperativnom hirur&scaron;kom materijalu posle neoadjuvantne terapije; da se analizira i proceni povezanost histomorfolo&scaron;kih parametara kod tumorske regresije indukovane neoadjuvantnom terapijom i spontane tumorske regresije u tumorima pluća i limfnih čvorova na&nbsp; postoperativnom hirur&scaron;kom materijalu i u zavisnosti od histolo&scaron;kog tipa karcinoma; da se proceni povezanost kliničkog odgovora na neoadjuvantnu terapiju prema kriterijumima Svetske Zdravstvene Organizacije i histolo&scaron;kih parametara u tumorima pluća i limfnim čvorovima na postoperativnom hirur&scaron;kom materijalu nakon neoadjuvantne terapije; da se proceni povezanost patolo&scaron;kog ypTN sa kliničkim ycTN stadijumom bolesti i stepena tumorske regresije indukovane neoadjuvantnom terapijom i patolo&scaron;kog ypTN i da se proceni povezanosti između kliničke i patolo&scaron;ke zahvaćenosti N2 limfnih čvorova posle neoadjuvantne terapije. Merenje ukupne veličine očuvanih ART je najznačajniji objektivni parametar u proceni stepena tumorske regresije. Veličina rezidualnog tumora nije u korelaciji sa veličinom tumora posle neoadjuvantne terapije. Postoji signifikantna razlika u patohistolo&scaron;koj slici tumorske regresije indukovane neoadjuvantnom terapijom i spontane tumorske regresije. Ne postoji signifikantna razlika između histolo&scaron;kog tipa tumora i histolo&scaron;ke slike tumorske regresije. Ne postoji signifikantna povezanost između kliničkog odgovora i stepena tumorske regresije nakon neoadjuvantne terapije. Ne postoji korelacija između kliničkog i patolo&scaron;kog stadijuma bolesti posle neoadjuvantne terapije. Ne postoji korelacija između stepena tumorske regresije indukovane neoadjuvantnom terapijom i ypTN stadijuma bolesti. Ne postoji korelacija između kliničke i patolo&scaron;ke zahvaćenosti N2 limfnih čvorova posle neoadjuvantne terapije. Stepen regresije tumora i merenje ART posle neoadjuvantne terapije određen histopatolo&scaron;kom analizom reseciranog tumora je najobjektivniji kriterijum za procenu hemioterapijskog odgovora i predviđanja ishoda lečenja pacijenata.</p> / <p>Lung cancers are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality from malignant tumors in the World. The neodjuvant therapy in patients with locally advanced (IIIA-IIIB) lung cancer and affected N2 lymph nodes is one of the modes of multimodal treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in order to improve the outcome of their treatment. This involves converting patients from a higher to a lower stage of the disease - &quot;downstaging&quot;. There has been no significant connection between some forms of tumor response and types of therapy. Given the importance of complete pathological responses and tumor regression in the prediction of treatment outcomes, finding this relationship is of importance for the design of future neoadjuvant trails. In determining the histological tumor regression is very important measurement of area of residual tumor (ART). As the size of the tumor is one of the prognostic factors in patients with NSCLC who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy so the measurement of ART, as opposed to the macroscopic size of the tumor, one of the prognostic factors in patients with NSCLC, who had received neoadjuvant therapy. The ultimate goal of neoadjuvant therapy should be resectability and &quot;downstaging&quot; that could provide overall oncology benefit in specific clinical situations. The main objectives of this thesis were: to objectively estimate the size of ART in tumor tissue of lung and lymph nodes; to estimate the relation between the surface of ART with the size of the tumor on postoperative surgical material after neoadjuvant therapy; to analyze and estimate the relation between histomorphological parameters in tumor regression induced by neoadjuvant therapy and spontaneous tumor regression in tumors of the lung and lymph nodes in the postoperative surgical material and depending on the histological type of cancer; to estimate the relation between clinical response to neoadjuvant therapy according to criteria of the World Health Organization and histological parameters in lung tumors and lymph nodes in the postoperative surgical material after neoadjuvant therapy; to estimate the correlation of the pathological ypTN with clinical ycTN stage of the disease and the degree of tumor&nbsp; regression induced by neoadjuvant