Les migrations constituent un phénomène transnational dont la gestion a traditionnellement occupé l’intérêt des Etats de destination des migrants dans l’exercice de leur souveraineté. Avec l’avènement de la mondialisation, le panorama migratoire s’est transformé. Les migrations occupent une place chaque fois plus importante dans les agendas des Etats ayant compris que la maîtrise des migrations nécessitait de la coopération et de l’action conjointe à l’échelle internationale. La gouvernance des migrations comporte tout un ensemble de défis tant pour les Etats de destination des migrants que pour les Etats d’origine et pour la communauté internationale dans son ensemble. D’une part se présente l’intérêt de contrôler l’arrivée des migrants très influencé par des conceptions sécuritaires; d’une autre part apparaissent les conceptions des migrations comme outils du développement qui visent à tirer profit des effets considérés comme positifs des migrations et restreindre ses effets négatifs. Et finalement nous constatons l’existence de circonstances pouvant mettre en danger les droits humains des migrants et face auxquelles des mesures doivent être prises pour assurer le respect total des droits de l’homme des migrants. Concilier les intérêts présents autour de la maîtrise des migrations n’est pas une tâche facile. Afin de trouver un cadre idéal pour la maîtrise des migrations et la protection des droits des migrants, nous explorons 5 hypothèses d’étude qui nous mènent à analyser la gestion mondiale migratoire, la gouvernance régionale des migrations (dans le cadre de l’Amérique latine et des relations bilatérales entre cette dernière et l’Union européenne), la protection des migrants en tant que personnes vulnérables titulaires des droits à vocation universelle, ainsi que la protection proposé par les Etats d’origine des migrants (le cas particulier de la Colombie). Les atouts et les défis de chaque espace de discussion sont analysés ainsi que leurs apports à la maîtrise des migrations et à la protection des migrants. / Migrations are a transnational phenomenon that its management has traditionally called attention from the destination states exercising its sovereignty. With the arrival of globalization, the migration perspective has changed. Migrations have an increasingly more important place in the government’s agenda, which has understood that migration management needed the cooperation and the joint action at an international level. The governance of migration involves multiple challenges for the destination countries as well as the countries of origin and for the international community. On one hand, it presents the interest of controlling the arrival of migrants, with a strong influence of security conceptions; on the other hand other ideas have immerged that consider migration as tools for development. Those ideas aim to profit from the effects that are considered as benefits of migration and to stop the negative effects. Finally, we consider the existence of the circumstances that can put in danger migrant’s human rights and for which some measures should be taken. Reconciling the interests surrounding the management of migration is not a simple task. For finding ideal management framework for the governance of migration and the protection of migrant’s human rights, we will explore 5 hypotheses. We will analyze the global administration of migration; the regional administration (in the framework of Latin America); the protection of migrants as vulnerable people having universal rights, as well as the protection from the migrant’s state of origin (in the particular case of Colombia). The assets and the challenges of each one of those discussion environments will be analyzed as well as its contributions to migration’s governance and migrant’s protection.

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This thesis uses affect theory and studies of emotion to analyse literary representations of the everyday in fictional and non-fictional writing about Muslim migrant women in the UK from 1906 to 2012. Postcolonial literary studies tend to value exceptional events over mundane life, which causes possible issues of exoticism and a danger of homogenising distinct experiences. This thesis offers a theorisation of migration that foregrounds everyday experience through an engagement with theories of objects, bodies and space, as well as emotional experiences that are specific to migrant subjectivity. It analyses two groups of texts: early twentieth century travel writing by Atiya Fyzee, Shahbano Begum Maimoona Sultan and Zeyneb Hanoum, and contemporary literary texts by Yeshim Ternar, Farhana Sheikh, Monica Ali, Leila Aboulela, Elif Shafak and Fadia Faqir. The thesis is structured thematically into three sections, each section containing two chapters, one about travel writing and another about contemporary texts. In the first section, in order to examine how the texts negotiate foreignness in daily life, I consider hospitality theory, which describes how social power relations are based on roles of host and guest. In the second section, I argue that melancholia is an emotional experience endemic to migrancy. The texts demonstrate how this emotion is manifest communally as well as individually, which also shows the political potential of emotion. In the third section, I investigate how emotional processes of migration are described spatially in the texts. The findings of this research show that emotional knowledge is a major concern for migrant writers as a way of engaging with and critiquing the social and political climates of each text. This is produced through narrations about feeling in general and specific emotions, such as irritation or anxiety. Emotional experience is illustrated in conjunction with identities that are both fluid and intersectional, where gender and class converge with ethnicity and religion. The texts also show specifically affective styles of writing that concentrate on focalising women's intimate experiences through, for example, diary entries, bildungsroman or psychological realism. While the differing contexts reflect the particularities of each experience, there are sufficient similarities of narrative content and style to suggest that affective experience is a major concern for this body of literature. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the productive uses of affect theory as a critical stance for analysing postcolonial literature.

