<p>The aim of this essay is to illustrate a modern phenomenon, the Olympic Games, by applying the ideas of Mircea Eliade concerning space, time and myth. This literature study is mainly divided in two parts, one descriptive and one analytic. In the first part Eliade’s ideas and some criticism, which has been pointed against his theoretical approaches as well as his character, are presented. In the second part an analysis is carried out, based on the previously presented ideas and elements essential for the Olympics; the idea of the Olympics, the place, the ceremonies, the competition and the concept of individual idolism.</p><p>I have discussed what seems like gnostic tendencies in Eliade’s ideas, in the sense that both Eliade’s ideas and the concept of Gnosticism argue that knowledge is a necessary condition for salvation, as well as the fact that Eliade and his ideas have not always a pro-Christian approach. I have also shown that incoherency exists in his theoretical approach concerning the manifestation of the sacred.</p><p>I have found that Mircea Eliade’s ideas, with some difficulties, very well can reflect a modern phenomenon such as the Olympic Games. I have also put forth the idea of translating Eliade’s conception of axis mundi into an ideological landscape; the Olympic values become an analogy to axis mundi. Furthermore, I have also shown that modern man in different ways desires to be close to the sacred, and how this fact to some extent may explain people’s devotion to and worship of sport heroes, and thus why not only athletes but also billions of spectators are inclined to attend the Olympics. Finally, I show that, according to Eliade’s ideas, the Olympics might facilitate the process of creating modern myths.</p>

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Sammanfattning: Shamanism har ständigt varit ett populärt ämne att studera, där bland annat problem med shamanism-begreppet har lyfts fram av en rad olika forskare. Shamanism har i de flesta fall definierats som religion, trots att omfattande forskning har belyst det utspridda motståndet till definitionen bland utövare i västvärlden. Studien har undersökt likheter och skillnader mellan utövare av shamanism i nutida Sverige, vad gäller åsikter, praktik och definierande. Den har byggt på en kvalitativ analys av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex utövare som även har varit verksamma inom shamanism. Studien har påvisat att motståndet till att definiera shamanism som religion existerar bland dessa utövare. Religion har beskrivits som något organiserat med läror och regler, medan shamanism har beskrivits som något fritt, där praktik, värderingar och trosuppfattningar har varierat bland utövare. Debatten kring shamanism-begreppets eventuella problem har även förekommit inom shamanska kretsar och det har existerat skilda meningar bland utövare, likväl som det har existerat skilda meningar bland forskare.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Alvarenga Hirata.pdf: 784390 bytes, checksum: ba70bd1abf59aeafa4a45843a0978f27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-10 / Pontificia Universidade de São Paulo / This dissertation has as its objective to propose a theoretical referential of the religion sciences and the analytical psychology for studying the cultural - economical development impasse in the extent of the ecological crisis in the Tietê river, in São Paulo. This crisis took on alarming proportions in the second half of the XX century, when the river pollution reached the extension ofthree hundred and fifty kilometres and the low water quality has caused contagious diseases, disabling its use even for the electric power generation. Our hypothesis is (1) that the causes of the ecological crisis in the river Tietê isn't only in the material and objective dimension, but also has to do with the estrangement of man's relationship with the symbolic and the sacred. And that, therefore, (2) the resolution ofthis crisis should aiso include human subjectivity. To verify these hypotheses, we used theoretical and historical research of the ecological crisis in the river, as well as the religious symbolism of thé river water, and the imaginary links between the citizens from São Paulo and the river along with the history ofthe city. It also raised the current strategies that have been used tomanage the crisis. The theoretical referential that permeates the dissertation is an interface of the concept of symbolism of Ernst Cassirer's, Mircea Eliade and Carl G. Jung works. We concluded that the causes of the ecological crisis in Tietê are linked with the loss of meaning of the symbolism of the water and ofthe river, and that the strategies, to work with the same should include the