Par sa durée autant que par l’ampleur des effectifs engagés, la Première Guerre mondiale pose particulièrement la question du maintien de l’ordre et de la discipline aux armées. Déployés dans la zone des armées dès la déclaration de guerre, des détachements de gendarmerie y sont réorganisés à plusieurs reprises. Après avoir dirigé la mobilisation générale, ils veillent à la fluidité et à la sécurité de la circulation et assurent la régulation du trafic. Dans les cantonnements, les gendarmes des prévôtés interviennent également pour maintenir les hommes dans l’obéissance et le respect des directives du commandement. Ils sont aussi disposés en barrage, durant la bataille, pour réprimer la désertion qu’ils traquent jusqu’à l’intérieur. Leur échoient en outre la gestion et la surveillance des prisons prévôtales, bientôt réputées être le « cauchemar » de l’arme. En certaines circonstances, et alors que sont massées des troupes en nombre considérable, leur mission s’étend au contrôle de l’hygiène et aux soins des soldats. Pourtant, à l’issue de la guerre, l’image de la gendarmerie s’est considérablement dépréciée, comme en témoigne le développement du thème des gendarmes pendus par la troupe. / Because of its long duration as much as because of the vast number of troops engaged, the First World War posed the problem of maintaining order and discipline in the French armies in a particularly acute form. The task fell in a large part to the Gendarmerie, detachments of which were stationed in the armies’ sector since the outbreak of war. On several occasions the Gendarmerie had been reorganized. After having supervised the mobilization, it provided security for army movements and was responsible for traffic control. In the troop encampments the gendarmes of the military police enforced obedience to orders and ensured the implementation of directives from the (army) command. During the battle, they were arranged in roadblocks to repress deserters, whom they pursued up to the inland. Among their duties, there was also the administration and surveillance of military prisons, a task soon recognised to be a ‘nightmare’ for the service. In certain circumstances, when large masses of troops were jam-packed together, the Gendarmerie even assumed responsibility for soldiers’ personal hygiene and welfare. However, by the end of the war, the men’s respect for the Gendarmerie had declined markedly, evidenced by the spreading of the legend of gendarmes hanged by the rank-and-file.

O presente trabalho analisa, a partir das fichas contidas nos livros chamados "Rol dos denunciados", a atuação das Auditorias Militares de Porto Alegre e Santa Maria em julgamentos de supostos crimes contra a Lei de Segurança Nacional no período entre 1964 e 1978. Avalia, com base nos documentos disponíveis, as questões relacionadas às ações de oposição à ditadura denunciadas às Auditorias Militares de Porto Alegre e de Santa Maria, à existência de uma possível relação entre as ações de oposição à ditadura julgadas por essas Auditorias e aquelas ações analisadas pela historiografia e por livros de memória a respeito do Rio Grande do Sul, à concentração dos processos em determinados períodos, à coincidência entre esses períodos e aqueles em que a repressão foi mais agressiva, ao perfil dos denunciados entre 1964 e 1978 por infringir as Leis de Segurança Nacional em ambas as Auditorias, às semelhanças ou distinções em relação ao perfil de outros processados no resto do país e à conexão entre a Justiça Militar e o aparato repressivo da ditadura. Conclui que os julgamentos das ações de oposição à ditadura concentraram-se em dois períodos: entre 1964 e 1966, em Santa Maria, e em 1965 e 1966 em Porto Alegre no contexto histórico da primeira "Operação Limpeza", e em 1970, na Auditoria de Porto Alegre, ligados à repressão dos grupos de luta armada. Quanto ao perfil dos denunciados, conclui que enquanto na Auditoria Militar de Porto Alegre o padrão de perfil dos indivíduos em processos políticos era conforme com o padrão nacional, ou seja, majoritariamente homens com até 25 anos de idade, os denunciados na Auditoria Militar de Santa Maria eram homens mais velhos, majoritariamente acima dos 30 anos de idade. Conclui ainda que a Justiça Militar representou a última instância 'legal" de repressão, convergindo informações obtidas por meio da espionagem realizada pelos diversos órgãos de coleta de informações e das investigações feitas pela polícia política (Departamento de Polícia Federal - DPF-, Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPSDestacamento de Operações de Informações - Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna - DOICODI, Delegacias de Polícia e quartéis) por meio dos Inquéritos Policiais Militares, resultando posteriormente em processos judiciais contra os denunciados. / This study analysis, from files contained in books called "Rol dos denunciados", the Porto Alegre and Santa Maria's militaries auditoria actuation in trials of supposed crimes against the National Security Law during the period between 1964 and 1978. It balances, based on those records available, the issues related to: rebellious operations against the military dictatorship denounced to the Porto Alegre and Santa Maria's militaries auditoria; existence of potential relationship between these