When the United States entered World War II, federal officials began planning a war on prostitution and decided to make New Orleans the poster city for reform. New Orleans held a reputation for being a destination for prostitution tin the U.S. A federally appointed group aptly named the Social Protection Division began a repression campaign in militarily dense areas throughout the United States. The goal was to protect soldiers by eliminating the threat from venereal disease carrying prostitutes. The Social Protection Division created a campaign with the New Orleans Health Department and the New Orleans Police Department to repression prostitution. Some in New Orleans, however, tried to undermine these efforts and continue the profitable tradition of prostitution. From 1942-1945, New Orleans became part of the internal war waged by the federal government against women deemed sexually dangerous to protect the patriotic male soldier being sent off to war.

Throughout World War II, the belligerent countries took enemy civilians, as well as soldiers, prisoner. The majority of the camps created to hold these prisoners were located in the European and Asian theaters of battle, but the United States operated prisoner of war camps and civilian internment camps as well. American internment camps, administered by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), imprisoned persons from the Axis countries of Japan, Italy, and Germany, deemed a threat to national security and categorized as a group as “enemy aliens.” Generally, these individuals were not threats, and a sizable number were legal U.S. citizens. Crystal City Internment Camp, located in Crystal City, Texas, interned individuals from all three enemy national backgrounds and allowed entire families to reside with the arrested family member. This research will attempt to highlight the daily experience of the internees in the Crystal City Internment Camp through internees’ oral histories and official camp reports, with a focus specifically on the German prisoners. Although scholars have examined these internment camps, little attention has been given to daily life in these camps.

Par le biais d'une analyse exhaustive de la presse et de la littérature ouverte produite durant les années charnières 1919-1935 en France, en Allemagne et en Grande-Bretagne, on étudie chronologiquement le fonctionnement des canaux de transmission dans l'élaboration des doctrines d'emploi des forces motorisées. Les impasses tactiques de la Grande Guerre ont suscité l'invention d'armes nouvelles telles le char et l'avion utilisant la dynamique du moteur. On s'efforce de comprendre l'incidence sur les organisations militaires du rattachement des chars à telle ou telle arme. Contrastant avec le paradigme des fronts statiques cultivé par les Français vainqueurs, les penseurs militaires britanniques inaugurent une rupture dont les Allemands, tétanisés par l'idée de la revanche, tirent tout le parti possible dans les limites particulièrement strictes posées par le Traité de Versailles. On verra comment s'établit une éventuelle articulation entre les combats au sol et la guerre aérienne. On se propose de mesurer les échanges en utilisant notamment la grille de la technique, en s'interrogeant sur la capacité de certains officiers à imposer leurs idées dans un contexte politique et social donné. Dans le cadre de la progression différenciée vers la professionnalisation des armées en Europe, on suivra l'évolution de la relation de l'homme à la machine induite par la remise en cause du rôle de la cavalerie / Through an exhaustive analysis of newspapers and the literature within the public domain produced during the pivotal years 1919-1935 in France, in Germany and in Great Britain, we will chronologically study how transmission channels function in the development of doctrines on the use of motorized forces. During the Great War, tactical deadlocks led to the invention of new weapons like aeroplane and tank, using the dynamic of the engine. We will try to understand the impact on military organizations of the annexation of tanks to a particular army corps. Contrasting with the paradigm of static front lines promoted by the victorious French, British military decide to change tactics. The Germans, longing for revenge, get the most out of this innovation within the limits of the particularly strict clauses in the Treaty of Versailles. We will study how a potentially functional interaction has developed between ground and air battlefields. We will examine the exchanges using particularly the scale of technique, questioning the ability of some officers to impose their ideas in a given social and political framework. As part of the differentiated advancement of professionalization of the army in Europe, we will monitor developments regarding the 'human-machine' relationship driven by questioning the role of the cavalry

The twin battles of Jena and Auerstadt were fought on October 14, 1806 between the Prusso-Saxon forces under King Frederick William III of Prussia and the French forces under Emperor Napoleon I of France. Since these famous battles, many military historians have been quick to claim that the Prusso-Saxon Army of 1806 used tactics that were too outdated and soldiers that were quite incapable of effectively taking on the French. But the Prusso-Saxon Army of 1806 has been greatly misrepresented by these historians, and a recent body of respected scholarship has indicated that the Prusso-Saxon soldiers of 1806 fought well enough and that their tactics were not so outdated. The fact that the Prusso-Saxon Army lost the campaign of 1806 is not disputed, but a fair assessment of the army is due. Using writings from a respected body of scholarship, various memoirs, and military regulations from the period, this thesis will present the Prusso-Saxon Army and the important battles of 1806 from a point of view more in line with the evidence.