cultural dimension, spiritual and psychic. It should be understood that it's necessary to consider the integration between objectivity and subjectivity, also cultural and economical development, to consider the mentioned crisis, in arder to work out proposals looking to reverse-revitalize the symbol of the river and the water, putting an end to the ecological crisis in the Tietê river / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo propor um referencial teórico das ciências da religião e da psicologia analítica para o estudo do impasse cultura desenvolvimento econômico no âmbito da crise ecológica no rio Tietê, em São Paulo. A referida crise tomou proporções alarmantes na segunda metade do século XX, quando a poluição do rio atingiu trezentos e cinqüenta quilômetros de extensão e a má qualidade da água provocava doenças infecto contagiosas, impossibilitando o seu uso até mesmo para a geração de energia elétrica. Nossa hipótese é (1) que as causas da crise ecológica no rio Tietê não se encontram apenas na dimensão material, objetiva, mas também têm a ver com o distanciamento da relação do homem com o simbólico e o sagrado. E que, portanto, (2) a resolução desta crise também deve abranger a subjetividade humana. Para constatar estas hipóteses, fizemos uso de pesquisa teórica e histórica da crise ecológica no rio, bem como do simbolismo religioso da água, do rio e do imaginário paulistano ligado ao rio ao longo da história da cidade. Levantou-se também as estratégias atuais que vêm sendo usadas para lidar com a crise. O referencial teórico que permeia a dissertação é uma interface do conceito de símbolo das obras de Ernst Cassirer, Mircea Eliade e Carl G. Jung. Concluímos que as causas da crise ecológica no Tietê estão ligadas com a perda de significado do simbolismo da água e do rio, e que as estratégias para lidar com a mesma devem incluir a dimensão cultural, espiritual e psíquica. Entendemos que é necessário considerar a integração entre objetividade e subjetividade, entre desenvolvimento cultural e econômico, para se pensar a crise mencionada, a fim de elaborar propostas que busquem re-vitalizar o símbolo do rio e da água visando o fim da crise ecológica no rio

<p>This essay is a work on Mircea Eliades's interpretation of the religious human understood as "homo religiosus" and the role of the shaman from the Eliade perspective. In Eliade human existence consists of a dichotomy between the sacred and the profane. The question is whether one can understand the concept of Eliades “axis mundi”, center of the universe? Can we create an understanding of human existence with Eliade? Can one use  phenomenology of religion as perspective for the exploration of “reality”? Furthermore, this paper aims to understand the role of the shaman has religious worldviews. Shamaism  is through an ecstatic technique traveling to other cosmic plane, in order to gain knowledge that would otherwise not be reached. Two short chapters also show examples of Swedish religious phenomenological research by Ake Hultkrantz and Carl Johan Gurt.</p><p>The key issues are: What is Shamanism? How can we understand  Eliades philosophical exposition of man as <em>homo religosus</em>? Are Eliades theories (by Hultrantz and Gurt) represented in the Swedish scientific research? And, what is today's religion phenomenological research (by Gurt)?</p><p> </p> / <p>Denna uppsats är ett arbete om Mircea Eliades tolkning av den religiösa människan förstådd som <em>homo religiosus </em>och shamanens roll hos Eliade. Hos Eliade är den mänskliga existensen uppdelad i en dikotomi mellan det heliga och det profana. Kan vi skapa en förståelse av människans existens med Eliade och hur kan vi använda religionsfenomenologin som utgångspunkt för utforskandet av ”verkligheten”?  Uppsatsens vidare syfte är att förstå vilken roll shamanen har för religiösa världsbilder. Shamanens verksamhet och centrala uppgift  är att genom en extasteknik färdas till andra kosmiska plan, för att där få kunskap som annars inte kan nås. Två korta kapitel visar även  exempel på svensk religionsfenomenologisk forskning genom Åke Hultkrantz och Carl Johan Gurt.</p><p>De centrala frågorna är: Vad är shamanism? Hur ser Eliades filosofiska utläggning om människan ut? Finns Eliades teorier (genom Hultrantz och Gurt) förankrade/representerade i svensk religionsvetenskaplig forskning? Och, hur ser dagens religionsfenomenologiska forskning ut (genom Gurt)?</p>

