Thesis (doctoral)--Historisches Institut der Universität, Bern, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [339]-368) and index.

Submitted by Jamile Barbosa da Cruz (jamile.cruz@ucsal.br) on 2017-09-27T12:31:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOFABRICIOCARLOS.pdf: 1187247 bytes, checksum: 7a5f5be435e09ade15f520faee511e68 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-10-02T17:20:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOFABRICIOCARLOS.pdf: 1187247 bytes, checksum: 7a5f5be435e09ade15f520faee511e68 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T17:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOFABRICIOCARLOS.pdf: 1187247 bytes, checksum: 7a5f5be435e09ade15f520faee511e68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-07 / As intervenções policiais com resultado morte de civil constituem tema relevante, atual e constantemente debatido em âmbito nacional. Desta forma, a Segurança Pública, desponta como um dos Direitos Fundamentais carreados no texto constitucional vigente, enquanto a atividade policial militar um de seus desdobramentos para a realização do interesse coletivo. Por isso, revelam-se prementes as bases legais que fundamentam a atuação de Polícia Judiciária Militar e, em particular, pela Coordenação de Polícia Judiciária Militar – CPJM, da Corregedoria Geral da Polícia Militar da Bahia. Desta forma, o presente estudo se dedica à apreciação dos casos registrados na aludida seção no período de 2013 a 2014, desencadeados na Capital baiana. Através da metodologia de cunho exploratório quantitativa potencializou-se a análise do tema, com ênfase ao raciocínio dedutivo das informações obtidas. Por ora, a atuação da referida seção trouxe maior celeridade e qualidade dos inquéritos policiais, constituindo salvaguarda dos interesses da sociedade baiana, consoante preceitos da Constituição Federal de 1988. / Police interventions resulting in the death of civilians are a relevant, current and constantly discussed issue at the national level. In this way, Public Security emerges as one of the Fundamental Rights carried in the current constitutional text, while military police activity is one of its consequences for the realization of collective interest. Therefore, the legal bases that support the activities of the Military Judicial Police and, in particular, the Military Judicial Police Coordination (CPJM), of the General Internal Affairs of the Military Police of Bahia, are of paramount importance. In consequence, this study aims to assess the cases registered in the aforementioned section during the period from 2013 to 2014, unleashed in the Capital of Bahia. Through the quantitative exploratory methodology, the analysis of the topic was strengthened, with emphasis on the deductive reasoning of the information obtained. For the time being, the action of this section brought greater speed and quality of police investigations, constituting a safeguard of the interests of society in Bahia, according to the provisions of the Federal Constitution of 1988.

The dissertation examines the applicability of procedural fairness to actions by members of the South African National Defence Forces (SANDF). The research focuses on and uses the South African Defence Force Union v The Minister of South African National Defence Force (SANDU 2010 judgment) to illustrate how procedural fairness should find application in the SANDF, given the sui generis nature of the defence forces. This judgment presented an opportunity to investigate whether the legislative framework that is available in the SANDF is adequate to protect the right to procedural fairness of the members of the SANDF encapsulated in section 33 of the Constitution, 1996. The dissertation examines the relevant sections of the Defence Act, Military Discipline Supplementary Measures Act, Labour Relations Act (LRA), and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA) read with sections 23 and 33 of the Constitution to determine whether there is a gap that exists in so far as the protection of the right to procedural fairness of members of the defence forces is concerned. It also examines the Military Discipline Code and the rules and regulations of the Defence Forces. The analysis of the SANDU 2010 judgment demonstrates that PAJA could find application in dismissal or employment related disputes within the SANDF. The scenario that is evidenced from the analysis of the defence force legislative framework is that the legislative framework that is available within the SANDF is inadequate to protect and deal with disputes which arise from allegations of infringement of the right to procedural fairness. This scenario is compounded by the fact that the LRA which is the empowering legislation that was promulgated to give effect to the right to section 23 of the Constitution and to deal with dismissal and employment related disputes, does not apply to members of the SANDF. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LL. M.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de découvrir comment les systèmes démocratiques contemporains appréhendent l'existence en leur sein de la force armée et comment ils parviennent à utiliser cette force armée, tout en respectant leur principe de gouvernement. L'angle adopté est celui de l'histoire des institutions et du droit comparé (principalement Etats-Unis et France). Les deux axes de réflexion sont mobilisés autour de la recherche d’un équilibre à la fois vertical (entre les pouvoirs constitués et la force armée) et horizontal (entre les pouvoirs constitués entre eux par rapport à la force armée). / This dissertation aims at understanding how contemporary democratic systems deal with the existence of the armed forces within them and how they manage to use them, while respecting their principle of government. The two methods chosen are, on the one hand, the history of the institutions and, on the other hand, the study of the parallels between the legal systems (mainly that of the United States and of France). Using these tools, the dissertation aims at finding a balance both vertical (between the constitutionnal powers and the armed forces) and horizontal (between the constitutionnal powers themselves regarding the armed forces).