La problématique de cette thèse est celle de la formalisation du travail domestique. Au-delà de la mise en œuvre de la politique des titres-services, cette thèse ouvre le questionnement sur les possibilités et le limites de la professionnalisation d’une quelconque politique pour le travail domestique. Sur base de notre recherche qualitative, trois constats inédits émanent de nos résultats.Le premier constat inédit émerge de l’étude de la politique des titres-services et de sa mise en œuvre en Région bruxelloise. Celle-ci a montré que les entreprises agréées en titres-services ne veulent pas embaucher des chercheures d’emploi de longue durée, qu’elles associent aux "Belges" et au manque de motivation à travailler dans le secteur. Les entreprises cherchent principalement à engager des travailleuses migrantes avec expérience sur le marché au noir et qui, de préférence, amènent leur clientèle avec elles. Ces travailleuses sont plus autonomes et exigent très peu de travail de la part des entreprises de titres-services. Cette préférence de recrutement des entreprises agréées va jusqu’à mettre en place des pratiques d’évitement des circuits officiels d’offre d’emploi. Ce constat fait ressortir en outre l’importance des liens ethniques dans la formation du marché du travail domestique formel. Le deuxième constat inédit est le rôle de la régularité de séjour comme déterminant pour l’accès à une vraie transformation identitaire et l’émancipation des travailleuses domestiques migrantes, en opposition à l’accès à un travail formel. Être "migrante sans papiers" et les conséquences de ce (manque de) statut dans les sociétés d’accueil ont déjà été décrites par plusieurs auteurs (Andall 2000; Anderson 2000; Parreñas 2001; Lutz 2011; Ambrosini 2012; Schwenken & Heimeshoff 2013). Nos analyses démontrent, par la situation contraire du passage à la régularité de séjour et à la formalité du travail, que l’entrée dans le travail formel est incapable d’amener seule une vraie transformation identitaire. Ainsi, si du point de vue statutaire les travailleuses en titres-services ont expérimenté un type de reconnaissance par la fiche de paie, les droits sociaux et un salaire direct et indirect, leur vie dans les faits n’a pas été changée et elles continuent à travailler aux mêmes endroits dans des conditions similaires. Et surtout, elles continuent à être vues de la même manière par elles-mêmes, par leurs employeuses devenues clientes et par la société. Enfin, l’opportunité d’un marché du travail formel est insuffisante pour résoudre la question de l’empowerment des travailleuses migrantes et de l’accomplissement de la professionnalisation – un processus en cours mais qui n’avance que lentement.Le troisième constat inédit de cette thèse est l’évidence que le règlement des titres-services et la logique qui structure cette politique ne favorisent ni la qualité d’emploi ni la valorisation de la profession, pour plusieurs raisons, entre autres la libre concurrence de ce quasi-marché, le fait que les travailleuses sont des salariées "entrepreneures d’elles-mêmes" et le manque de responsabilisation des clientes. / This PhD investigates the transition of the domestic work market in Brussels to formalization through the implementation of the housework voucher policy by the Belgian government in 2004 (the “titres-services” policy).Now existing for about ten years, one can say that the voucher policy has been a success in bringing from the shadow to formal market many domestic work employers and workers. In terms of valorization of paid domestic work, however, changes were meagre: if the housework voucher opens to domestic workers the possibility to access a formal job and its related social rights, domestic work in Brussels is still not attractive enough for nationals and is dominated by mainly newly arrived migrant women. The fact the work is formal does not change the image of the job as a ‘dirty work’. The main beneficiaries of the policy are, in fine, middle or upper classes, which can achieve work/life balance by meeting their demand of housework services at a much lower price than they used to pay in the informal sector.This PhD brings up three new results.Firstly, authorized voucher service companies avoid hiring job-seekers, although job creation is one of the policy goals. Companies prefer to hire workers that were previously in the informal domestic work market, as they consider these workers are used to the job, motivated and often bring their clients with them.Secondly, the