rebellious operations brought to justice by these militaries auditoria and those rebellious operations analyzed by historical writing and in books of memories about Rio Grande do Sul; concentration of trials in particular periods of time; coincidence of these particular periods of time and those periods when military repression was more offensive; profile of denounced suspects between 1964 and 1978 for transgression against the National Security Law in both militaries auditoria; similarities and contrasts in relation to others denounced suspects profile in the rest of country; connections between Military Justice and the dictatorship repression instruments. It concludes that trials of rebellious operations against dictatorship were intensified during two periods of time: between 1964 and 1966, in Santa Maria, and between 1965 and 1966, in Porto Alegre, in the historical context of the first military operation called "Operação Limpeza"; and in 1970, in Porto Alegre military auditoria, which were connected to the military repression of rebellious armed groups. As to the profile of denounced suspects, it concludes that while in the Porto Alegre military auditoria the standard profile of individuals in politic trials was similar to the national standard, it is, majority 25-years-old men, individuals from Santa Maria military auditoria were older men, majority older than 30-years-old. This study also concludes that the Military Justice represented the final legal instance of repression, congregating information obtained through espionage carried out by a variety range of organs responsible for collecting information and by investigations carried out by the politic official police (Departamento de Polícia Federal - DPF-, Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPS-, Destacamento de Operações de Informações - Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna - DOI-CODI, Delegacias de Polícia e quartéis) by means of military police inquiry, later resulting in trials against denounced suspects.

The investigation of political delinquency of Czechoslovakian military personnel in the years 1948 - 1989 Abstract The primary objective of this dissertation is to reconstruct the investigation of political delinquency in the environment of military forces. The text is focused on the persecution of military personnel in the years 1948 - 1989. The key issue is described in the broader context of the socialistic legal system and contemporary structure of power and political development of the Czechoslovakian state. The author used methods of legal history, the roots of which are interdisciplinary and lie on the boundary of legal and historical science. The text is integrating the recent material and procedural criminal law, which is considered to be a part of public law. Moreover, this theses draws out of archival sources and files created by military investigating organs and organs of military prosecution. The author also used rare historical sources, which are typical for contemporary history. We are talking about film documents and memories of participant. Basic stated algorithm is bet in the context of Czechoslovakian political progress after events in February 1948. Implemented research showed the fact, that political delinquency of military personnel was its special form. Consequently, this topic...

O presente trabalho analisa, a partir das fichas contidas nos livros chamados "Rol dos denunciados", a atuação das Auditorias Militares de Porto Alegre e Santa Maria em julgamentos de supostos crimes contra a Lei de Segurança Nacional no período entre 1964 e 1978. Avalia, com base nos documentos disponíveis, as questões relacionadas às ações de oposição à ditadura denunciadas às Auditorias Militares de Porto Alegre e de Santa Maria, à existência de uma possível relação entre as ações de oposição à ditadura julgadas por essas Auditorias e aquelas ações analisadas pela historiografia e por livros de memória a respeito do Rio Grande do Sul, à concentração dos processos em determinados períodos, à coincidência entre esses períodos e aqueles em que a repressão foi mais agressiva, ao perfil dos denunciados entre 1964 e 1978 por infringir as Leis de Segurança Nacional em ambas as Auditorias, às semelhanças ou distinções em relação ao perfil de outros processados no resto do país e à conexão entre a Justiça Militar e o aparato repressivo da ditadura. Conclui que os julgamentos das ações de oposição à ditadura concentraram-se em dois períodos: entre 1964 e 1966, em Santa Maria, e em 1965 e 1966 em Porto Alegre no contexto histórico da primeira "Operação Limpeza", e em 1970, na Auditoria de Porto Alegre, ligados à repressão dos grupos de luta armada. Quanto ao perfil dos denunciados, conclui que enquanto na Auditoria Militar de Porto Alegre o padrão de perfil dos indivíduos em processos políticos era conforme com o padrão nacional, ou seja, majoritariamente homens com até 25 anos de idade, os denunciados na Auditoria Militar de Santa Maria eram homens mais velhos, majoritariamente acima dos 30 anos de idade. Conclui ainda que a Justiça Militar representou a última instância 'legal" de repressão, convergindo informações obtidas por meio da espionagem realizada pelos diversos órgãos de coleta de informações e das investigações feitas pela polícia