Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-25T22:19:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SIDERLEY FERNANDES ALBUQUERQUE – TESE (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 14115544 bytes, checksum: 11822f51a2dc681dc362498cb6b9d1c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T22:19:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SIDERLEY FERNANDES ALBUQUERQUE – TESE (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 14115544 bytes, checksum: 11822f51a2dc681dc362498cb6b9d1c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / No Brasil, a soldagem de tubulações ainda emprega processos manuais com eletrodo revestido, porém, tem crescido as pesquisas com o objetivo de implementar processos mais produtivos, e que atendam às exigências requeridas por normas específicas. Processos de soldagem robotizados estão sendo largamente utilizados em vários países, com ganho considerável na produtividade, como também na qualidade superficial. A utilização de processos de soldagem automatizados possibilita, além da maior produtividade, um maior controle dos parâmetros de soldagem, podendo favorecer positivamente as transformações microestruturais, e consequentemente, em melhores propriedades mecânicas da junta soldada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tenacidade à fratura de juntas soldadas em chapas aço API 5L X80 com 19 mm de espessura, utilizados para transporte de petróleo e gás, quando submetidos à soldagem robotizada nas posições plana e vertical ascendente, utilizando processo de soldagem a arco elétrico com arame maciço para o passe de raiz (ER 120S-G), e processos de soldagem com arame tubular para os passes de enchimento e acabamento, utilizando arame do tipo flux-cored e proteção de gás externa (E101T-1), e arame do tipo autoprotegido (E91T8-G); o gás de proteção utilizado foi Ar+25%CO2. Foram realizadas análises de microdureza e microestrutural na ZTA das juntas soldadas, utilizando microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura; para avaliação da tenacidade na ZTA das juntas soldadas, foram usinados corpos de prova do tipo SE(B) para ensaio CTOD. A análise microestrutural na ZTA para todos os procedimentos indicam a presença de bainita e ferrita acicular, com exceção do procedimento de soldagem na posição plana utilizando arrame autoprotegido que apresentou ferrita primária. Os resultados de tenacidade a fratura obtidos indicam que os procedimentos de soldagem robotizados na posição plana apresentaram a maioria dos valores de CTOD superiores aos procedimentos de soldagem na posição vertical ascendente. Os procedimentos de soldagem robotizados na posição plana usando arame autoprotegido apresentaram o melhor resultado em termos de crescimento da pré-trinca de fadiga, com perfil na região central de forma arredondada, diferente do procedimento de soldagem na posição plana com RP- G que apresentou a forma plana. / In Brazil, the welding pipes still uses manual processes with coated electrodes, however, research has grown to implementing more productive processes, and complying with the requirements of specific rules. Robotic welding processes are in use in Sweden, USA, Canada, Russia and China, with a considerable increase in productivity, and higher quality welds surface. The use of automated welding processes increase the productivity, and promote better control of the welding parameters, and microstructural changes, and consequently, better mechanical properties of the welded joint. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fracture toughness of API 5L X80 steel welded joints with thickness for 19 mm, used for oil and gas transmission, when subjected to robotic welding in the flat and vertical upward positions using arc electric welding process with solid wire for the root pass (ER 120S-G), and tubular wire for the filler passes and finishing, using flux- cored wire (E101T-1) and Ar + 25% CO2 as shielding gas and self-protected wire (E91T8-G). For this, CTOD specimens with all notched located in HAZ were prepared and submitted to metalographic and microhardness test were also done to observe the resulting microstructure and hardness value in the region of the crack, using optical and scanning microscopy analysis. The microstructural analysis in the ZTA of the specimen for all procedures indicated the presence of Bainite and Acicular Ferrite, except those obtained in flat position using the Flux-Cored Self-Shielded welding process which also presented Primary Ferrite. The results of fracture toughness test indicated that the welding in a flat position presented the most superior CTOD values. The robotic welding procedures in the flat position using Flux-Cored SelfShielded welding process showed the best result in terms of the fatigue pre-crack growth, with profile in the central region of rounded shape, unlike flat shape in the robotic welding procedures in the flat position using Flux-Cored and Ar + 25% CO2 as shielding gas.