migrant status of domestic workers switching to the formal market appears as a decisive factor for them to experience a change in their identity as workers and citizens. The mere change from an informal labor market to a formal labor market is insufficient for the workers to challenge their (often low) self-esteem and to allow them empower themselves (Adjamago & Calvès 2012). Thirdly, this research brings evidence that the voucher service system fails to enhance job quality and to upgrade the domestic work sector. Among other factors, because of the livre market competition, voucher employees being “entrepreneurs without enterprise” (Granovetter 1995), and the lack of voucher clients’ responsibility within the policy. This PhD research shows that the commodification of domestic work in Brussels did not change the fact that domestic tasks are gendered as ‘women’s work’ and hence did not bring changes whereby couples share the tasks. Besides, voucher agency publicities and leaflets reflect this gendered norm, in focusing on woman’s choice to commodify domestic tasks and earn ‘quality time’ with her beloved ones or for herself.Finally, it points policymaking difficulties in bringing a specific job, historically informal and personalized, to the formal labor market. Policymaking cannot evade the question of who is doing the housework, and should therefore look at the interaction of care, gender and migration regimes. Otherwise, gender equality in the labor market will continue to be met only by middle and upper class, and only through domestic work outsourcing (to other women), perpetuating gender, class and 'race' dominating positions. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Text in English / Early migration across borders predominantly involved movement by males for work. While changing times have seen a considerable increase in the number of female migrants as principal migrants solely for independent employment, women still move as passive participants, who have to play an often obscure supporting role beside men. Through a qualitative, exploratory research design, this thesis explored the lived experiences of accompanying immigrants, particularly women from other African countries, accompanying their immigrant spouses in South Africa. Data collection was conducted through individual face-to-face unstructured in-depth interviews with eight female accompanying spouses. The data were thematically analysed and yielded seven overarching themes, namely: motivation to relocate and power dynamics; effects of migration; how accompanying immigrant status is experienced by the female accompanying spouse; challenges immigrants that hold accompanying spouse status face; meaning-making, adaptation; and strategies deployed to cope. These were discussed in terms of the construction of the ‘accompanying spouse status’ and how this powerful social discourse impacts women’s wellbeing. Participants reported education, socioeconomic factors and related life aspects were amongst the motivations for their relocation to South Africa, in addition to citing both positive and negative effects of their migration. From the study results, accompanying spouses recounted how they encountered various adversities, including how accompanying spouse status fundamentally reduces the holder to a dependent, whose being revolves around the principal migrant spouse. Notwithstanding participants’ struggles, the study results show how the participants have, through it all, learnt to live with their status, deployed methods of coping against all odds, and today still stand. / Psychology / Ph. D.(Psychology)

Diploma thesis tries to offer a new insight into migration and integration of migrant women living in Czech Republic by means of life-story telling of ten such women. By using this approach the author tries to deconstruct stereotypical understanding of migration as a threat or a security hazard for the accepting society, on the contrary she tries to picture migrant women and their life-stories as tales of people who consider Czech Republic their second home and who actively participate on its development. Citizenship is understood as a membership in society of which migrant women are also legitimate and active members. The thesis should contribute to building positive attitude towards migrant women in general and it also offers recommendations for the public as well as integration policy creators as to how migrant women can be reflected in context of migration.

