Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Miriam A. Graciano de Souza Pan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 13/06/2016 / Inclui referências : f. 111-119 / Resumo: Ler e escrever são atividades essenciais no cotidiano universitário, e neste cenário, muitos são os universitários que se sentem inseguros em relação à qualidade de suas leituras e produções textuais. Esta dissertação investiga os efeitos subjetivos produzidos pelas práticas de letramento acadêmicas em estudantes universitários do curso de graduação em Psicologia da UFPR. Este estudo se orientou, sobretudo, por uma perspectiva bakhtiniana de produção do conhecimento, cuja concepção discursiva da linguagem permite compreender as práticas de leitura e escrita enquanto práticas sociais que produzem diferenciados modos de subjetivação. Realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo na modalidade pesquisa intervenção, por meio de oficinas de leitura e de escrita, as quais buscaram discutir os sentidos de tais práticas para os estudantes de graduação em Psicologia em um projeto de extensão universitária denominado "PermaneSendo". As oficinas se fundamentaram numa concepção estética de intervenção da Psicologia no Ensino Superior, e visaram ressignificar as práticas de letramento na universidade através de um caminho alternativo às práticas psicológicas tradicionais, que se caracterizam predominantemente por ações individualizadas. A metodologia da presente pesquisa se caracterizou por uma análise discursiva fundamentada na filosofia dialógica da linguagem do círculo de Bakhtin. As oficinas mostraram que as práticas de leitura e escrita preponderantes na universidade têm se baseado em uma dimensão instrumental de uso dessa linguagem, norteadas pela ideia da reprodução e produtividade. Além disso, os enunciados dos estudantes indicaram discursos institucionais de identidade que se baseiam em um contraditório modelo idealizado de estudante universitário como sujeito competente que domina de antemão os gêneros acadêmicos e por isso dispensa explicações do professor. Estes discursos de identidade estudantil permitem interpretações sobre as dificuldades que produzem sentidos de incompetência e patologia bem como produzem modos de subjetividade normalizadores e homogeneizados, ou seja, a formação de produtos universitários, adaptáveis, competitivos, flexíveis para a inserção no mercado de trabalho. Como subversão à essa ordem, as oficinas serviram como estratégia para a redução do sofrimento do estudante, dado que desestabilizaram os sentidos naturalizados das dificuldades com os gêneros acadêmicos, permitindo a criação de um espaço de aprendizagem entre pares, indicando inclusive, possibilidades de intervenção para a Psicologia no Ensino Superior. Palavras chave: Letramentos acadêmicos; ensino superior; subjetividade; círculo de Bakhtin. / Abstract: Reading and writing are essential activities in the university everyday life, and in this scenario, there are many students who feel insecure about the quality of their reading and textual production. This dissertation investigates the subjective effects produced by the practices of academic literacy in university students of undergraduate course of Psychology at UFPR. This study was guided mainly by a Bakhtinian perspective of knowledge production, whose discursive conception of language allows us to understand the practices of reading and writing as social practices that produce different modes of subjectivity. It was performed a field survey in the form of intervention research through reading and writing workshops, which looking for discuss the meanings of these practices for undergraduate students in psychology at a university extension project called "PermaneSendo". The workshops were based on an aesthetic conception of psychology intervention in higher education, and aimed at reframing literacy practices in the university through an alternative way to traditional psychological practices, which are characterized predominantly by individual actions. The methodology of this research is characterized by a discursive analysis based on dialogic philosophy of language from Bakhtin Circle. The workshops showed that the reading and writing practices prevalent in the university have been based on an instrumental dimension of use of this language, guided by the idea of reproduction and productivity. In addition, the statements of the students indicated institutional discourses of identity that is based on an adversarial and idealized model of college student as competent subject that dominates in advance the academic genres and therefore, dispenses teacher explanations. These student identity discourses allow interpretations about the difficulties that produce meanings of the incompetence and the pathology, well as produces standardized and homogenized modes of subjectivity, that is, the formation of university products, adaptable, competitive, flexible for integration into the labor market. As subversion to this order, the workshops served as a strategy to reduce the suffering of students, given that, destabilized the senses naturalized of the difficulties with academic genres, allowing the creation of a peer-learning space, indicating including intervention possibilities for Psychology in Higher Education. Key words: Academic literacies; higher education; subjectivity; the Bakhtin Circle