therapy and pathological ypTN and estimation of the relation between clinical and pathological involvement of N2 lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy. Measurement of the total size of the preserved ART is the most important objective parameter in the assessment of the grade of tumor regression. Size of residual tumor did not correlate with the size of the tumor after neoadjuvant therapy. There was a significant difference in the histological picture of tumor regression induced by neoadjuvant therapy and spontaneous tumor regression. There was no significant difference between the histologic type of tumor and histological tumor regression. There is no significant correlation between clinical response and the grade of tumor regression after neoadjuvant therapy. There is no correlation between clinical and pathological staging of the disease after neoadjuvant therapy. There is no correlation between the grade of tumor regression induced by neoadjuvant therapy and ypTN stage of the disease. There is no correlation between the clinical and the pathological involvement of the N2 lymph nodes to neoadjuvant therapy. The grade of tumor regression and measurement ART after neoadjuvant therapy determined by histopathological analysis of the resected tumor is the most objective criterion for evaluation of chemotherapeutic response and prediction of treatment outcome in patients.</p>

<p>Увод: Пинеална жлезда је неуроендокрини, циркумвентрикуларни орган филогенетски пореклом органа вида. Калцификације пинеалне жлезде су чест налаз приликом радиолошких претрага, без још увек довољно доказа да ли су оне нормалан налаз. Магнетна резонанца описује три морфолошка типа пинеалне жлезде. Циљеви: Утврдити степен корелације морфолошких типова пинеалне жлезде утврђених патохистолошким налазом са налазом компјутеризоване томографије, као и степен корелације присуства калцификација у пинеалној жлезди утврђених патохистолошким налазом и налазом компјутеризоване томографије. Утврдити степен калцификације пинеалне жлезде патохистолошким налазом у зависности од старости. Материјал и методе: Макроскопском морфолошком и микроскопском, хистолошком анализом обухваћено је 111 изолованих пинеалних жлезди осoба оба пола, не млађих од 18 година од којих је 27 снимљено апаратом Somatom Sensation 64 са дебљинама реконструисаних пресека 5 и 1mm, а још 9 апаратом Somatom Emotion 16. Резултати: Постоји статистички значајна разлика у одређивању сва три дијаметра епифизе петомилиметарским реконструкцијама, и при утврђивању два дијаметра једномилиметарским реконструкцијама. Постоји статистички значајна разлика у утврђивању морфолошких типова хистолошком и методом компјутеризоване томографије. Присутна је позитивна корелација калцификованости жлезде одређене мерењем њене густине у Хаунсфилдовим јединицама и утврђене микроскопски. Калцификованост пинеалног паренхима не корелира старости. Закључак: Наша студија је показала да су једномилиметарске реконструкције тачније у одређивању дијаметара жлезде. Макроскопским и микроскопским мерењем утврђена су сва три типа пинеалне жлезде описана магнетнорезонантним осликавањем. Утврђена је статистички значајна повезаност густине пинеалне жлезде измерене у Хаунсфилдовим јединицама на једномилиметарским реконструкцијама и степена калцификованости израженог у процентима. Није утврђена повезаност калцификованости епифизе мерене микроскопски и старости.</p> / <p>Uvod: Pinealna žlezda je neuroendokrini, cirkumventrikularni organ filogenetski poreklom organa vida. Kalcifikacije pinealne žlezde su čest nalaz prilikom radioloških pretraga, bez još uvek dovoljno dokaza da li su one normalan nalaz. Magnetna rezonanca opisuje tri morfološka tipa pinealne žlezde. Ciljevi: Utvrditi stepen korelacije morfoloških tipova pinealne žlezde utvrđenih patohistološkim nalazom sa nalazom kompjuterizovane tomografije, kao i stepen korelacije prisustva kalcifikacija u pinealnoj žlezdi utvrđenih patohistološkim nalazom i nalazom kompjuterizovane tomografije. Utvrditi stepen kalcifikacije pinealne žlezde patohistološkim nalazom u zavisnosti od starosti. Materijal i metode: Makroskopskom morfološkom i mikroskopskom, histološkom analizom obuhvaćeno je 111 izolovanih pinealnih žlezdi osoba oba pola, ne mlađih od 18 godina od kojih je 27 snimljeno aparatom Somatom Sensation 64 sa debljinama rekonstruisanih preseka 5 i 1mm, a još 9 aparatom Somatom Emotion 16. Rezultati: Postoji