[ES] La "colonialidad" es un ethos cultural no superado, tanto en España como en las antiguas Colonias. En el marco migratorio español, donde existe un flujo permanente de personas provenientes principalmente de África y América Latina, vislumbrar la resignificación contemporánea de las relaciones coloniales fundamentadas en la desigualdad entre el Norte Global y el Sur Global, nos permite entender al racismo como un sistema de ficciones y una matriz organizadora de poder con implicaciones a nivel económico, político, social, cultural, histórico y epistémico. El creciente movimiento antirracista en España busca visibilizar y erradicar este sistema de exclusión, luchando por los derechos de miles de personas migrantes provenientes del Sur Global que habitan en este territorio. Para esto, retoman reflexiones dadas desde la teoría y feminismos decoloniales con el propósito de hacer visibles las relaciones de poder desiguales, con herencia colonial, que operan y afectan las vidas de las personas migrantes y racializadas en España. Este trabajo de investigación etnográfica busca entender a las redes migratorias de mujeres en el estado español desde el trabajo y experiencias de una colectiva de corte feminista, antirracista y decolonial que opera en Valencia, "Mujeres con Voz". Donde mujeres provenientes del Sur Global trabajan por romper con los estereotipos y violencias que median sus experiencias, para construirse como sujetos políticos activos en su nueva sociedad de recepción. Esta investigación busca entender cómo se construye y qué permite esta red migratoria, además de evidenciar qué significa para este grupo ser una mujer migrante y racializada en Valencia. Para esto, se harán visibles las estrategias y espacios de resistencia decolonial que ha generado este grupo en un contexto migratorio complejo, donde el aparataje estatal, legal y los paisajes mediáticos locales y globales, generan estereotipos migratorios que limitan sus vidas y pleno desarrollo. / [CAT] La "colonialitat" és un ethos cultural no superat tant a Espanya com a les antigues Colònies. En el marc migratori espanyol, on hi ha un flux permanent de persones provinents principalment d'Àfrica i Amèrica Llatina, albirar la resignificació contemporània de les relacions colonials fonamentades en la desigualtat entre el Nord Global i el Sud Global, ens permet entendre a el racisme com un sistema de ficcions i una matriu organitzadora de poder amb implicacions a nivell econòmic, polític, social, cultural, epistèmic i històric. El creixent moviment antiracista a Espanya busca visibilitzar i eradicar aquest sistema d'exclusió, lluitant pels drets de milers de persones migrants provinents de el Sud Global que habiten en aquest territori. Per això, reprenen reflexions donades des de la teoria i feminismes decoloniales amb el propòsit de fer visibles les relacions de poder desiguals, amb herència colonial, que operen i afecten les vides de les persones migrants i racialitzades a Espanya. Aquest treball de recerca etnogràfica busca entendre a les xarxes migratòries de dones a l'estat espanyol des del treball i experiències d'una col·lectiva de tall feminista, antiracista i decolonial que opera a València, "Dones amb Veu". On dones provinents de Sud Global treballen per trencar amb els estereotips i violències que intervenen seves experiències, per construir-se com a subjectes polítics actius en la seva nova societat de recepció. Aquesta investigació busca entendre com es construeix i què permet aquesta xarxa migratòria, a més d'evidenciar què significa per a aquest grup ser una dona migrant i racialitzada a València. Per això, es faran visibles les estratègies i espais de resistència decolonial que ha generat aquest grup en un context migratori complex, on el aparells de l'Estat, legal i els paisatges mediàtics locals i globals generen estereotips migratoris que limiten les vides d'aquestes dones. / [EN] "Coloniality" is a current cultural ethos that operates both in Spain and in the former Colonies. This influences the Spanish migratory framework, which has a permanent flow of people coming mainly from Africa and Latin America. To understand the contemporary resignifications of these colonial relations based on the inequality between the Global North and the Global South, allows us to understand racism as a system of fictions and an organizing matrix of power with implications at the economic, political, social, cultural, historical and epistemic levels. The growing anti-racist movement in Spain seeks to make