Submitted by Caroline Periotto (carol@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T15:05:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGTV.pdf: 1872903 bytes, checksum: 8df6b2f211cfc4236fc723147c24d9bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T20:50:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGTV.pdf: 1872903 bytes, checksum: 8df6b2f211cfc4236fc723147c24d9bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T20:50:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGTV.pdf: 1872903 bytes, checksum: 8df6b2f211cfc4236fc723147c24d9bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T20:51:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGTV.pdf: 1872903 bytes, checksum: 8df6b2f211cfc4236fc723147c24d9bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Due to the current growth in the fossil fuels consumption, there is a great concern about the increase in pollutant emissions. In order to reduce these emissions, research indicates that the decrease in vehicle weight can be one of the solutions to reduce these gas emissions. One possible way to reduce the car weight is the replacement of parts that uses high density metals by Magnesium alloys. The major problem with this replacement is the lack of ductility that this material has at room temperature, being necessary to heat the plates before the conformation. This heating process has a high production costs and it is unfeasible to use in the automotive industry today. In view of this problem, this work aims to study this lack of conformity to room temperature using a microstructure modification technique located in the regions of conformation. The technic used was Friction Stir Processing (FSP) at high speed. This processing is similar to Friction Stir Welding (FSW), but without joining materials. The FSP is just a localized microstructural modification. The analysis performed in this study after processing at 1, 7 and 10 m/min show that the microstructure and mechanical properties undergoes various changes at for every processing speed output different. The results showed that the material after processing improves the ductility at room temperature as grain size decreases. / Com o atual crescimento do consumo de combustíveis fosseis, existe uma grande preocupação com o aumento de emissões de gases poluente. Para redução dessas emissões, pesquisas apontam que a diminuição do peso de veículos pode ser uma das soluções para reduzir as emissões de gases poluentes pelo aumento da eficiência energética. Uma forma possível de diminuir o peso de automóveis é pela substituição de partes que utilizam metais com alta densidade por ligas de Magnésio. O grande problema desta substituição é a falta de dutilidade que este material possui a temperatura ambiente, sendo necessário aquecer as chapas antes da conformação. Atualmente este processo de aquecimento gera um alto custo de produção dificultando sua utilização na indústria automotiva. Tendo em vista este problema, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo entender esta dificuldade na conformação a temperatura ambiente e propor uma solução utilizando uma técnica de modificação microestrutural localizada nas regiões de conformação. Esta técnica é o Processamento por Fricção e Mistura (FSP – Friction Stir Processing) à altas velocidade. Este processamento é semelhante ao de Soldagem por Fricção e Mistura (FSW – Friction Stir Welding), mas sem a formação de uma região de união entre materiais. O FSP é apenas uma modificação microestrutural localizada. As análises realizadas neste estudo após o processamento à 1, 7 e 10m/min apontam que a microestrutura e as propriedades mecânicas sofrem variações diferentes a cada velocidade de processamento. Os resultados mostraram que o material obteve uma melhora na dutilidade à temperatura ambiente devido à diminuição do tamanho de grão.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Luciane M Soares.pdf: 1356785 bytes, checksum: 08654c7f08e5db11d8746af3551cd3ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work investigates the effect by partial replacement of nanosilica (nS) of Portland cement on the mechanical, physical, chemical and microstructural Portland cement mortar properties. For better understanding of the effects and a more detailed analysis of the results, the 33-1 fractional factorial design to design of experiments was used with three factors, each at three levels: nS content cement replacement (1, 2 and 3wt. %), water/cement ratio (1.1, 1.4 and 1.7 weight) and the aggregate/cement ratio (7.04 factor, 8.53 and 10.05 weight). The processing of the nine mortar mixtures was performed according to standards of the manufacture of such construction materials (composition, mixing, molding, curing and specimen preparation). Mechanical properties were evaluated in the fresh state (flow table) and in the hardened state (compressive strength at 7, 28 and 90 days of curing). In order to correlate the compressive strength with the microstructural characteristics, physic, chemical and microstructural characterization was performed. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal (TG/DTA) and scanning electron microscopic with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) analyses were used on selected samples. The use of fractional factorial design and the response surface methodology was found to be in the design the experimental and statistical analyses. The addition of nS affects the mechanical properties of mortars, both in the fresh, and in the hardened state. Materials with adequate workability for use in construction industry (consistency of 230 ± 10 mm) and high compressive strength after 7 (≥ 3 MPa) and 28 days of curing (≥ 6 MPa) were obtained with the following composition: 1.5 wt. % nS, 1.3 water/cement ratio and aggregate/cement ratio kept constant of 10.1. The physical-chemical and microstructural characterization showed that nS contributes to improve the packing of the amorphous calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and crystalline phases matrix and aggregate. Moreover, nS participates in the hydration reactions of Portland cement due to its reaction with calcium hydroxide. Thus, a more cohesive matrix and less calcium hydroxide contributes to lower porosity, thus reducing permeability, which contributes for better durability of the mortars containing nS. / Este trabalho investiga o efeito da substituição parcial de cimento Portland por nanosílica (nS) nas propriedades mecânicas, físico-químicas e microestruturais de argamassas de cimento Portland. Para melhor compreensão dos efeitos e uma análise mais detalhada dos resultados, foi usado o planejamento fatorial fracionado 33-1 para projeto dos experimentos. No projeto foram utilizados três fatores, cada qual em três níveis: o teor de nS em substituição ao cimento (1%, 2% e 3% em massa), a proporção de água/cimento (1,1; 1,4 e 1,7 em massa) e o fator agregado/cimento (7,04; 8,53 e 10,05 em massa). O processamento das nove misturas de argamassas foi realizado de acordo com as normas de fabricação desses materiais de construção civil (pesagem, mistura, moldagem, cura e preparação de corpos de prova). Propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas no estado fresco (índice de consistência) e no estado endurecido (resistência mecânica à compressão em 7, 28 e 90 dias de cura). Com o objetivo de correlacionar a resistência à compressão com as características microestruturais, foi realizada a caracterização físico-química e microestrutural, por meio de análises de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análises térmicas (TG) e análise térmica diferencial (ATD) e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV/EDS) em amostras selecionadas. O uso do projeto fatorial fracionado se mostrou eficiente para o planejamento experimental e análises estatísticas juntamente com o uso da metodologia de superfície de resposta. A adição de nS nas argamassas afeta as propriedades mecânicas das argamassas, tanto no estado fresco, como no endurecido. Materiais com trabalhabilidade adequada para uso na construção civil (índice de consistência de 230 ± 10 mm) e elevada resistência à compressão após 7 (≥ 3MPa) e 28 dias de cura (≥ 6 MPa) foram obtidas com as seguintes composições: 1,5% de nS, 1,3 água/cimento e 10,1 agregado/cimento. A caracterização físico-química e microestrutural mostrou que a nS contribui para melhorar o empacotamento da matriz formada pelo silicato de cálcio hidratado amorfo (C-S-H), fases cristalinas e os agregados. Além disso, a nS participa das reações de hidratação do cimento Portland, por meio do consumo de hidróxido de cálcio. Dessa forma, uma matriz mais coesa e menos hidróxido de cálcio contribui para uma menor porosidade, reduzindo a permeabilidade, que se traduz numa melhor durabilidade das argamassas contendo nS.

Materiais odontológicos inovadores que apresentem propriedades antimicrobianas são altamente desejáveis na cavidade oral. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do vanadato de prata nanoestruturado (&beta;-AgVO3) incorporado em duas resinas acrílicas frente a Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, além de examinar as propriedades mecânicas e o padrão de incorporação do nanomaterial nas resinas. O nanomaterial foi caracterizado por difração de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIV), análise elementar por energia dispersiva (EDS) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As propriedades antimicrobianas das resinas acrílicas incorporadas com diferentes porcentagens de &beta;-AgVO3 foram investigadas pelo método de redução do XTT, unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) e microscopia confocal à laser e o comportamento mecânico por meio de ensaios de dureza e rugosidade superficial, resistência à flexão, à compressão e ao impacto. O padrão de incorporação do &beta;-AgVO3 nas resinas foi analisado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise elementar por energia dispersiva (EDS). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA, Tukey e pelo teste Generalized Linear Models (&alpha;=0,05). Para ambas as resinas, em relação ao grupo controle, a incorporação de 5% e 10% de &beta;-AgVO3 reduziram significantemente a atividade metabólica de C. albicans e P. aeruginosa (p<0,05), enquanto que para S. mutans houve redução significante apenas com a incorporação de 10% (p<0,05). Não houve diferença na atividade metabólica pelo método do XTT frente a S. aureus (p> 0,05). Para ambas as resinas, observou-se uma redução significativa no número de UFC/mL de C. albicans para o grupo incorporado com 10% de &beta;-AgVO3 e de S. mutans para os grupos com 2,5%, 5% e 10% do nanomaterial (p<0,05). Para S. aureus e P. aeruginosa, houve redução significante com a incorporação de 5% e 10% (p<0,05). A dureza superficial da resina termopolimerizável permaneceu inalterada pela incorporação do nanomaterial (p>0,05) e da autopolimerizável aumentou com 0,5% (p<0,05). Concentrações maiores que 1% promoveram redução na resistência flexural das resinas (p<0,05) enquanto que a rugosidade superficial permaneceu inalterada (p>0,05). A resistência à compressão da resina autopolimerizável permaneceu inalterada (p>0,05) e da termopolimerizável reduziu com a incorporação de 0,5% e 10% (p<0,05). As concentrações de 5% e 10% promoveram redução significante na resistência ao impacto das resinas, em relação ao controle (p<0,05). A caracterização das resinas quanto a dispersão da carga utilizada mostrou a presença de domínios de &beta;-AgVO3 ao longo da matriz polimérica seguindo um padrão circular. Conclui-se que o método proposto foi capaz de promover atividade antimicrobiana às resinas acrílicas frente aos micro-organismos avaliados, sendo a mesma dependente da concentração do nanomaterial. Porém, alterações na dispersão do &beta;-AgVO3 na matriz dos polímeros são necessárias para não sacrificar as propriedades mecânicas e para potencializar o efeito antimicrobiano / Innovative dental materials that have antimicrobial properties are highly desirable in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of nanostructured silver vanadate (&beta;-AgVO3) incorporated into two acrylic resins against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while examining the mechanical properties and the pattern of nanomaterial incorporation into resins. The nanomaterial was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform (FTIR), elemental analysis by energy dispersive (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial properties of acrylic resins incorporated with different percentages of &beta;-AgVO3 were investigated by the reduction of XTT method, colony forming units (CFU) and confocal laser microscopy and the mechanical behavior through hardness, surface roughness, flexural, compression and impact tests. The pattern of incorporation of &beta;-AgVO3 resins was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis by energy dispersive (EDS). Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test and the Generalized Linear Models (&alpha; = 0.05). For both resins, compared to the control group, the incorporation of 5% and 10% &beta;-AgVO3 caused a significantly reduced in the metabolic activity of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa (p <0.05), while for S. mutans significant reduction was observed only with the incorporation of 10% (p <0.05). There was no difference in metabolic activity by XTT method against S. aureus (p> 0.05). For both resins, there was a significant reduction in the number of CFU / mL for C. albicans incorporated group with 10% &beta;-AgVO3 and S. mutans in groups with 2.5%, 5% and 10% of nanomaterial (p <0.05). For P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, there was a significant decrease with the incorporation of 5% to 10% (p <0.05). The surface hardness of the heat-cured resin was unchanged by the incorporation of the nanomaterial (p <0.05) and increased self-cured with 0.5% (p <0.05). Concentrations above 1% promote the reduction in flexural strength of the resins (p <0.05) while the surface roughness remained unchanged (P> 0.05). The compressive strength of the self-cured resin remained unchanged (P> 0.05) and heat-cured reduced with the incorporation of 0.5% and 10% (p <0.05). Concentrations of 5% and 10% caused a significant reduction in impact strength of resins, compared to control (p <0.05). The characterization of the resins as the dispersion of the filler used showed the presence of &beta;-AgVO3 domains along the polymer matrix following a circular pattern. It was concluded that the proposed method was able to promote antimicrobial activity to acrylic resins against microorganisms evaluated, with the same concentration dependent of the nanomaterial. However, changes in the &beta;-AgVO3 dispersion in the polymer matrix are necessary to do not sacrifice the mechanical properties and to enhance the antimicrobial effect