This essay is a work on Mircea Eliades's interpretation of the religious human understood as "homo religiosus" and the role of the shaman from the Eliade perspective. In Eliade human existence consists of a dichotomy between the sacred and the profane. The question is whether one can understand the concept of Eliades “axis mundi”, center of the universe? Can we create an understanding of human existence with Eliade? Can one use  phenomenology of religion as perspective for the exploration of “reality”? Furthermore, this paper aims to understand the role of the shaman has religious worldviews. Shamaism  is through an ecstatic technique traveling to other cosmic plane, in order to gain knowledge that would otherwise not be reached. Two short chapters also show examples of Swedish religious phenomenological research by Ake Hultkrantz and Carl Johan Gurt. The key issues are: What is Shamanism? How can we understand  Eliades philosophical exposition of man as homo religosus? Are Eliades theories (by Hultrantz and Gurt) represented in the Swedish scientific research? And, what is today's religion phenomenological research (by Gurt)? / Denna uppsats är ett arbete om Mircea Eliades tolkning av den religiösa människan förstådd som homo religiosus och shamanens roll hos Eliade. Hos Eliade är den mänskliga existensen uppdelad i en dikotomi mellan det heliga och det profana. Kan vi skapa en förståelse av människans existens med Eliade och hur kan vi använda religionsfenomenologin som utgångspunkt för utforskandet av ”verkligheten”?  Uppsatsens vidare syfte är att förstå vilken roll shamanen har för religiösa världsbilder. Shamanens verksamhet och centrala uppgift  är att genom en extasteknik färdas till andra kosmiska plan, för att där få kunskap som annars inte kan nås. Två korta kapitel visar även  exempel på svensk religionsfenomenologisk forskning genom Åke Hultkrantz och Carl Johan Gurt. De centrala frågorna är: Vad är shamanism? Hur ser Eliades filosofiska utläggning om människan ut? Finns Eliades teorier (genom Hultrantz och Gurt) förankrade/representerade i svensk religionsvetenskaplig forskning? Och, hur ser dagens religionsfenomenologiska forskning ut (genom Gurt)?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALINE GRASIELE ARAUJO RAMALHO.pdf: 596067 bytes, checksum: 10c98b1456a39eae25cd36510d32a39e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-26 / This research investigates the symbolization process on Mircea Eliade s thought. The study on religious symbolism includes categories of the human as well as concepts and experiences with the sacred lived by the religious men. The world is revealed through symbols, in which it is possible to achieve a better understanding of the human being. This research assistson the understanding of religion as a phenomenonof the culture, whereas the symbolism reveals the mode of human being in the world. This work contemplates the proposal of Eliade s hermeneutics, which refers to a study for the search of meaning and significations in religious documents. Besides the understanding of the hermeneutical method, the possibility of a new epistemology of symbolwas examined. Eliade s propositionon religious symbolism is also explored in the identification of what is considered to be passive and dynamic in the process of religious symbolism, and how this dialectical relation happens. Passivity and dynamic are implicit categories on Eliade sthought,therefore this subject composes an hermeneutic effort to understand the author. The redefinition of religious symbolsis another step that had been observed in the process of symbolization. The redefinition is worked in respect to the experienced sense crisis in the contemporaneity. This is a work that highlights the importance of considering the various disciplines to the comprehension of the religious phenomenon, having a well-establishedphenomenological approach. As this research seeks to interpret the religious data in order toreach the essence or the structure that is present in all religious manifestations, we could say this research grasps both phenomenological and hermeneutical proposition. This study can be characterized by an interpretation of Eliade sthought, where systematization and new possibilities of readings of his worksare presented. / A pesquisa investiga o processo de simbolização no pensamento de Mircea Eliade. A investigação sobre o simbolismo religioso abrange as categorias do humano bem como as concepções e experiências com o sagrado, vivenciadas pelo homem religioso. O mundo se revela através dos símbolos, sendo possível através deles ter uma melhor compreensão do ser humano. A pesquisa auxilia na compreensão da religião enquanto fenômeno da cultura, considerando que o simbolismo revela o modo de ser humano no mundo. O trabalho contempla a proposta da hermenêutica eliadiana, que se refere a um estudo pela busca do sentido e das significações nos documentos religiosos. Além da compreensão do método hermenêutico foi verificada a possibilidade de indicação para uma nova epistemologia dos