visible and eradicate this system of exclusion, fighting for the rights of thousands of migrants from the Global South who live in this territory. For this, they take up reflections given from decolonial theory and feminisms with the purpose of making visible the unequal power relations, with colonial heritage, that operate and affect the lives of migrants and racialized people in Spain. This ethnographic research seeks to understand the migratory networks of women in the Spanish state from the work and experiences of a feminist, anti-racist and decolonial collective that operates in Valencia, "Mujeres con Voz". Where women from the Global South work to break the stereotypes and violence that mediate their experiences and construct themselves as active political subjects in their new society. This research seeks to understand how this migratory network is developed and what it allows, and show what it means for this group to be a migrant and racialized woman in Valencia. The strategies, and spaces of decolonial resistance generated by this group will become visible in a complex migratory context, where the state, legal, and local and global media landscapes generate migratory stereotypes that limit the lives of these women. / Naranjo Ayala, MJ. (2021). Redes migratorias de mujeres y espacios decolonizadores, estudio de etnografía visual: Colectiva "Mujeres con voz-Valencia" [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/177646 / TESIS

Migration has always been part of South African history, both in the collective and as individuals. Under apartheid, children were separated from their fathers and sometimes mothers for long periods of time, and as a coping strategy, foster care was introduced. This trend is still noticeable as we continue to find both men and women moving from rural households in pursuit of employment. In countries where gender roles are still very inflexible and the mother’s main role is perceived as that of raising children and the father’s as providing for the family, migration of mothers is perceived as a much larger disruption in a child’s life than is the father’s absence. Drawing from critical feminist theory, which pays particular attention to issues of discrimination and oppression against women, my study aimed at exploring the perceptions Madelakufa community women have about migrant women labourers who leave their children. A qualitative approach was employed, and data were collected through conducting three focus groups. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology: Research Consultation)

Malgré un intérêt grandissant pour les méthodes de recherche participative, peu d’écrits abordent les défis et les opportunités reliés à la participation à ce type de projet. Ce mémoire documente le démarrage d’un projet de développement partenarial entre des acteur·rice·s au Liban et au Canada (Québec) en contexte de crises multiples employant une méthode de recherche-action participative féministe transnationale et décoloniale. Il s’inscrit dans le projet de recherche plus large appelé projet GIPS (2021-2024) mené par R. Caron en collaboration avec des chercheur·e·s, des femmes migrantes et des représentant·e·s d’organismes. Ce mémoire présente les résultats d’une analyse thématique transversale de données recueillies auprès des acteur·rice·s dans le cadre de leur participation aux activités de démarrage du projet GIPS (octobre 2021 à juin 2022) par des méthodes ethnographiques d’observation participante, un questionnaire qualitatif (N=9) et une analyse documentaire. Des défis et des opportunités reliés à la communication, au budget, à la distance, au temps, à la diversité des acteur·rice·s et à la mise en application d’un cadre féministe transnational et décolonial en recherche ont été identifiés. La matrice de domination de Collins (2000) issue de la théorie féministe intersectionnelle mobilisée comme cadre d’analyse révèle la plus faible place occupée par les femmes migrantes dans la phase de démarrage du projet. Malgré les leviers d’action déployés par les acteur·rice·s pour les impliquer, des tensions inhérentes à la solidarité transnationale et aux contraintes structurelles persistent et appellent à la reconnaissance des spécificités propres à un cadre féministe transnational et décolonial en recherche partenariale. / Despite a growing interest in participatory research methods, little has been written about the challenges and opportunities of participating in this type of project. This master’s thesis documents the start of a new