Nos últimos anos, devido ao elevado preço do níquel, uma nova série de aços inoxidáveis austeníticos com um menor teor de níquel foi criada. A essa nova série foi dado o nome de série 200. Dentre os aços dessa classe, o AISI 201 tem sido utilizado em aplicações onde a elevada resistência à corrosão não é tão necessária. Neste trabalho de Mestrado investigou-se a formação e a reversão da martensita induzida por deformação em um aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 201 laminado a frio em 20, 40 e 60% de redução em espessura. Das chapas laminadas foram retiradas amostras que foram recozidas em várias temperaturas (200-800oC) por 1 hora. Amostras do material laminado em 60% de redução em espessura também foram recozidas por várias temperaturas (200-800oC) e por vários tempos (5-180min). Com isso, avaliou-se a evolução microestrutural do material durante a laminação frio e durante o recozimento por meio de medidas de microdureza Vickers, microscopias óptica, eletrônica de varredura e eletrônica de transmissão, difração de elétrons retroespalhados, difração de raios X e medidas de magnetização. Além disso, foram realizados cálculos termodinâmicos para a previsão da formação de fases nesse material. Constatou-se que o material de partida não era completamente austenítico, possuindo uma pequena fração de ferrita ? residual em sua microestrutura. Com relação às medidas de magnetização, observou-se que a fração de fase ferromagnética (martensita) aumenta com o aumento da deformação, aumentando a magnetização de saturação (Ms) do material. Para pequenas deformações (20% de redução em espessura) houve a ocorrência de um pico no valor de campo coercivo do material (Hc). Com o aumento da deformação (40 e 60%) os valores de Hc diminuíram. Com relação à reversão da martensita induzida por deformação durante os recozimentos, observou-se que ela ocorre na faixa de temperatura de 500-700oC para o material laminado em 60% de redução em espessura. O comportamento do material nesse estudo corrobora o que tem sido reportado na literatura para os aços da série 300. Entretanto, pouco tem sido publicado com relação às propriedades magnéticas do aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 201, principalmente com relação ao campo coercivo. Neste trabalho também foram realizadas medidas de magnetização durante o recozimento das amostras (condição in situ). Os parâmetros obtidos desses experimentos in situ foram comparados com aqueles obtidos para as amostras recozidas isotermicamente. / In the last years, since nickel price increased, another series of austenitic stainless steel with less amount of nickel has emerged: the series 200. The AISI 201 stainless steel has been used where intermediated corrosion resistance is needed. In this work, the formation of strain-induced martensite and its reversion in an AISI 201 austenitic stainless steel were studied. The material was characterized in terms of microstructure and then cold rolled up to 20, 40 and 60% of thickness reduction. For all degree of reduction, samples were annealed at several temperatures (200-800oC) for 1 hour. Additional samples taken from the 60% cold-rolled material were also annealed at several temperatures (200-800oC) for several times (5-180minutes). The microstructural evolution during cold rolling and annealing was evaluated using microhardness Vikers testing, light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, X-Ray diffraction and magnetization measurements. Phase predictions were also performed using software Thermo-calc©. It was observed that the as-received material was not fully austenitic. It has a small fraction of ?-ferrite within its matrix. The amount of ferromagnetic phase (martensite) increases with increasing deformation. For small deformation (20%), there is a peak in the coercive field of the material (Hc). As deformation increases, Hc values decrease. It was also observed that the martensite reversion takes place at 500-700oC. The behavior of the material is in accordance with what has been reported in the literature for the 300 series. However, only few works have been reported concerning AISI 201 stainless steel and its magnetic properties. In this work, magnetic measurements were also carried out during annealing (in situ condition). The obtained parameters from the in situ magnetic measurements were compared to those ones obtained from the isothermally annealed samples.