política (Departamento de Polícia Federal - DPF-, Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPSDestacamento de Operações de Informações - Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna - DOICODI, Delegacias de Polícia e quartéis) por meio dos Inquéritos Policiais Militares, resultando posteriormente em processos judiciais contra os denunciados. / This study analysis, from files contained in books called "Rol dos denunciados", the Porto Alegre and Santa Maria's militaries auditoria actuation in trials of supposed crimes against the National Security Law during the period between 1964 and 1978. It balances, based on those records available, the issues related to: rebellious operations against the military dictatorship denounced to the Porto Alegre and Santa Maria's militaries auditoria; existence of potential relationship between these rebellious operations brought to justice by these militaries auditoria and those rebellious operations analyzed by historical writing and in books of memories about Rio Grande do Sul; concentration of trials in particular periods of time; coincidence of these particular periods of time and those periods when military repression was more offensive; profile of denounced suspects between 1964 and 1978 for transgression against the National Security Law in both militaries auditoria; similarities and contrasts in relation to others denounced suspects profile in the rest of country; connections between Military Justice and the dictatorship repression instruments. It concludes that trials of rebellious operations against dictatorship were intensified during two periods of time: between 1964 and 1966, in Santa Maria, and between 1965 and 1966, in Porto Alegre, in the historical context of the first military operation called "Operação Limpeza"; and in 1970, in Porto Alegre military auditoria, which were connected to the military repression of rebellious armed groups. As to the profile of denounced suspects, it concludes that while in the Porto Alegre military auditoria the standard profile of individuals in politic trials was similar to the national standard, it is, majority 25-years-old men, individuals from Santa Maria military auditoria were older men, majority older than 30-years-old. This study also concludes that the Military Justice represented the final legal instance of repression, congregating information obtained through espionage carried out by a variety range of organs responsible for collecting information and by investigations carried out by the politic official police (Departamento de Polícia Federal - DPF-, Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPS-, Destacamento de Operações de Informações - Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna - DOI-CODI, Delegacias de Polícia e quartéis) by means of military police inquiry, later resulting in trials against denounced suspects.

O presente trabalho analisa, a partir das fichas contidas nos livros chamados "Rol dos denunciados", a atuação das Auditorias Militares de Porto Alegre e Santa Maria em julgamentos de supostos crimes contra a Lei de Segurança Nacional no período entre 1964 e 1978. Avalia, com base nos documentos disponíveis, as questões relacionadas às ações de oposição à ditadura denunciadas às Auditorias Militares de Porto Alegre e de Santa Maria, à existência de uma possível relação entre as ações de oposição à ditadura julgadas por essas Auditorias e aquelas ações analisadas pela historiografia e por livros de memória a respeito do Rio Grande do Sul, à concentração dos processos em determinados períodos, à coincidência entre esses períodos e aqueles em que a repressão foi mais agressiva, ao perfil dos denunciados entre 1964 e 1978 por infringir as Leis de Segurança Nacional em ambas as Auditorias, às semelhanças ou distinções em relação ao perfil de outros processados no resto do país e à conexão entre a Justiça Militar e o aparato repressivo da ditadura. Conclui que os julgamentos das ações de oposição à ditadura concentraram-se em dois períodos: entre 1964 e 1966, em Santa Maria, e em 1965 e 1966 em Porto Alegre no contexto histórico da primeira "Operação Limpeza", e em 1970, na Auditoria de Porto Alegre, ligados à repressão dos grupos de luta armada. Quanto ao perfil dos denunciados, conclui que enquanto na Auditoria Militar de Porto Alegre o padrão de perfil dos indivíduos em processos políticos era conforme com o padrão nacional, ou seja, majoritariamente homens com até 25 anos de idade, os denunciados na Auditoria Militar de Santa Maria eram homens mais velhos, majoritariamente acima dos 30 anos de idade. Conclui ainda que a Justiça Militar representou a última instância 'legal" de repressão, convergindo informações obtidas por meio da espionagem realizada pelos diversos órgãos de coleta de informações e das investigações feitas pela polícia política (Departamento de Polícia Federal - DPF-, Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPSDestacamento de Operações de Informações - Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna - DOICODI, Delegacias de Polícia e quartéis) por meio dos Inquéritos Policiais Militares, resultando posteriormente em processos judiciais contra os denunciados. / This study analysis, from files contained in books called "Rol dos denunciados", the Porto Alegre