statistički značajna razlika u određivanju sva tri dijametra epifize petomilimetarskim rekonstrukcijama, i pri utvrđivanju dva dijametra jednomilimetarskim rekonstrukcijama. Postoji statistički značajna razlika u utvrđivanju morfoloških tipova histološkom i metodom kompjuterizovane tomografije. Prisutna je pozitivna korelacija kalcifikovanosti žlezde određene merenjem njene gustine u Haunsfildovim jedinicama i utvrđene mikroskopski. Kalcifikovanost pinealnog parenhima ne korelira starosti. Zaključak: Naša studija je pokazala da su jednomilimetarske rekonstrukcije tačnije u određivanju dijametara žlezde. Makroskopskim i mikroskopskim merenjem utvrđena su sva tri tipa pinealne žlezde opisana magnetnorezonantnim oslikavanjem. Utvrđena je statistički značajna povezanost gustine pinealne žlezde izmerene u Haunsfildovim jedinicama na jednomilimetarskim rekonstrukcijama i stepena kalcifikovanosti izraženog u procentima. Nije utvrđena povezanost kalcifikovanosti epifize merene mikroskopski i starosti.</p> / <p>Introduction: Pineal gland is a small neuroendocrine, circumventricular organ wich evolved from the eye. Calcifications were incidentally discovered and frequently without a proof whether they were normal or abnormal. Magnetic resonance imaging describes three morphological types. Aim: To determine if there is a correlation between pineal gland morphology types and calcifications established with histology and with computed tomography (CT) and if there is the correlation between calcifications and age. Method of work and material: Macroscopic and mycroscopic analysis encounted 111 isolated pineal glands of both sexes, no younger than 18, from wich 27 was examed with Somatom Sensation 64 and 9 with Somatom Emotion 16 with 5mm and 1mm reformated pictures. Results: All three diameters measured on 5mm reformated pictures and two measured on 1mm reformated pictures differed statistically compared to diameters measured macroscopically. There was siginificant difference between morphological types established on computed tomography and macroscopically. Pineal gland calcifications measured microscopically and with CT correlated positivelly. Pineal gland calcifications were not dependant on the patients age. Conclusion: Allthough 1mm reformated pictures are more accurate than 5mm, the pineal gland morpholgy types determined macroscopically and with CT are not correlated. However, calcification measurement with CT correlates with the microscopic measurement. Calcifications measured microscopically are not correlated with age.</p>

<p>Uzorci zemlji&scaron;ta iz pov&scaron;inskog sloja dubine 0 - 10 cm<br />prikupljeni su sa 121 lokacije na gradskom području Novog<br />Sada. Ispitivano područje obuhvatilo je povr&scaron;inu (4 x 5)km²,<br />koja je podeljena na mrežna polja veličine (400 x 400) m^2&nbsp;i u&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />svakom polju uzet je po jedan uzorak. Za 121 uzorak<br />gradskog zemlji&scaron;ta Novog Sada ispitana su fizičko-hemijska<br />svojstva zemlji&scaron;ta, ukupni i pristupačni sadržaj metala (As,<br />Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) i njihova prostorna raspodela.<br />Konturne mape prostorne raspodele metala u zemlji&scaron;tu<br />dobijene su kori&scaron;ćenjem interpolacijske metode običnog<br />kriginga. Za pojedine uzorke izvr&scaron;eno je razdvajanje čestica<br />po veličinama frakcionisanjem u vodi pomoću sita različitih<br />veličina i identifikovani su minerali prisutni u frakciji prah +<br />glina. Aktivnosti radionuklida &bdquo;unsupported&rdquo;²¹⁰Pb i ¹³⁷Cs<br />određene su za jedan deo uzoraka zemlji&scaron;ta u Novom Sadu i<br />za uzorke zemlji&scaron;ta pored fabrike akumulatora u Somboru.<br />Ispitana je i vertikalna distribucija stabilnog i radioaktivnog<br />Pb u zemlji&scaron;tu.</p><p>Na 14 lokacija u Novom Sadu prikupljeno je 35 uzoraka<br />snega direktno sa asfaltnih puteva i sa zemljanih povr&scaron;ina u<br />okolini puteva i na pe&scaron;ačkim ostrvima. Raspodela čestica po<br />veličinama i ukupne koncentracije metala (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K,<br />Na, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) određene su analizom filtriranih uzoraka,<br />a za 4 uzorka ispitana je morfologija čestica i urađena<br />semikvantitativna analiza čestica u suvoj materiji.