En France, à la suite de précédentes constitutions, la Constitution de la Ve République consacre l’état de siège (art. 36) ; à l’étranger, de nombreux pays l’ont adopté. Ce constat laisse béant un paradoxe suivant : si la France adopte, la première, une législation d’exception, elle n’offre pas pour autant de réflexion approfondie sur ce qu’est l’état d’exception. L’étude des origines et de l’histoire de l’état de siège met au jour les raisons d’un tel paradoxe.L’état de siège est originellement une disposition technique du droit militaire (loi des 8-10 juillet 1791), qui prévoit que, dans certaines circonstances, l’ordre public et la police passent de l’autorité civile, compétence par principe, à l’autorité militaire. Ainsi, la loi prévoit le renversement du principe selon lequel l’autorité civile prime sur le militaire. Au cours de la Révolution, cette disposition est utilisée afin de réprimer les troubles violents qui se multiplient à l’intérieur du territoire. Durant le XIXe siècle, les régimes successifs y recourent également, jusqu’à ce que la Cour de cassation, en 1832, donne un coup d’arrêt à cette pratique. Le législateur est donc contraint d’adopter un texte – la loi du 9 août 1849 – qui encadre précisément son usage. Cette loi est, véritablement, une législation d’exception, au sens où elle contrevient à un principe consacré par l’ordre constitutionnel, en fonction de circonstances déterminées, pour un temps et un lieu circonscrits. Elle accorde également à l’autorité militaire des pouvoirs étendus qui restreignent les libertés publiques, et consacre la compétence des juridictions militaires pour juger les non-militaires. / In France, following previous Constitutions, the state of siege gained acceptance under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic (art. 36); many countries abroad adopted it. This fact leaves a gaping paradox: even if France adopts the first emergency legislation, it does not mean that it provides an in depth reflection on what is the state of emergency. The study of the genesis and history of the state of siege reveals the reasons for such a paradox. Originally, the state of siege was a technical measure of military law (law of July 8-10, 1791), which provided that in certain circumstances, public order and police would transfer from the civil authority, competent on principle, to the military authority. Thus, law foresaw the reversal of the principle according to which the civil authority takes precedence over the military. During the Revolution, this measure was used to suppress the violent unrest that became more frequent inside the territory. Throughout the nineteenth century, successive governments had also recourse to it until the Supreme Court put an end to this practice in 1832. Consequently ,the legislator was forced to pass a bill - the Law of August 9, 1849 - which would frame precisely its use. This law truly is an emergency law, which means that it contravenes a principle enshrined in the constitutional order, depending on specific circumstances, for a circumscribed time and place. It also gives to the military authority enlarged powers which restrict civil liberties, and establishes the jurisdiction of military courts to judge non-military courts.

Exploring Puritanical cultural habits in the 21st century American military, the following study focuses on U.S. Army courts-martial in the Global War on Terrorism. The study uses Emile Durkheim's original sociological interpretation of crime and deviance. That interpretation is linked with responsibility as described by Durkheim's follower Paul Fauconnet in Responsibility: A Study in Sociology ([1928] 1978) and with a new cultural reading of Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ([1905] 1976). The study is an inductive, descriptive examination of the Puritanical aspects of American military culture based on its treatment of acts labeled as deviant and criminal in the Global War on Terrorism. Four sets of war crimes are included in the study: Abu Ghraib (which occurred in Iraq in 2004), Operation Iron Triangle (which occurred in Iraq in 2006), the Baghdad canal killings (which occurred in Iraq in 2007), and the Maywand District killings (which occurred in Afghanistan in 2010). My data include primary data collected through participation and observation as a consultant for courts-martial related to all the cases except Abu Ghraib. Records of trial, investigation reports, charge sheets, sworn statements, and other documentation are also included in the study as secondary data sources. The study illuminates how unconscious, Puritan cultural habits color and shape both military actions and their perceptions. I explore Puritanism and its influence on military law, responsibility, revenge, "magic" (in its sociological sense), and narcissism. The study concludes with observations and recommendations for changes in U.S. military law.

L’ambition de ce travail est d’énoncer une définition originale d’un droit militaire, appréhendé dans le cadre d’une perspective historique. Deux grands modèles d’armée professionnelle ont ici été confrontés : Rome et les armées contemporaines (i.e., Les États-Unis, la France, le Royaume-Uni et la République populaire de Chine), afin de définir les conditions nécessaires à la reconnaissance d’une armée de métier. Une armée professionnelle au service d’une puissance géopolitique, telles que celles analysées ici, met en oeuvre un droit militaire dual composé d’un droit de temps de paix / ou de guerre limitée, et un autre de temps de guerre totale. / The aim of this paper is to provide an unusual inight into the concept of military law, envisionned within the framework of an historical point of view. Two great military and professionnal models have been confronted (i.e. Rome and four contemporary armies : the United-States, France, the United-Kingdom and the People’s Republic of China) in order to define the historical conditions for the recognition of a professionnal military model. A professionnal army serving a Power such as the ones studied there, implement a dual military law made of a military law in time of peace /or limited war, and a military law in time of total war.