Today, there is an essential need for lightweight, energy-efficient, environmentally benign engineering systems, and this is the driving force behind the development of a wide range of structural and functional materials for energy generation, energy storage, propulsion, and transportation. These challenges have motivated the use of magnesium alloys for lightweight structural systems. Magnesium has a density of 1.74 g/cm3, which is almost 30% less than that of aluminium, one quarter of steel, and almost identicalto polymers. The ease of recycling magnesium alloys as compared to polymers makes them environmentally attractive, but their poor mechanical performance is the primary reason for the limited adoption of these alloys for structural applications. The Mg-Al-Zn alloy AZ91D exhibits an excellent combination of strength, die-castability, and corrosion resistance. However, its mechanical performance with regard to creep strength, for example, at evaluated temperatures is poor. Moreover, very little is known about the correlation between its mechanical properties and microstructural features. This thesis aims to provide new knowledge regarding the role played by microstructure in the mechanical performance of the magnesium alloy. The properties/performance of the material in relation to process parameters became of great interest during the investigation. An exhaustive characterisation of the grain size, secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) distribution, and fraction of Mg17Al12 was performed using optical and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). These microstructural parameters were correlated to the offset yield point (Rp0.2), fracture strength, and elongation to failure of the material. It was proposed that the intermetallic phase, Mg17Al12, plays an important role in determining the mechanical and physical properties of the alloy in a temperature range of room temperature to 190°C by forming a rigid network of intermetallic. The presence of this network was confirmed by studying the thermal expansion behaviour of samples of the alloy containing different amounts of Mg17Al12. A physically based constitutive model with a wide validity range was successfully adapted to describe the flow stress behaviour of AZ91D with various microstructures. The temperature-dependent variables of the model correlated quite well with the underlying physics of the material. The model was validated through comparison with dislocation densities obtained using EBSD. The influence of high-pressure die-cast parameters on the distortion and residual stress of the cast components was studied, as were distortion and residual stress in components after shot peening and painting. Interestingly, it was found that intensification pressure has a major effect on distortion and residual stresses, and that the temperature of the fixed half of the die had a slight influence on the component's distortion and residual stress. / Numera finns det ett väsentligt behov av lätta, energieffektiva och miljövänliga tekniksystem. Detta behov är drivkraften för utveckling av ett brett utbud av material för energigenerering, energilagring, framdrivning och transport. Dessa utmaningar motiverade användningen av magnesiumlegeringar för lättviktskonstruktioner. Magnesium har en densitet på 1,74 g/cm3, vilket är ca 30% lägre än för aluminium, en fjärdedel av densiteten för stål och nästan i nivå med många polymerer. Då magnesiumlegeringar dessutom är lätta att återvinna, jämfört med polymerer, gör det dem miljömässigt attraktiva. Låga mekaniska egenskaper är den främsta orsaken till begränsad användning av dessa legeringar för lastbärande tillämpningar. Mg-Al-Zn-legeringen AZ91D uppvisar en utmärkt kombination av styrka, gjutbarhet och korrosionsbeständighet. Dess mekaniska egenskaper vid förhöjd temperatur, som tex kryphållfasthet, är låga. Dessutom är korrelationen mellan mikrostruktur och mekaniska egenskaper oklar. Denna avhandling syftade till att ge ny kunskap om mikrostrukturens roll för magnesiumlegeringars mekaniska egenskaper. Slutligen var materialets egenskaper i förhållande till processparametrar vid tillverkningen av stort intresse. En omfattande karaktärisering av kornstorleks-, sekundära dendritarmavstånds (SDAS)-fördelning och fraktion av Mg17Al12 utfördes med hjälp av optisk mikroskopering och diffraktion av bakåtspridda elektroner (EBSD). Mikrostrukturen korrelerades till sträckgränsen (Rp0.2), brottstyrkan och brottförlängningen. Det föreslogs att den intermetalliska fasen, Mg17Al12, spelar en viktig roll vid bestämning av legeringens mekaniska och fysikaliska egenskaper vid temperaturintervall från rumstemperatur upp till 190°C genom att bilda ett styvt nätverk av intermetaller. Uppkomsten av ett sådant nätverk stöddes genom en studie av den termiska expansionen av legeringen för olika fraktioner av Mg17Al12. En fysikalisk konstitutiv modell med ett brett giltighetsområde användes framgångsrikt för att beskriva det plastiska flytbeteendet hos AZ91D för olika mikrostrukturer. De temperaturberoende variablerna i modellen korrelerade ganska väl med materialets underliggande fysik. Modellen validerades genom att jämföra dislokationstätheten som predikterades av modellen och den med EBSD uppmätta dislokationstätheten. Påverkan av pressgjutningsparametrar på geometrisk tolerans och restspänning hos de gjutna komponenterna studerades. Vidare studerades geometrisk tolerans och restspänning av komponenter efter pening och målning. Intressant nog hade eftermatningsfasen en stor effekt på geometrisk tolerans och restspänningar. Dessutom hade temperaturen på den fasta formhalvan av verktyget även ett visst inflytande på komponentens geometriska tolerans och restspänning.