Este trabalho trata da educação de crianças e jovens pobres na Real Academia de Fortificação, Artilharia e Desenho da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, criada em 1792, pelo 2º. Conde de Resende, e na Academia de Aritmética, Geometria Pratica, Fortificação, Desenho e Língua Francesa para Oficiais de Infantaria, criada em 1795, também pelo referido Conde. Dentre outras fontes de pesquisa utilizadas, o trabalho se baseia principalmente num mappa dos nomes, idades e observaçoens dos alumnos relativo à última academia, datado de 31 de Dezembro de 1798, descoberto no Arquivo Histórico Militar, quando da realização de um estágio de doutoramento em Portugal, financiado pela CAPES. A pesquisa teve como objetivos identificar por que e como (metodologia) se desenvolveram as ações educativas nessas instituições; caracterizar os alunos que freqüentavam esses ambientes educacionais, bem como seus professores; identificar os conteúdos escolares que eram abordados nessas situações de aprendizagem; verificar o material didático empregado na instrução; identificar maneiras de avaliar o desempenho escolar dos alunos e professores; analisar a legislação educacional existente; verificar diferenças no tratamento dispensado às crianças e aos jovens de origem nobre e aos filhos de militares, com relação aos militares das mesmas faixas etárias, oriundos das outras classes sociais; e identificar possíveis contribuições que as Academias possam ter oferecido à educação e à sociedade brasileira. / This thesis is about the education of poor children and young people in the Academy of Fortification, Artillery, and Draw of the Rio de Janeiros city, that began to work in 1792, and was created by the Second Resendes Count, and the Academy of Arithmetic, Geometry, Fortification, Draw and French Language for Infantry Officers, created in 1795, also by the Count. Among many documents and books, this work was done based in a map that contains names, ages, and observations of the students related to the last academy, dated from December 31st, 1798, that was discovered in the Military History Archive, when the realization of a doctors training in Portugal, paid by CAPES. The investigation tries to present the reasons of the creation, and how was developed the education actions in these institutions; characterized the students that frequented theses educational places, and also their teachers; identify the schools contents that were teaching; verify the teaching materials that were used in the instructions; identify the evaluations methods for students and teachers; analyze the educational documents and laws of these academies; verify differences between the treatment dispensed to the poor and to the rich students; and identify possible contributions to the education and the american society.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift ist das zumeist als Revolution of Military Affairs wahrgenommene Auftreten der ersten Panzer. Diese „Tanks“ der Jahre 1916-1918 mit den ihnen innewohnenden Möglichkeiten, das blutige Patt des Stellungskrieges an der Westfront aufzuheben, beeinflußten der Legende nach das Kriegsende 1918 erheblich. Die Alliierten erkannten das Potential der neuen Waffe, ließen sich von frühen Rückschlägen nicht entmutigen und besaßen gegen Ende des Krieges eine gepanzerte Speerspitze ihrer nun modern auf Feuer und Bewegung ausgelegten Offensiven, denen man deutscherseits angeblich nichts entgegenzusetzen hatte. Die deutsche Führung, anscheinend geprägt durch technikfeindliche und geradezu blauäugig agierende Köpfe, verpaßte bis zuletzt ignorant jede Chance, ihrerseits auf diese die Landkriegführung bis heute prägende Waffe zu setzen und selbst Tanks in Massen zu produzieren. Im Sommer 1918 kollabierten die deutschen Linien, als britische, französische und amerikanische Tankgeschwader unaufhaltsam auf sie und ihre technisch und taktisch plötzlich hoffnungslos unterlegenen Verteidiger einstürmten. Inwieweit diese plausibel erscheinende Darstellung den Realitäten in höchsten Führungskreisen beider Seiten und auf den Gefechtsfeldern entsprach, ist eine grundsätzliche Frage innerhalb der vorliegenden Dissertation. Anhand der operationsgeschichtlichen Untersuchung der namhaftesten Tankeinsätze zwischen dem ersten Auftreten der neuen Waffe im September 1916 und ihrem Siegeslauf im Sommer 1918 wird geklärt, welcher Anteil am alliierten Sieg den frühen Panzern zuzubilligen ist und inwiefern sich die deutsche Führung tatsächlich eines letztlich katastrophalen „Versagens“ schuldig machte. / The central theme of this thesis is the appearance on the battlefield of the first armoured vehicles, an event generally held to have been a revolution