</p><p>Prilikom obrade rezultata merenja primenjene su metode<br />deskriptivne statistike i multivarijacione statističke analize u<br />cilju identifikacije izvora zagađenja i određivanja povezanosti<br />između samih metala i drugih parametara.</p> / <p>A total of 121 surface soil samples were collected&nbsp;across the central part of Novi Sad covering a surface&nbsp;area (4 km x 5 km). The physicochemical properties,&nbsp;pseudo total and available metal concentrations (As,&nbsp;Co, Cr, Cu,&nbsp; Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined.&nbsp;Contour maps of spatial distribution of the investigated&nbsp;metals were obtained using ordinary&nbsp; kriging&nbsp;interpolation method. Separation of different particle&nbsp;<br />size fractions by wet sieving&nbsp; and identification of&nbsp;minerals in the clay and silt fraction for some soil&nbsp;samples were performed.&nbsp; Specific activities of&nbsp;radionuclides &ldquo;unsupported&rdquo; ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs were&nbsp;measured in forty soil samples collected in urban area&nbsp;of Novi Sad and industrial area of Sombor (near a&nbsp;battery manufacturer).&nbsp; Vertical distribution of stable and&nbsp;radioactive&nbsp; Pb for&nbsp; two samples from the industrial soil&nbsp;was examined.</p><p>Thirty five snow samples were collected at fourteen&nbsp;locations near crossroads in Novi Sad. The samples&nbsp;were taken directly from the road surface and from the&nbsp;ground surface in the vicinity of roads and on&nbsp;pedestrian islands. Particle size distribution and &nbsp;total&nbsp;concentration of the metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Mn,&nbsp;Ni, Pb, Zn) were &nbsp;determined for filtered samples. Semi-quantitative analysis of the particles was &nbsp;conducted and&nbsp;morphology of the particles was examined for dry&nbsp;matter of four snow samples.&nbsp;</p><p>Methods of descriptive and multivariate statistics and&nbsp;geostatistics were carried out for &nbsp;the analysis and&nbsp;interpretation of the data.</p>

<p>Uvod: Sindrom lumbalne radikulopatije obuhvata disfunkciju nervnog korena lumbalne kičme, prouzrokovano kompresijom, nastalom usled hernijacije (protruzije, prolapsa) intervertebralnog diska ili zbog inflamatornih i degenerativnih promena (najče&scaron;će osteofita) u foraminalnom otvoru. Kvalitet života predstavlja savremeni koncept posmatranja ishoda oboljenja i uspe&scaron;nosti terapijske procedure kako u svim oblastima medicine, tako i u problematici lumbalne radikulopatije.<br />Cilj: Proceniti kvalitet života operativno i neoperativno lečenih pacijenata sa lumbalnom radikulopatijom na početku lečenja i 3 meseca, odnosno 6 meseci nakon sprovedene medicinske rehabilitacije.<br />Metode: Istraživanje predstavlja prospektivnu kliničku studiju kojom je analiziran kvalitet života bolesnika sa lumbalnom radikulopatijom. Obuhvaćen je randomiziran i stratifikovan uzorak pacijenata sa lumbalnom radikulopatijom diskalne geneze starosti 20 do 65 godina, oba pola (n=100), lečenih u Specijalnoj bolnici za progresivne mi&scaron;ićne i neuromi&scaron;ićne bolesti Novi Pazar. Jedna grupa ispitanika (n=50) lečena je isključivo neoperativnim metodama, dok je druga grupa bolesnika (n=50) lečena hirur&scaron;kim i neoperativnim metodama. Kod svih pacijenata sproveden je konzervativni tretman primenom fizikalnih procedura, kineziterapijskih procedura, ergonomske edukacije. Medikamentna terapija je kod svih bila identična. Za procenu stanja pacijenata, kvaliteta života i efekta rehabilitacionog tretmana kori&scaron;ćena su dva standardizovana upitnika: op&scaron;ti zdravstveni upitnik Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF 36) i upitnik specifičan za oboljenje The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).<br />Rezultati: Vrednosti SF-36 upitnika prikazanih sumarnim fizičkim (SFS) i mentalnim (SMS) skorom, i kod neoperativno lečenih ispitanika (FSFS=450,221 i p&lt;0,001; FSMS=106,543 i p&lt;0,001), ali i kod operativno lečenih (FSFS=490,721 i p&lt;0,001; FSMS=72,055 i p&lt;0,001) značajno su se menjale u toku ispitivanja. Vrednosti SFS kod neoperativno lečenih pacijenata (početak tretmana, 3 meseca, 6 meseci): 35,5 / 44,7 / 50,8; kod operativno lečenih: 28,8 / 42,8 / 49,2. Vrednosti SMS kod neoperativno lečenih pacijenata: 40,6 / 44,8 / 52,6; kod operativno lečenih: 37,8 / 45,2 / 52,5.