and Santa Maria's militaries auditoria actuation in trials of supposed crimes against the National Security Law during the period between 1964 and 1978. It balances, based on those records available, the issues related to: rebellious operations against the military dictatorship denounced to the Porto Alegre and Santa Maria's militaries auditoria; existence of potential relationship between these rebellious operations brought to justice by these militaries auditoria and those rebellious operations analyzed by historical writing and in books of memories about Rio Grande do Sul; concentration of trials in particular periods of time; coincidence of these particular periods of time and those periods when military repression was more offensive; profile of denounced suspects between 1964 and 1978 for transgression against the National Security Law in both militaries auditoria; similarities and contrasts in relation to others denounced suspects profile in the rest of country; connections between Military Justice and the dictatorship repression instruments. It concludes that trials of rebellious operations against dictatorship were intensified during two periods of time: between 1964 and 1966, in Santa Maria, and between 1965 and 1966, in Porto Alegre, in the historical context of the first military operation called "Operação Limpeza"; and in 1970, in Porto Alegre military auditoria, which were connected to the military repression of rebellious armed groups. As to the profile of denounced suspects, it concludes that while in the Porto Alegre military auditoria the standard profile of individuals in politic trials was similar to the national standard, it is, majority 25-years-old men, individuals from Santa Maria military auditoria were older men, majority older than 30-years-old. This study also concludes that the Military Justice represented the final legal instance of repression, congregating information obtained through espionage carried out by a variety range of organs responsible for collecting information and by investigations carried out by the politic official police (Departamento de Polícia Federal - DPF-, Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPS-, Destacamento de Operações de Informações - Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna - DOI-CODI, Delegacias de Polícia e quartéis) by means of military police inquiry, later resulting in trials against denounced suspects.

This thesis examines how military members and veterans with Operational Stress Injuries are treated by Canadian justice systems. It suggests a correlation between mental injuries sustained on operations by military personnel and propensities for military and societal misconduct. By comparing civilian and military processes with American justice counterparts, a plan to improve the existing Canadian legal landscape is proposed. Using an analysis of the underlying philosophy and purpose of military justice, a problem solving diversionary court is recommended, along with legislative and policy amendments. The use of a consent-based “Treatment Standing Court Martial” would place military justice officials parallel to civilian justice alternative measures programs, and in a better position to break the cycle of recidivism among veterans by addressing root causes. Education to reduce stigma along with military-civilian partnerships are also advocated to enhance the detection of mental illness and to foster early treatment for military personnel and veterans. The overall goals of the work include: reducing recidivism, improving operational efficiency and taking care of military members, veterans and their families.

Exploring Puritanical cultural habits in the 21st century American military, the following study focuses on U.S. Army courts-martial in the Global War on Terrorism. The study uses Emile Durkheim's original sociological interpretation of crime and deviance. That interpretation is linked with responsibility as described by Durkheim's follower Paul Fauconnet in Responsibility: A Study in Sociology ([1928] 1978) and with a new cultural reading of Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ([1905] 1976). The study is an inductive, descriptive examination of the Puritanical aspects of American military culture based on its treatment of acts labeled as deviant and criminal in the Global War on Terrorism. Four sets of war crimes are included in the study: Abu Ghraib (which occurred in Iraq in 2004), Operation Iron Triangle (which occurred in Iraq in 2006), the Baghdad canal killings (which occurred in Iraq in 2007), and the Maywand District killings (which occurred in Afghanistan in 2010). My data include primary data collected through participation and observation as a consultant for courts-martial related to all the cases except Abu Ghraib. Records of trial, investigation reports, charge sheets, sworn statements, and other documentation are also included in the study as secondary data sources. The study illuminates how unconscious, Puritan cultural habits color and shape both military actions and their perceptions. I explore Puritanism and its influence on military law, responsibility, revenge, "magic" (in its sociological sense), and narcissism. The study concludes with observations and recommendations for changes in U.S. military law.