γ-TiAl based alloys have attracted considerable research interest in the past few decades and have gained niche high temperature applications in aero-engines and automobiles. As high temperature structural materials, these alloys require stable microstructures. This thesis aims at addressing knowledge gaps in the understanding of microstructural stability in two technologically important γ-TiAl based alloys in different microstructures, viz. fully lamellar (FL) and duplex. Creep and exposure tests were complemented with a variety of microstructural characterization tools (SEM, EBSD, TEM, XRD). Density functional theory based calculations were also performed to further the understanding of stability of phases. In the first part of the thesis, microstructural stability of a FL microstructure was studied under creep and high temperature exposure conditions. An aim of these studies was to probe the effect of stress orientation with respect to lamellar plates on microstructural changes during primary creep. It was observed that retention of excess α2 resulted in an unstable microstructure and so under stress and temperature, excess α2 was lost. However, depending on stress orientation, the sequence of precipitates formed was different. In particular, for certain stress orientations, the formation of the non-equilibrium C14 phase was observed. The stress dependence of microstructural evolution was found to be stem from internal stresses due to lattice misfit and elastic moduli mismatch between α2 and γ. In the second part of this thesis, microstructural stability of a duplex alloy was probed, with an emphasis on understanding mechanisms that lead to tertiary creep. The as-extruded microstructure consisted of bands of equiaxed grains and lamellar grains. During creep, loss of lamellar grains was observed and this was attended by kinking of laths and formation of dynamically recrystallized equiaxed grains. Significant dislocation activity was seen in both lamellar and equiaxed grains at all stages of creep. Initially, dislocation activity leads to strengthening and primary creep behavior, but at later stages, it triggers dynamic recrystallization. Dynamic recrystallization was found to be the rate controlling creep mechanism. Accelerating creep behavior was due to strain localization during the constant load tensile test resulting from microstructural instabilities such as kinking.

Les propriétés mécaniques des ciments hydratés nécessitent d'être optimisées suivant la nature des ciments produits. Parmi les facteurs d'optimisation, l'ajout de sulfate de calcium destiné à réguler la réactivité de l’aluminate tricalcique (C3A), en quantité et en qualité, dans le ciment est un paramètre primordial. Enjeu industriel majeur, cette notion d'Optimum de sulfatage mérite aujourd'hui du fait de l'avancement des connaissances sur les mécanismes d'hydratation de chacune des phases du ciment qu'une étude lui soit entièrement consacrée. La démarche adoptée pour répondre à cette problématique a été l’étude de système simple que l’on a compliqué petit à petit. L’évolution de l’hydratation du ciment, de la porosité et des propriétés mécaniques du ciment ont été déterminés à différentes échéances. Le premier système étudié était le mélange C3S/gypse, l'objectif était de déterminer s'il existait un effet optimal du sulfate de calcium sur l'hydratation et les résistances mécaniques du C3S tel que présenté dans la littérature [1]. Les résultats ont montré qu’il n’existait pas d’optimum de sulfatage dans le système C3S/gypse mais qu’il existait un effet spécifique du sulfate de calcium sur l’hydratation et les propriétés mécaniques du C3S. L’adsorption des sulfates à la surface des C-S-H serait à l’origine de la modification du processus de germination croissance des C-S-H qui aurait pour conséquence l’augmentation du degré d’hydratation du C3S et des résistances en compression. Le deuxième système étudié était le clinker biphasique C3S/C3A cobroyé avec du semi-hydrate et avec du gypse. Un optimum de sulfatage a bien été observé, cet optimum se décale avec le temps vers les fortes teneurs en sulfate comme dans les cimenteries. L’optimum de sulfatage a été constaté lorsque l’hydratation du C3S, pendant la période accélérée, a lieu simultanément ou légèrement avant le pic exothermique dû à la forte dissolution du C3A et à la précipitation d’Afm. Il a été montré que la présence d’AFm pendant la période accélérée de l’hydratation du C3S, serait à l’origine de la modification observée de la microstructure de la pâte de ciment : la porosité augmente avec l’ajout du sulfate de calcium mais l’assemblage des hydrates est plus dense / The mechanical properties of hydrated cements need to be optimized according to the nature of cement products. Among the factors of optimization, the addition of calcium sulphate intended to regulate the reactivity of tricalcium aluminate (C3A), in quantity and quality in cement is an essential parameter.The advancement of knowledge on the mechanisms of hydration of each cement phase allows a study devoted entirely to the concept of optimum of sulphate. We studied simple system that we complicated and we studied the evolution of hydration, porosity and mechanical properties of cement at different age. The first system studied was the mixture C3S/gypsum, the objective was to determine whether there was an optimal effect of calcium sulfate on hydration and mechanical strength of C3S as presented in the literature [1]. The results showed there was not optimum sulfate in the C3S/gypsum system but there was a specific effect of calcium sulfate on the hydration and the mechanical properties of C3S. The sulfate adsorption on the C-S-H surface is the cause of the change nucleation and growth process of C-S-H. This has resulted in increasing hydration degree of C3S and compressive strength. The second system studied was biphasic clinker C3S/C3A ground with hemi-hydrate and gypsum. An optimum sulfate has been observed, which move out with time to high rate of sulfate. The optimum sulfate was observed when the hydration of C3S, during the accelerated period, takes place simultaneously or slightly before the exothermic peak due to the high dissolution of C3A and precipitation of AFm. We showed the presence of AFm during the accelerated hydration of C3S, is the cause of the microstructure modification in the cement paste: the porosity increases with calcium sulfate addition but the hydrate assembly is more dense.

