The present thesis offers a new perspective on Holocaust memory in Greece by examining the ways in which divergent mnemonic representations about the Greek 1940s, as evidenced in polarized public contestation, influence the position of Holocaust in contemporary Greek collective memory. Adopting a micro-level case-study approach, the thesis focuses on the process of renaming a street in Salonika (or Thessaloniki), by examining public discourses around the issue. On the basis of theoretical elaborations in the area of collective memory, and through an application of Kubik and Bernhard's conceptualization of the politics of memory, a qualitative evaluation of Holocaust memory in Salonika is presented by attempting to categorize the memory regime emerging. It is assessed that the memory regime pertaining to the Holocaust is affected by the salience of pre-established memory regimes, occupies a secondary status in the wider mnemonic field and, what is more, is not unified. In such context, a problematic tendency to actually distort the historical record of the Holocaust, in the form of downplaying the complicity of local elites in the implementation of the Nazi genocidal policy, is also detected and explained as a repercussion of the specific dynamics at play whenever political actors engage in discussions about the Greek 1940s. All things considered, the study demonstrates that the official institutionalization of Holocaust memory on a commemorative level, a phenomenon observed during the past twenty years, should not be equated to the emergence of a cosmopolitan Holocaust memory in the country.

No description available.

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’évaluer le potentiel de la musique comme support mnémotechnique pour l’acquisition de nouvelles informations chez des personnes âgées saines et atteintes de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Les bénéfices de la musique sur la cognition ont souvent été mis en évidence, y compris chez des populations âgées ou atteintes de démence. Parallèlement, chez des sujets jeunes, l’idée que la musique peut servir de support pour la mémoire a été largement débattue. Pourtant, très peu d’études ont posé cette question auprès de populations âgées ou dans la démence, malgré le besoin persistant de stratégies d’intervention dans ce domaine. Dans le présent travail, deux études sont menées dans une cohorte de 8 participants atteints d’un stade léger de la maladie d’Alzheimer, et 7 participants âgés sains appariés en âge et niveau de scolarité. La première étude porte sur la mémoire verbale, et compare l’apprentissage et la rétention de paroles (textes inconnus) présentées de manière récitée ou chantée. Lorsque les paroles sont chantées, différents degrés de familiarité de la mélodie sont contrastés. Aussi, l’action motrice étant intimement liée à l’écoute musicale, nous contrastons deux procédures d’apprentissage impliquant (ou non) la production synchronisée des paroles à mémoriser pendant l’encodage : le participant est invité à chanter à l’unisson avec un modèle (ou à écouter simplement sans chanter). Les résultats de cette étude sont présentés et discutés dans les deux premiers articles de la partie expérimentale. Ils suggèrent globalement que la musique n’aide pas l’apprentissage en rappel immédiat ; un effet délétère est même observé lorsque la mélodie utilisée est non familière. Par contre, la musique favorise la rétention à long terme des paroles, principalement pour les participants MA. Elle ne semble cependant pas interagir avec la procédure d’apprentissage impliquant le chant à l’unisson. La seconde étude porte sur l’apprentissage de séquences de gestes. Suivant la même logique que dans la première étude, nous explorons l’influence d’un accompagnement musical (versus apprentissage en silence) et d’une procédure d’apprentissage avec production synchronisée (versus observation) des gestes durant l’encodage. Les résultats (article 3) ne montrent pas non plus d’interaction entre l’accompagnement et la procédure d’apprentissage, mais différents effets de chaque composante sur les deux groupes de participants. Effectuer les gestes en synchronie avec un modèle lors de l’encodage est bénéfique pour les sujets Contrôles, mais plutôt délétère pour les participants MA. Par contre, l’accompagnement musical favorise davantage l’apprentissage chez les sujet MA que chez les Contrôles. En discussion générale, nous discutons les implications de ces résultats pour la neuropsychologie fondamentale et clinique, et proposons notamment différentes recommandations visant à maximiser ces effets et à les rendre pertinents pour l’usage thérapeutique en stimulation cognitive. / This thesis research aims to test the potential of music as a mnemonic support for new learning in normal elderly and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) participants. Several studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of music on cognition in aging and dementia. At the same time, in young adults, the idea that music could serve as a mnemonic support is highly debated. Yet, very few studies addressed this question in aging or dementia. In the present work, we conduct two studies in a cohort of 8 mild Alzheimer’s disease and 7 matched control participants. The first study concerns verbal memory, and compares learning and different retention delays of lyrics (unknown texts) that are either spoken or sung. When lyrics are sung, different degrees of melody familiarity are contrasted. Moreover, as motor activity is strongly related to music, we compare two learning procedures that are either synchronized or not with the production of these lyrics during encoding: 1) participants sing in unison with the model or 2) participants hear the model without singing. Results of this study are presented and discussed in the first two articles of the experimental section. Globally, music does not show aid for learning measured in immediate recall; we even observed a harmful effect when lyrics are sung on a non-familiar melody. But music helps long-term retention of lyrics, particularly for AD participants. Nevertheless, music does not clearly interact with learning procedure involving unison singing. The second study of the thesis investigates the learning of gesture sequences. Similarly to the first study, we explore influence of music versus silence as background accompaniment, and synchronized production versus observation of gestures during encoding. Results (article 3) showed again no interaction between background accompaniment and learning procedure, but different effects of each variable on both groups. Learning gestures with synchronized production is beneficial for normal controls, but harmful for AD participants. On the other hand, musical accompaniment led to greater benefit for AD participants than for controls. In the general discussion, we present the implications of these results for fundamental and clinical neuropsychology. We propose some recommendations to maximize these effects and make them relevant for therapeutic care.