in military affairs. The exploits of these so-called ‘tanks’ of 1916 -1918, which had the inherent capability of breaking the bloody deadlock of trench warfare, contributed greatly during the interwar period to the promotion of a myth, which went roughly as follows: The Allies had recognised the potential of this new weapon; did not allow themselves to be deflected by early setbacks and so, towards the end of the war, their modern offensives, founded on the joint principles of fire and manoeuvre, possessed an armoured spearhead, against which the Germans had no answer. The German High Command, seemingly technophobic and blundering, ignored right to the bitter end, the chance to throw their weight behind the development and mass production of weapons, which to this day play a key role in land warfare. In the summer of 1918 the German lines simply folded in the face of British, French and American tank squadrons which rolled forward unstoppably to assault a defence which was suddenly and hopelessly tactically and technically inferior. The fundamental question of this thesis is to what extent this apparently plausible representation of the facts actually corresponds to the reality, both in the High Commands of both sides and on the battlefield. On the basis of historical-operational analysis of the most notable tank actions between the first appearance of the new weapon in September 1916 and its advance to victory during the summer of 1918, the thesis explores how much credit for the Allied victory is due to these early armoured vehicles and to what extent the German High Command itself was actually responsible for this final, catastrophic failure.

Em 1868, foi inaugurado na Ilha do Bom Jesus, na Baía da Guanabara, o Asilo dos Inválidos da Pátria, espaço reservado, em um primeiro momento, e segundo as justificativas explícitas e utilizadas, para garantir unicamente, por mera filantropia, o sustento de numeroso contingente de veteranos da \"Guerra do Paraguai\", oriundo do exército em operações. Muitos, entre os anos de 1865 e 1870, foram desmobilizados portando doenças crônicas ou mutilações de seus membros inferiores e superiores, e que se tornaram uma demanda social, grave, para ser revolvida pela administração pública. Eles ficaram conhecidos como os inválidos da pátria. Entretanto, outras intenções foram identificadas, podendo se afirmar que elas determinaram a feitura do estabelecimento, quando provisório, e depois, como efetivo. Intenções emanadas de percepções que existiram sobre aqueles homens, e suas peculiares condições físicas, e até morais. Outros propósitos, não óbvios, definiram a promoção do estabelecimento entre os anos de 1867 e 1868, na ilha, e que não foram observados explicitamente; mas condicionaram as iniciativas que foram providenciadas, relativas aos inválidos que desembarcavam mensalmente no Rio de Janeiro, e assinalam o que eles realmente significaram para determinados segmentos residentes e atuantes na Corte. Percepção vulgar, sobre o asilo, é que ele foi construído pelos resultados de uma subscrição pública, promovida em todo o império e executada pelos comerciantes estabelecidos no Rio de Janeiro, membros da antiga Praça do Comércio, depois renomeada Associação Comercial do Rio de Janeiro. No entanto, segundo as investigações nos arquivos, desvendou-se que ele foi edificado pelos esforços pessoais de D. Pedro II, coadjuvado por alguns de seus ministros, mormente os que ocuparam o Ministério da Guerra, entre os anos de 1865 e 1868. O trabalho tem como proposta verificar o que aqueles homens, considerados inúteis e ociosos, representaram. Para isso, e parte importante sobre o entendimento do inválido da pátria, procurou investigar algumas particularidades do serviço médico prestado aos militares, principalmente a cirurgia militar praticada. Buscou, da mesma forma, investigar algumas características do combate e dos combatentes pelas memórias de veteranos, entre outros documentos coletados na investigação. Palavras-chave: Asilo dos Inválidos da / In 1868, the Asilo dos Inválidos da Pátria was inaugurated on the island of Bom Jesus, at the Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro. Allegedly, at the moment of its creation, the asylum came into being due to philanthropic motivations, in order to guarantee the well being of numerous veterans of the Triple Alliance War who were returning home from the Theatre of Operations. Many of these men were demobilized between 1865 and 1870, bearing chronic diseases or mutilations of upper and lower limbs. They originated acute social troubles, to be solved by the public administration. The men were to become known as the inválidos da pátria. However, some other