<br />Najveće pobolj&scaron;anje SFS, kod obe grupe pacijenata, je registrovano u prva tri meseca od početka rehabilitacionog tretmana, dok je najveći napredak SMS registrovan u prva tri meseca od početka rehabilitacionog tretmana kod druge grupe pacijenata.<br />Vrednosti skora Osvestri indeksa nesposobnosti (ODI), i kod pacijenata prve grupe (F=432,810 i p&lt;0,001), ali i kod pacijenata druge grupe (F=1341,180 i p&lt;0,001) značajno su se menjale u toku ispitivanja. Vrednosti ODI kod neoperativno lečenih pacijenata su: 51,5% / 36% / 22,5%; a kod pacijenata druge grupe: 56,1% / 38,9% / 23,7%. Najveće pobolj&scaron;anje je registrovano u prva tri meseca od početka rehabilitacionog tretmana kod druge grupe pacijenata. Postoje statistički značajne korelacije glavnih sumarnih skorova i domena SF-36 (SFS i SMS) i ODI skorova.<br />Zaključak: Kvalitet života i funkcionalni status i neoperativno i operativno lečenih pacijenata je značajno bolji u komparaciji stanja, na 3 meseca i na 6 meseci u odnosu na početak rehabilitacije, kao i na 6 meseci u odnosu na stanje na 3 meseca.</p> / <p>Introduction: The syndrome of lumbar radiculopathy involves dysfunction of nerve roots of the lumbar spine, caused by compression, resulting due to herniation (protrusion, prolapse) intervertebral disc, or due to inflammatory and degenerative changes (usually osteophytes) in foraminal opening. Quality of life is the modern concept of observing the outcome of disease and therapeutic procedures in performance in all areas of medicine, as well as the problems of lumbar radiculopathy.<br />Aim: Assess the quality of life for surgically and conservatively treated patients with lumbar radiculopathy at initiation of treatment and 3 months, and 6 months after conducting medical rehabilitation.<br />Methods: The study is a prospective clinical study, which analyzed the quality of life of patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Also included is randomized and stratified sample of patients with lumbar radiculopathy of discal genesis aged 20 to 65 years, of both sexes (n=100) treated at the Special Hospital for progressive muscular and neuromuscular diseases Novi Pazar. One group of patients (n=50) were treated exclusively non-surgical methods, while the second group of patients (n=50) treated with surgical and non-surgical methods. In all patients was conducted by applying the conservative treatment of physical procedures, kinesitherapy procedures, ergonomic education. Medication treatment is at all were identical. To assess the condition of patients, quality of life and the effect of rehabilitation treatment used two standardized questionnaires: a general health questionnaire Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF 36) and disease-specific questionnaire The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).<br />Results: Values SF-36 questionnaire presented summary physical (SFS) and mental (SMS) scores, with non-surgical treated subjects (FSFS=450.221, p&lt;0.001; FSMS=106.543, p&lt;0.001), but also at surgical treated (FSFS=490.721, p&lt;0.001; FSMS=72.055, p&lt;0.001) were significantly changed during the study. Values at SFS non-surgical treated patients (beginning of treatment, 3 months, 6 months): 35.5 / 44.7 / 50.8; at surgical treated: 28.8 / 42.8 / 49.2. Values SMS with the non-surgical treated patients: 40.6 / 44.8 / 52.6; with surgical treated: 37.8 / 45.2 / 52.5. The biggest improvement of SFS, in both groups of patients were registered in the first three months of the start of the rehabilitation treatment, while the biggest progress SMS is registered in the first three months of the start of treatment in other patient groups. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) values score, in patients of the first group (F=432.810, p&lt;0.001), and in second group of patients (F=1341.180, p&lt;0.001) were significantly changed during the study. ODI values at non-surgical treated patients were: 51.5% / 36% / 22.5%; the second group of patients: 56.1% / 38.9% / 23.7%. The bigest improvement was registered in the first three months of the start of treatment in second group patients. There are statistically significant correlations main summary scores and SF-36 domains (SFS and SMS) and ODI scores.<br />Conclusion: The quality of life and functional status of both groups patients was significantly better in comparison to the situation, at 3 months and 6 months compared to the beginning of rehabilitation, as well as at 6 months compared to 3 months.</p>