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-03T02:06:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000469855-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 1834422 bytes, checksum: 52c5fee048b61d13173700894f59c9f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Based on the concepts postulated by Bakhtin and his Circle (BAKHTIN/ VOLOCHIÍOV, 1929/2010; Bakhtin, 1975/1998, 1979/2011), who understand the word as a polysemic and plurivocal element of the language, this thesis studies the word´s plasticity in order to understand the discursive functioning of the language and, consequently, how the construction of meaning in different discursive genres is made. It is understood that in each and every statement that is being out of communication among individuals, there is an interaction of several voices, wherein the comprehension of a speech leads to another and so forth. It is the analysis of this web of voices, pervaded by the word, that allows one to reach the senses in circulation in the speech. That is, for the understanding of an utterance, it is necessary to observe the voices under interaction in the verbal material, which underline the multi linguistic and dialogical nature of language. The research comprises that the plasticity of the word and the resulting printed mobility it promotes to the genres is subject to various discursive aspects such as shape, enunciation situation (who speaks? To whom? About what? Which enunciation project does it make use of as a basis?), production context, otherness, intonation, reflection / refraction. Thus, this work´s main objective is to analyze aspects that provide word´s plasticity in different genres, and to check the evocation of different valuations and discursive voices that give a meaning to the words, and, consequently to the speech. In order to achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives are considered: (a) observe how the construction of meaning is based in the plasticity of words; (b) investigate how the words, through different social voices that permeate them, reveal value appreciation and views; (c) check how the words and their meanings resume dialogical relations previously established - reflection -. while concomitantly, lead to new directions - refraction. As for the analysis, genres strip, jokes and records. The strips were removed from the collection of strips produced by the Argentine Quino, entitled All Mafalda. The jokes were taken from an electronic site, called PIADAS. COM. BR. The records were collected from the physical selection process for IFRS substitute teacher - Campus Rio Grande. Regarding the analysis methodology, there was, at first, an individual analysis of each gender considering the discursive function of words, which reflect and refract ideologies and viewpoints, conditioned by various discursive aspects. Soon after, a constitutive dialogical orientation of the analyzed genres took place in order to check the idea that plasticity may be printed by the word, and cross all genres, including those considered more coercive. Therefore, the word is considered in this work as an utterance, endowed with a meaningful intonation as in every enunciation new value guidelines are produced by social and historically situated subjects. This perspective also justifies the thesis guided by this work that the language is plastic because the word is plastic. That is, it is the word, that when expressed by an individual, gets impregnated with expressiveness and gives plasticity to the language. / Partindo dos conceitos postulados por Bakhtin e seu Círculo (BAKHTIN/VOLOCHIÍOV, 1929/2010; BAKHTIN, 1975/1998, 1979/2011), que entendem a palavra como elemento polissêmico e plurivocal da língua, a presente tese estuda a plasticidade da palavra de modo a compreender o funcionamento discursivo da língua e, consequentemente, como ocorre a construção de sentidos em diferentes gêneros discursivos. Entende-se que em todo e qualquer enunciado, que tem existência a partir da interlocução entre sujeitos, há uma interação de diversas vozes, em que a compreensão de uma voz leva à compreensão de outra e assim sucessivamente. É a análise dessa teia de vozes, permeada pela palavra, que permite o alcance dos sentidos em circulação no discurso. Ou seja, para a compreensão de um enunciado, faz-se necessário observar vozes que interagem no material verbal, evidenciando, assim, o caráter plurilinguístico e dialógico da língua. Nesta pesquisa compreende-se que a plasticidade da palavra e a consequente mobilidade impressa por ela aos gêneros está condicionada a diversos aspectos discursivos, tais como forma, situação enunciativa (quem fala? para quem? sobre o que fala? com que projeto enunciativo?), contexto de produção, alteridade, entonação, reflexo/refração. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar aspectos que propiciem a plasticidade das palavras em diferentes gêneros, verificando a evocação de diferentes valorações e vozes discursivas que imprimem sentidos às palavras e, consequentemente, ao discurso. Com vistas a atingir o objetivo geral, consideram-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: (a) observar como a construção de sentido é pautada na plasticidade das palavras; (b) investigar como as palavras, por meio das diferentes vozes sociais que a permeiam, revelam apreciações valorativas e pontos de vista; (c), verificar como as palavras e suas relações dialógicas retomam sentidos já estabelecidos – reflexo – e, ao mesmo tempo, imprimem, norteiam novos sentidos – refração. Foram selecionados para análise os gêneros tira, piada e ata. As tiras foram retiradas da coletânea de tiras produzidas pelo argentino Quino, intitulada Toda Mafalda. As piadas, por sua vez, foram extraídas de um sítio eletrônico, denominado PIADAS. COM. BR. Já as atas foram coletadas do processo físico de seleção para professor substituto do IFRS – Câmpus Rio Grande. No que tange à metodologia de análise, realizou-se, em um primeiro momento, a análise individual de cada gênero, considerando o funcionamento discursivo das palavras, que refletem e refratam ideologias e pontos de vistas, condicionados por diversos aspectos discursivos. Posteriormente, tratou-se da orientação dialógica constitutiva dos gêneros analisados, a fim de reafirmar a ideia de que a plasticidade é impressa pela palavra e perpassa todos os gêneros, inclusive aqueles considerados mais coercitivos. Considera-se, portanto, a palavra como enunciado, dotada de entonação expressiva, uma vez que, a cada enunciação, novas orientações axiológicas são produzidas por sujeitos sócio-historicamente situados. Essa perspectiva também justifica a tese pautada por este trabalho de que a língua é plástica porque a palavra é plástica. Ou seja, é a palavra que, ao ser enunciada por um sujeito, se impregna de expressividade e confere plasticidade à língua.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-20T01:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000462716-Texto+Parcial-0.pdf: 472827 bytes, checksum: c0d919bbcc972b566a7f6c5d4c493099 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Analysis of the academic and scientific history of speech therapy within the field of voice therapy revealed the predominant presence of three different theoretical conceptions in its foundation: clinical therapy from a more positivist/organicist approach, clinical therapy from a more psychoanalytical perspective, and clinical therapy from within the perspective of Bakhtin’s philosophy, or “intersubjective therapy” (MASINI, 2004). An analysis of the relevant literature published in Brazil revealed the predominance of an organicist social-historical memory in voice therapy, an approach that focuses on the disorder rather than on the subject/patient. This analysis raised questions regarding which theoretical conceptions underlie the work of professors who currently teach voice courses and, principally, those supervising training courses. What kind of speech therapists are being prepared to work in voice therapy: therapists who focus exclusively on the disorder and/or those who recognize the patient in his/her individual complexity? If professors are indeed working with a more organicist conception of clinical therapy, what are the consequences of this type of action in the preparation of students/future speech therapists?Therefore, the principal objective of this study was to observe and analyze aspects related to the training process of a group of undergraduate speech therapy students during supervised practice in the field of voice therapy, with a view towards reflecting on the importance of being attentive, within this learning space, to the constitutive socio-historicity of the subjects participating in it. This was a longitudinal, qualitative study based on Bakhtinian principles as applied to studies in the field of human sciences. The study included filmed recordings of supervised sessions and of some clinical visits, as well as interviews held with a group of female students, two professors and two patients, all of whom participated in a supervised training course for one semester (the second semester of 2011) in an institute of higher education. Of the recordings and observations made, utterances made by one of the professors, a group of female students and one of the patients during a clinical visit were selected and analyzed. Based on this analysis, intertwined voices (of the academic-scientific history of speech therapy, of the professor, of the students, of the patient, etc. ) were found, reflecting more valuations of the organicist/technicist conception throughout the training period analyzed. It was found that the student speech therapists gave little importance to listening to the voices of the patient during therapy, either in their understanding of clinical treatment as a space in which the organicist theory is strengthened or when attempting to observe the subject in a fragmented (biologizing) manner rather than in his/her constitutive complexity. It was found that the student speech therapists gave little importance to listening to the voices of the patient during therapy, since they understood clinical treatment as a space in which the organicist theory is given greater weight; hence they observed the subject in