Dans ce travail, nous avons examiné de près les propriétés tribologiques et mécaniques de composites thermoplastiques chargés de différentes fractions massiques de particules de lubrifiant solide. Pour la matrice thermoplastique, nous avons retenu le polyamide 6-6 et le polycarbonate alors que les lubrifiants solides envisagés sont le graphite et le bisulfure de molybdène. L’élaboration des composites a été établie à l’aide d’une première méthodologie de moulage par injection directe. Une deuxième méthodologie d’élaboration, qui fait intervenir une étape de prétraitement du lubrifiant solide avant injection afin d’améliorer l’adhésion à l’interface matrice/lubrifiant solide, a été également utilisée. Pour les différents composites élaborés, les comportements tribologiques ont été analysés par l’intermédiaire d’un microtribomètre de type pion/plan à mouvement linéaire alterné. L’impact de la méthodologie d’élaboration sur les propriétés d’adhésion à l’interface charge/matrice a été exploré. Les moyens expérimentaux utilisés reposent principalement sur les tests de traction uniaxiale couplés à des tests de micro-rayage et des caractérisations microstructurales complémentaires (fractographie, tomographie X). Les propriétés mécaniques et micromécaniques mesurées ont été corrélées aux observations microstructurales. / Through this work, we focused on the tribological and mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites containing different weight fractions of solid lubricant filler. For the thermoplastic matrixes, we choose polyamide 6-6 and polycarbonate and the solid lubricants considered were graphite and molybdenum disulfide. Composites were developed by direct injection molding process as a first methodology. A second one is also used based on particles pretreatment before injection molding in order to improve the adhesion in the filler/matrix interface. Friction experiments were conducted using a reciprocating microtribometer. The effect of the development methodology on the adhesion properties in the filler/matrix interface was explored. The experimental tools were principally based on uniaxial tensile tests coupled to scratch tests and complementary microstructural characterizations (fractography, X-ray tomography). The measured mechanical and micromechanical properties were correlated to the microstructural observations.

Gelfill (GF) is made of tailings, water, binder and chemical additives (Fillset, sodium silicate gel). The components of GF are combined and mixed on the surface and transported (by gravity and/or pumping) to the underground mine workings, where the GF can be used for both underground mine support and tailings storage. Thermal (T), hydraulic (H), and mechanical (M) properties are important performance criteria of GF. The understanding of these engineering properties and their evolution with time are still limited due to the fact that GF is a new cemented backfill material. In this thesis, the evolution of the thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and microstructural properties of small GF samples are determined. Various binder contents of Portland cement type I (PCI) are used. The GF is cured for 3, 7, 28, 90, and 120 days. It is found that the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical properties are time-dependent or affected by the degree of binder hydration index. Furthermore, a relationship is found between the compressive strength and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the GF samples. The unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF samples have also been investigated. The outcomes show that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is influenced by the degree of binder hydration index and binder content, especially at low suction ranges. Simple functions are proposed to predict the evolution of air-entry values (AEVs), residual water content, and fitting parameters from the van Genuchten model with the degree of hydration index (α). Furthermore, two columns are built to simulate the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of GF under drained and undrained conditions. The obtained results from the GF columns are compared with the small samples. It is observed that the mechanical properties, hydraulic properties (suction and water content), and temperature development are strongly coupled. The magnitude of these THM coupling factors is affected by the size of the GF. The findings also show that the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal properties of the GF columns are different from samples cured in plastic moulds.