intentions were identified during the course of the present research. They influenced the trajectory of the institution, from the moment when it was proposed as a temporary shelter for veterans to the point where it was decided that it should be permanent. These intentions were motivated by the then current perceptions that concerned the veterans, their physical conditions and even their moral principles. There were still even other subjacent purposes that influenced the existence of the institution, during the years of 1867 and 1868, but these have not been thoroughly discerned, even if the intentions in question were determinant to the policies that were reserved to the veterans that landed every month in Rio de Janeiro. Contrary to popular belief, the asylum was not built through the collection of public donations, in an effort supposedly coordinated by businessmen from Rio de Janeiro. Rather, archival research has been able to demonstrate that the asylum was erected thanks to the personal involvement of Emperor Pedro II, seconded by some of his closest ministers, especially those in charge of the Ministério da Guerra between 1865 and 1868. The present research intends to contextualize the existence of those veterans through historical research, staying clear from the general perceptions that were current in Rio de Janeiro?s court society, that considered the wounded veterans to be idle, useless and morally corrupted. The point of departure for this task was the asylum. To understand the situation that led a man to be institutionalized, field operations of the Brazilian Army´s Medical Service were investigated, especially when it came to battlefield surgery. Additionally, the research was also concerned with establishing what combat was like for the front line soldiers during the Triple Alliance War, by means of veterans? memoirs, among other documental evidence.

Este trabalho trata da educação de crianças e jovens pobres na Real Academia de Fortificação, Artilharia e Desenho da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, criada em 1792, pelo 2º. Conde de Resende, e na Academia de Aritmética, Geometria Pratica, Fortificação, Desenho e Língua Francesa para Oficiais de Infantaria, criada em 1795, também pelo referido Conde. Dentre outras fontes de pesquisa utilizadas, o trabalho se baseia principalmente num mappa dos nomes, idades e observaçoens dos alumnos relativo à última academia, datado de 31 de Dezembro de 1798, descoberto no Arquivo Histórico Militar, quando da realização de um estágio de doutoramento em Portugal, financiado pela CAPES. A pesquisa teve como objetivos identificar por que e como (metodologia) se desenvolveram as ações educativas nessas instituições; caracterizar os alunos que freqüentavam esses ambientes educacionais, bem como seus professores; identificar os conteúdos escolares que eram abordados nessas situações de aprendizagem; verificar o material didático empregado na instrução; identificar maneiras de avaliar o desempenho escolar dos alunos e professores; analisar a legislação educacional existente; verificar diferenças no tratamento dispensado às crianças e aos jovens de origem nobre e aos filhos de militares, com relação aos militares das mesmas faixas etárias, oriundos das outras classes sociais; e identificar possíveis contribuições que as Academias possam ter oferecido à educação e à sociedade brasileira. / This thesis is about the education of poor children and young people in the Academy of Fortification, Artillery, and Draw of the Rio de Janeiros city, that began to work in 1792, and was created by the Second Resendes Count, and the Academy of Arithmetic, Geometry, Fortification, Draw and French Language for Infantry Officers, created in 1795, also by the Count. Among many documents and books, this work was done based in a map that contains names, ages, and observations of the students related to the last academy, dated from December 31st, 1798, that was discovered in the Military History Archive, when the realization of a doctors training in Portugal, paid by CAPES. The investigation tries to present the reasons of the creation, and how was developed the education actions in these institutions; characterized the students that frequented theses educational places, and also their teachers; identify the schools contents that were teaching; verify the teaching materials that were used in the instructions; identify the evaluations methods for students and teachers; analyze the educational documents and laws of these academies; verify differences between the treatment dispensed to the poor and to the rich students; and identify possible contributions to the education and the american society.