a fragmented (biologizing) manner rather than in his/her constitutive complexity. It is possible that, when incorporated into voice therapy training, the Bakhtinian concepts of discourse and utterance will help improve students understanding of the singularities and complexities involved in each therapeutic process, including those that deal with the biologizing approach of each subject, thus contributing towards rendering clinical visits and supervisions more effective. / Analisando a história acadêmico-científica da Fonoaudiologia na área da clínica da voz, verifica-se a predominância da presença de três diferentes concepções teóricas embasando-a: a clínica estudada por um viés mais positivista/organicista, a clínica com uma perspectiva mais psicanalítica e a clínica compreendida pela filosofia bakhtiniana, nomeada como “clínica da intersubjetividade” (MASINI, 2004). Reconhecendo, por meio de análises de periódicos nacionais, o predomínio de uma memória sócio-histórica organicista no horizonte fonoaudiológico na área da clínica da voz, questiona-se a partir de quais concepções teóricas, nos dias atuais, os professores que ministram as disciplinas em voz e, principalmente, os estágios supervisionados estão trabalhando. Que terapeutas/fonoaudiólogos estão sendo formados para trabalhar na clínica da voz? Aquele que só vê a doença e/ou aquele que percebe o sujeito em sua complexidade?Caso o professor esteja trabalhando com uma concepção mais organicista de clínica, quais as consequências desse tipo de ação na formação dos estudantes/futuros fonoaudiólogos? Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é observar e analisar aspectos constituintes do processo de formação de um grupo de alunos de graduação em Fonoaudiologia em um estágio supervisionado na área da voz, visando refletir sobre a importância de se estar atento, nesse espaço de formação, à sócio-historicidade constitutiva dos sujeitos dele participantes. Este estudo é uma pesquisa longitudinal de caráter qualitativo que segue princípios bakhtinianos concernentes à pesquisa no campo das ciências humanas. Foram filmadas supervisões, alguns atendimentos clínicos e realizadas entrevistas com um grupo de alunas, uma professora e duas pacientes que compuseram por um semestre letivo (2011/2) um estágio supervisionado em uma instituição de ensino superior. Das gravações e observações realizadas, foram selecionados e analisados enunciados de uma professora, de um grupo de alunas e de uma paciente em atendimento.A partir das análises, verificou-se um entrecruzamento de vozes (da história acadêmico-científica da Fonoaudiologia, da professora, das estudantes, da paciente etc. ) que refletiu, ao longo das observações e análises, maiores valorações à concepção organicista/tecnicista. Observou-se que o fonoaudiólogo em formação, ao compreender mais a clínica como um espaço em que se amplia a teoria organicista e observar o sujeito de forma fragmentada (biologizante), não em sua complexidade constitutiva, pouco valorizou a escuta das vozes da paciente no processo terapêutico. Pondera-se que a abordagem enunciativo-discursiva bakhtiniana, quando incorporada à formação do aluno na área da voz, pode ajudar o estudante a compreender mais as singularidades e complexidades que envolvem cada processo terapêutico, inclusive as que remetem ao lado biologizante de cada sujeito, contribuindo para a realização de atendimentos clínicos e supervisões mais efetivas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-30T14:06:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000466609-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 1179038 bytes, checksum: 5cd6759c8e1a71fe55982083f9205e3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Broadcasted in the press, usually via newspaper, the cartoon is a genre whose complexity is set as an interesting object of analysis to observe how the senses are constructed themselves in the discourse. Considering this complexity and based on the Bakhtinian theory, this thesis wants to answer the following question: How is the dialogical construction of senses made, considering the production and reception of the discourse in cartoons that are said to be controversial? The overall objective of this thesis is to analyze how the dialogical construction of the senses happens, considering the enunciative project from the cartoons and the reading of its interlocutors, mainly in those considered to be controversial, thus, cartoons that presented discrepancies between the production and the reception of the senses and that had a repercussion in the media due to a diversity of readings. As specific objectives, we had (a) investigate how the different social voices that go through controversial cartoon engender themselves and reflect and refract senses in the discourse and (b) talk about discourse-response that come out from controversial cartoons. We chose to work with four controversial cartoons and eleven discourse-response from these cartoons, all of them broadcasted on-line between 2011 and 2014, referring to the facts in Brazilian media in between these years. As a theoretical framework, we use the ideas postulated by Mikhail Bakhtin and his Circle, to whom every discourse is dialogic, in