símbolos. A proposta de Eliade sobre o simbolismo religioso é também explorada na identificação do que há de passivo e dinâmico no processo de simbolização religiosa e como ocorre essa relação dialética. Passividade e dinâmica são categorias implícitas no pensamento de Eliade, portanto, essa temática constitui-se num esforço hermenêutico para compreender o autor. Outra etapa que foi observada no processo de simbolização foi a ressignificação dos símbolos religiosos. A ressignificação é trabalhada em relação à crise de sentidos vivenciada na contemporaneidade. Um trabalho que ressalta a importância da consideração das diversas disciplinas para compreensão do fenômeno religioso, mas que tem seu enfoque fenomenológico bem demarcado. Poderíamos dizer que a pesquisa abarca tanto as propostas da fenomenologia quanto da hermenêutica, na medida em que visa uma interpretação dos dados religiosos para se chegar à essência ou a uma estrutura que se encontra presente em todas as manifestações religiosas. A investigação pode ser caracterizada como uma interpretação do pensamento de Eliade, onde são apresentadas sistematizações e novas possibilidades de leituras de suas obras.

Many anthropological studies have shown the prevalence of the sacred in primitive societies, manifested primarily in significant gestures such as exchanges, rituals, festivals, and the use of time and space. Some studies, in particular those of Roger Caillois and Mircea Eliade, have demonstrated that traces of the sacred, though seemingly displaced, remain present in modern and secular societies. This thesis will examine and bring to light these remnants of sacred behavior in the contemporary settings of the stories of Gabrielle Roy, focusing primarily on food-sharing, gift-giving, and festivals. Each analysis presented will detail how different aspects of the sacred are manifested in contemporary, though fictional, society, and each will permit individuals to identify ways in which modern man, whether religious or secular, is still very connected to sacred practices.

The purpose of the present dissertation is to study the elaborations of the initiation myth in contemporary Italian author Alessandro Baricco. The theoretical and methodological framework consists mainly of Mircea Eliade’s phenomenological theory of initiation. It is argued that the categories of space and time are interdepent in religious thought and should thus be studied as a unit, through the notion of the chronotope. The dissertation therefore proposes to introduce the concept of the chronotope of initiation as an operative tool, the intersection of the theories of Eliade and Mikhail Bakhtin, for the literary subgenre of the initiation novel. A hermeneutical analysis of the novels Oceano mare, Emmaus and Mr Gwyn demonstrates that the initiation myth is present in all three novels. The symbolism of death and rebirth is coherently enacted as a movement via the categories cosmos-chaos-cosmos, for which the author uses the symbolism of the earth to define cosmos (regularity and structure) and water symbolism for the regenerating chaos (dissolution and renewal). The different chapters of analysis accentuate the interaction of space and time within the different phases of the initiation pattern: the profane, the threshold, the sacred, the centre (the place where the actual ritual is enacted) and the return, which are all defined as chronotopes. The analysis shows that although the chronotope of initiation – the concept intending the fusion of the temporal event of ritual at the spatial centre – assumes different forms throughout the corpus, its function remains unmodified, with its purpose being the creation of ontological change. In its inherent structure, the chronotope of initiation unites antithetical spatial and temporal characteristics. Spatially it unites infinite and dissolving chaotic space with the constitutive envelope or sacred vertical centre, and temporally it brings together the ultimative ontological change at a fixed, historical moment with the eternal, sacred, time opened by ritual, representing the coincidentia oppositorum of the sacred. The analysis also shows that the so-called “portraits of the ineffable”, present in all three novels, reflect the same qualities. As immanent works of art, they function as thresholds into the infinite. From a chronological perspective, the dissertation shows a modification of the initiation pattern in Baricco’s writing: from the classical form in Oceano mare, via a more realistic application in Emmaus, to the most elaborate, meta-literary adaption in Mr Gwyn. Nevertheless, the use of the pattern and its thematic coherence reveals that Baricco consciously elaborates on the pattern to suit the contemporary context.