Em 1868, foi inaugurado na Ilha do Bom Jesus, na Baía da Guanabara, o Asilo dos Inválidos da Pátria, espaço reservado, em um primeiro momento, e segundo as justificativas explícitas e utilizadas, para garantir unicamente, por mera filantropia, o sustento de numeroso contingente de veteranos da \"Guerra do Paraguai\", oriundo do exército em operações. Muitos, entre os anos de 1865 e 1870, foram desmobilizados portando doenças crônicas ou mutilações de seus membros inferiores e superiores, e que se tornaram uma demanda social, grave, para ser revolvida pela administração pública. Eles ficaram conhecidos como os inválidos da pátria. Entretanto, outras intenções foram identificadas, podendo se afirmar que elas determinaram a feitura do estabelecimento, quando provisório, e depois, como efetivo. Intenções emanadas de percepções que existiram sobre aqueles homens, e suas peculiares condições físicas, e até morais. Outros propósitos, não óbvios, definiram a promoção do estabelecimento entre os anos de 1867 e 1868, na ilha, e que não foram observados explicitamente; mas condicionaram as iniciativas que foram providenciadas, relativas aos inválidos que desembarcavam mensalmente no Rio de Janeiro, e assinalam o que eles realmente significaram para determinados segmentos residentes e atuantes na Corte. Percepção vulgar, sobre o asilo, é que ele foi construído pelos resultados de uma subscrição pública, promovida em todo o império e executada pelos comerciantes estabelecidos no Rio de Janeiro, membros da antiga Praça do Comércio, depois renomeada Associação Comercial do Rio de Janeiro. No entanto, segundo as investigações nos arquivos, desvendou-se que ele foi edificado pelos esforços pessoais de D. Pedro II, coadjuvado por alguns de seus ministros, mormente os que ocuparam o Ministério da Guerra, entre os anos de 1865 e 1868. O trabalho tem como proposta verificar o que aqueles homens, considerados inúteis e ociosos, representaram. Para isso, e parte importante sobre o entendimento do inválido da pátria, procurou investigar algumas particularidades do serviço médico prestado aos militares, principalmente a cirurgia militar praticada. Buscou, da mesma forma, investigar algumas características do combate e dos combatentes pelas memórias de veteranos, entre outros documentos coletados na investigação. Palavras-chave: Asilo dos Inválidos da / In 1868, the Asilo dos Inválidos da Pátria was inaugurated on the island of Bom Jesus, at the Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro. Allegedly, at the moment of its creation, the asylum came into being due to philanthropic motivations, in order to guarantee the well being of numerous veterans of the Triple Alliance War who were returning home from the Theatre of Operations. Many of these men were demobilized between 1865 and 1870, bearing chronic diseases or mutilations of upper and lower limbs. They originated acute social troubles, to be solved by the public administration. The men were to become known as the inválidos da pátria. However, some other intentions were identified during the course of the present research. They influenced the trajectory of the institution, from the moment when it was proposed as a temporary shelter for veterans to the point where it was decided that it should be permanent. These intentions were motivated by the then current perceptions that concerned the veterans, their physical conditions and even their moral principles. There were still even other subjacent purposes that influenced the existence of the institution, during the years of 1867 and 1868, but these have not been thoroughly discerned, even if the intentions in question were determinant to the policies that were reserved to the veterans that landed every month in Rio de Janeiro. Contrary to popular belief, the asylum was not built through the collection of public donations, in an effort supposedly coordinated by businessmen from Rio de Janeiro. Rather, archival research has been able to demonstrate that the asylum was erected thanks to the personal involvement of Emperor Pedro II, seconded by some of his closest ministers, especially those in charge of the Ministério da Guerra between 1865 and 1868. The present research intends to contextualize the existence of those veterans through historical research, staying clear from the general perceptions that were current in Rio de Janeiro?s court society, that considered the wounded veterans to be idle, useless and morally corrupted. The point of departure for this task was the asylum. To understand the situation that led a man to be institutionalized, field operations of the Brazilian Army´s Medical Service were investigated, especially when it came to battlefield surgery. Additionally, the research was also concerned with establishing what combat was like for the front line soldiers during the Triple Alliance War, by means of veterans? memoirs, among other documental evidence.

Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 is a chronicle of the opening days of World War II in the Pacific and the demise of the U.S. Navy’s Asiatic Fleet. Beginning with the background of Four Star Admiral Thomas Hart, this chronicle shows the history of the nearly obsolete ships that fought in the beginning of World War II. The reader will come to realize how and why this fleet ceased to exist within ninety days from the start of the war. Historical evidence will show that the damage inflicted on the Japanese was much greater than what was recorded in popular history. Hart was relieved of his command due to political considerations but not a single ship was lost while he was in command of the Asiatic Fleet. Hart fulfilled his orders to preserve the integrity and safety of the American Asiatic Fleet.