other words, the discourse establishes a necessary relation with other discourses, unleashing different senses. Thus, the methodology of analysis is based on the methodological guidance provided in Marxism and Philosophy of Language ([1929] 2009, p. 45). That is to say, the discourse is taken into account from the bond with its socio-historical context, which refers to the need of the analysis to be made from the limits of a particular culture in order to understand the discursive issues engendered in the social spheres from which they emerge. After doing the analysis, we can notice that the discrepancy - between the production and reception of the senses from the controversial cartoons picked - is due to the different valuation by the interlocutors in relation to the project of saying from the cartoon. In addition to that, there seems to be no understanding of what this genre is, which prevents a critical reading. We hope that with the discussions about the constructed senses in the observed discourses, we can contribute with reflections aimed at the teaching of reading and textual production in Portuguese classes, considering the importance of the study of language in use, materialized in different discursive genres. / Veiculada na mídia, geralmente em jornais, a charge é um gênero cuja complexidade se configura como um interessante objeto de análise para se observar como os sentidos se constroem no discurso. Esta dissertação, ponderando tal complexidade e tendo como base a teoria bakhtiniana, visa responder a seguinte questão: Como se dá a construção dialógica de sentidos, considerando a produção e recepção do discurso, em charges tidas como polêmicas? O objetivo geral desta dissertação é analisar como acontece a construção dialógica dos sentidos, considerando o projeto enunciativo das charges e as leituras de seus interlocutores, especificamente naquelas consideradas polêmicas, isto é, charges que apresentaram discrepâncias entre a produção e a recepção dos sentidos e que tiveram repercussão na mídia, devido à diversidade de leituras. Como objetivos específicos, buscamos (a) examinar de que forma diferentes vozes sociais que atravessam charges polêmicas se engendram e refletem e refratam sentidos no discurso e (b) discutir sobre discursos-resposta que emergem a partir das charges polêmicas em questão. Delimitamos como recorte de pesquisa quatro charges polêmicas e onze discursos-resposta dessas charges, todos veiculados em meio digital entre 2011 e 2014, que fizessem referência a fatos divulgados pela mídia brasileira também entre esses anos. No que tange ao embasamento teórico, recorremos às ideias postuladas por Mikhail Bakhtin e seu Círculo, para quem todo discurso é dialógico, isto é, todo discurso estabelece uma necessária relação com outros discursos, desencadeando diferentes sentidos. A metodologia de análise está alicerçada nas orientações metodológicas apresentadas em Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem ([1929] 2009, p. 45). Assim, o discurso é considerado a partir do vínculo com seu contexto sócio-histórico, o que remete à necessidade de as análises serem desenvolvidas a partir dos limites de determinada cultura, de modo a compreender as questões discursivas engendradas às esferas sociais de onde emergem. A partir das análises efetuadas, podemos perceber que a discrepância, entre a produção e a recepção dos sentidos das charges polêmicas selecionadas, dá-se na medida em que há valoração diferente por parte dos interlocutores em relação ao projeto de dizer da charge. Outra consideração é que parece não haver um entendimento do que seja esse gênero, o que inviabiliza realizar uma leitura crítica. Esperamos que, com as discussões em torno dos sentidos construídos nos discursos observados, seja possível contribuir para reflexões voltadas ao ensino de leitura e produção textual nas aulas de língua portuguesa, considerando-se a importância do estudo da linguagem em uso, materializada em diferentes gêneros discursivos.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the period of relative economic and artistic freedom that occurred during the time of the New Economic Policy (1921-1924). The general failure in agriculture and in industrial productivity forced the Soviet regime to allow diversions from the orthodox Marxist view of state ownership of the tools of production. Because of the need to start the wheels of production turning, the minor landowners, small manufacturers and petty profiteers took to the task in hope of financial gains. This economic environment, uncontrolled by the Communist Party, reflected itself in the relatively chaotic "artistic scene". Amongst the many literary groups that appeared during the early 1920's, I dwell mostly upon the Serapion Brothers and the members of that group, singling out for more intense study Mikhail Zoshchenko: his artistry and his struggle for artistic freedom. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this work is to show the evolution of The History of a Town and analyze its satirical form and thus to elucidate the obscure points that until recently prevented the recognition of The History of a Town (Istoriya odnogo goroda, 1869-1870, from now on, mentioned as The History) as a major work of Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826-1889), a work that came into the Russian literature after the time of the Great Reforms and which expressed the spirit of the time, understanding of the historical process and aimed deeper beyond the satirical rendering of the historical facts. Considered by most of the critics as a kind of parody of Russian history, where a provincial town, Glupov, stands for Russia and whose governors are caricatures of Russian sovereigns and ministers, this work survived the onslaught of various interpretations. Shortly after its first appearance it generated much controversy and grounds for suspicion as to whether it was not more than a parody of Russian history and the characters that appear in it more than mere caricatures of the House of Romanov and their ministers. After the heated polemics and discussions so typical of the period of the publication of Saltykov's satiric chronicle subsided, neglect descended upon it, to cover it for several decades. The interest in Saltykov's works increased after the books were dusted and rediscovered by the Soviet propagandists who also gave an impetus to a serious study of Saltykov's work, which, with a few exceptions, lacked both in objectivity and in assertion of the chronicle's significance beyond the historically ramified period which The History ostensibly covered. An attempt will be made here to show that Saltykov tried, successfully, to transcend the temporary framework of a definite situation of the period between 1731-1826 in order to give us an insight into the relationship of the governors and the governed, encompassing the epoch highlighted by the reform of 1961 and the decade that followed it. This study will also undertake an analysis of Saltykov's technique of satire and humour, as well as the gradual development of his technique and ideas in the course of the decade preceding the publication of The History. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

One of the great superpowers in recent history experienced a tumultuous final decade, shining a light on several important policies of economic reform known as perestroika, championed by General Secretary of the USSR Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev. According to, for instance, Stuart and Gregory, the reforms aimed at renewing making the Soviet economy more efficient. In this essay, the impact of the reform on the economy is subject of analysis.The subject is approached the topic via literature research on the topic of 1980s USSR economic problems, combined with key aggregate data on economic conditions (i.e. grain yield production, GDP per capita pre- and post-perestroika, foreign trade, life expectant pre-and post-perestroika). The thesis concluded that perestroika was unable to salvage the USSR, in fact, conditions only worsened after its administration, following into the 1990s.

Although Mikhail Lermontov is commonly known as the "Russian Byron," up to this point no examination of the Byronic features of A Hero of Our Time, (Geroy nashego vremeni)3 has been made. This study presents the view that, while the novel is much more than a simple expression of Byronism, understanding the basic Byronic traits and Lermontov1s own modification of them is essential for a true comprehension of the novel. Each of the first five chapters is devoted to a scrutiny of the separate tales that make up A Hero of Our Time. The basic Byronic motifs of storms, poses and exotic settings are examined in each part with commentary on some Lermontovian variations on them. The secondary figures, heroines, "pashas," villains and others are also assessed against Byronic tradition. Finally, the different presentations of Pechorin, the main figure, are analyzed and evaluated to determine how the hero is and is not "Byronic." To ascertain exactly what the hero's Byronic features might be, I have used^P.J. Thorslev's system of prototypes for the Byronic hero, who could have any or all of the traits of the Child of Nature, the Hero of Sensibility or the Gothic Villain. By determining how Pechorin fits into these categories, it is easy to see in what way he resembles a Byronic hero. The first chapter deals with Princess Mary and shows how Pechorin's love of nature, egocentric sensitivity and nostalgic musings are part of the Byronic mainstream, yet how his cruel penchant for evil constitutes a modification. Chapter Two, on Beta, demonstrates Lermontov's alterations of the fundamental Byronic love formula; in the next chapter; which concerns Maksim Maksimych I have shown how the focal point of that story, Pechorin's external description, is strikingly Byronic. Chapter Four presents a new interpretation of Taman ' as a parody on the heroic myth of infallibility. The second last chapter points out how the Byronism of The Fatalist is filtered through the actions of the story and how Pechorin reconciles the belief in his own free will with the concept of fatalism. Chapter Six concludes the study with a view of the novel as a whole and a summation of the Byronic features of A Hero of Our Time, / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

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