partnership development project between actors in Lebanon and Canada (Quebec) in the context of multiple crises employing a transnational and decolonial feminist participatory action research method. It is part of a larger research project called the GIPS project (2021-2024) led by R. Caron in collaboration with researchers, migrant women and representatives of organizations. This research project presents the results of a cross-sectional thematic analysis of data collected from stakeholders as part of their participation in the GIPS project's start-up activities (October 2021 to June 2022) using ethnographic methods of participant observation, a qualitative questionnaire (N=9) and documentary analysis. Challenges and opportunities related to communication, budget, distance, time, diversity of actors, and a transnational and decolonial feminist approach to research were identified. Collins' (2000) matrix of domination mobilized as an analytical framework from intersectional feminist theory reveals the weaker place occupied by migrant women in the start-up phase of the project. Despite the levers of action deployed by the actors to involve them, tensions inherent to transnational solidarity and structural constraints persist and call for the recognition of the specificities of a transnational feminist and decolonial approach in partnership research. / على الرغم من الاهتمام المتزايد بأساليب البحث التشاركي، لم يُكتب سوى القليل عن التحديات والفرص في هذا النوع من المشاريع. توثق أطروحة الماجستير هذه بداية مشروع تطوير شراكة جديد بين الجهات الفاعلة في لبنان وكندا (كيبيك) باستخدام طريقة بحث العمل التشاركي النسوي العابر للقومية والمناهض للاستعمار. إنه جزء من مشروع بحثي أكبر يسمى مشروع GIPS (2021-2024) بقيادة روكسان كارون R. Caron بالتعاون مع الباحثين والباحثات والمهاجرات وممثلي وممثلات المنظمات. تهدف أنشطة بدء المشروع إلى توثيق تجارب النساء المهاجرات اللائي يعشن في أوضاع هشة في لبنان وكيبيك في سياق أزمات متعددة. يعرض هذا المشروع البحثي نتائج التحليل الموضوعي المقطعي للبيانات التي تم جمعها من أصحاب وصاحبات المصلحة كجزء من مشاركتهم/ن في أنشطة بدء مشروع GIPS (أكتوبر 2021 إلى يونيو 2022) باستخدام الأساليب الاثنوجرافية لملاحظة المشاركين/ات، والاستبيان النوعي (N = 9) والتحليل الوثائقي. تُظهر نتائج البحث التحديات والفرص المتعلقة بالاتصال، والميزانية، والمسافة، والوقت، وتنوع الجهات الفاعلة، والنهج النسوي العابر للقومية والمناهض للاستعمار. تكشف مصفوفة كولينز (2000) للسيطرة التي تم الاستعانة بها كإطار تحليلي من النظرية النسوية التقاطعية عن المكانة الأضعف التي تحتلها النساء المهاجرات. على الرغم من استراتيجيات العمل التي نشرتها الجهات الفاعلة لإشراكهن، لا تزال التوترات الملازمة للتضامن العابر للقومية والقيود الهيكلية قائمة وتؤدي إلى صياغة توصيات لمتابعة المشروع.

The study sought to uncover the constitution of migrant women's agency as they rebuild their lives in Australia, and to explore how contact with any publicly funded services might influence the capacity to be self determining subjects. The thesis used a framework of lifeworld theories (Bourdieu, Schutz, Giddens), materialist, trans-national feminist and post colonial writings, and a methodological approach based on critical hermeneutics (Ricoeur), feminist standpoint and decolonising theories. Thirty in depth interviews were carried out with 6 women migrating from each of 5 regions: Vietnam, Lebanon, the Horn of Africa, the former Soviet Union and the Philippines. Australian based immigration literature constituted the third corner of triangulation. The interviews were carried out through an exploration of themes format, eliciting data about the different ontological and epistemological assumptions of the cultures of origin. The findings revealed not only the women's remarkable tenacity and resilience as creative agents, but also the indispensability of Australia's publicly funded infrastructure or welfare state. The women were mostly privileged in terms of class, education and affirming relationships with males. Nevertheless, their self determination depended on contact with universal public policies, programs and with local community services. The welfare state seems to be modernity's means for re-establishing human connectedness that is the crux of the human condition. Connecting with fellow Australians in friendships and neighbourliness was also important in resettlement. Conclusions include a policy discussion in agreement with Australian and international scholars proposing that there is no alternative but for governments to invest in a welfare state for the civil societies and knowledge based economies of the 21st Century.