La présente étude vise à approfondir les connaissances relatives aux mécanismes neuronaux qui sous-tendent la maintenance de sons variant en hauteur dans la mémoire auditive à court terme (MACT), plus précisément lors de sa saturation. À cet effet, la technique des potentiels reliés aux évènements (PRE) en électrophysiologie a été utilisée. La sélection des participants s’est déroulée par l’entremise de deux expériences comportementales : l’une était une tâche de discrimination et l’autre, une tâche qui évaluait l’habileté générale des participants à réussir une tâche similaire à celle de l’expérience principale en électroencéphalographie (EEG). Les résultats comportementaux de notre tâche en EEG ont montré que la performance diminuait de façon significative plus la charge en mémoire augmentait (séquences de 2, 4, 6 et 8 sons) et que l’estimation de la capacité de la MACT mesurée par K augmentait entre 2 et 4 sons pour atteindre un plafond à 4 sons (effet plafond). Le K maximum étant de 2.84 sons, l’empan mnésique (EM) auditif semble être près de 3 sons. Les résultats électrophysiologiques ont montré que la composante électrophysiologique reliée à la maintenance de sons en MACT, la Sustained Anterior Negativity (SAN), était modulée par le nombre de sons à maintenir : son amplitude augmentait de 2 à 4 sons et ce, jusqu’à l’atteinte d’un plafond à 4 sons. Ces résultats suggèrent que la maintenance de sons additionnels dans la MACT n’est plus possible après sa saturation. Nous soutenons donc que la SAN est un index électrophysiologique de l’activité neuronale associée à la maintenance d’items auditifs dans la MACT et que son amplitude est un bon indicateur de la capacité individuelle de la MACT, estimée par K. Des résultats post-hoc ont démontré que les musiciens et les non-musiciens tendent à avoir des différences au niveau de la SAN, sans pour autant modifier l’effet de charge en mémoire. Une analyse qualitative et quantitative de l’utilisation des stratégies mnésiques ont permis de clarifier leur implication et leur nature au sein d’une tâche cognitive de mémoire, plus précisément en audition. Pour conclure, l’ensemble de ces résultats suggère également que la SAN est reliée à la maintenance de sons dans la MACT et ainsi, un bon indicateur de sa capacité. / The aim of the current study is to further understand, through the use of event-related potentials (ERPs), the neural mechanisms that underlie the maintenance of pitch in auditory short-term memory (ASTM) after reaching the memory span. Two behavioral experiments were used to help perform the selection of the participants: the first one was an evaluation of the acoustic discrimination and the second one was a general evaluation of participants’ ability to succeed to a similar task of the one that will be used in the electrophysiological (EEG) part of the experiment. Behavioral results from the EEG task showed a significant decrease in accuracy when the load increased (sequences of 2, 4, 6 and 8 tones). The estimation of the memory capacity (named K), increased from load 2 to 4 and reached a plateau after 4 tones. The maximum K represented 2.84 tones; the auditory span seems to be around 3 tones. Experimental results showed that the ERP component related to the maintenance of tones in ASTM, as measured by the Sustained Anterior Negativity (SAN), was modulated by the load. More specifically, its amplitude increased when the load increased (from 2 to 4) and reached a plateau at load 4. These results suggest that the maintenance of additional tones in ASTM is not possible after its saturation. Thus, the SAN appears to be an adequate electrophysiological index of neuronal activity related to the maintenance of tones in ASTM, and its amplitude appears to be predicted by K. Post-hoc results showed that musician and non-musicians tend to have some differences in their electrophysiological results; however, no change related to the load effect was observed. Finally, a qualitative and quantitative analysis was done to investigate the impact of the use of different mnemonic strategies in ASTM. Taking together, our results support that the SAN component is related to the maintenance of tones in ASTM and can be considerate as a good indicator of its capacity.

Nesta Dissertação exponho reflexões de mais de trinta anos de experimentação de processos de ensino e aprendizagem de ritmos populares. Utilizo o recurso da autoetnografia (Benetti 2017), e o conceito de \"participante analítico\". Ao estudar o samba como exemplo, proponho abordagens da rítmica dos seus instrumentos de percussão em sala de aula - ambiente novo para a transmissão dos conhecimentos ancestrais das expressões culturais populares. E transponho práticas dos contextos populares para o ambiente acadêmico, tais como a oralidade, a corporalidade e o entendimento das funções exercidas pelos padrões na estrutura rítmica do samba. O foco inicial do trabalho é a ludicidade (Huizinga 1938) como geradora da motivação para a abordagem de conteúdos musicais e corporais. Como estratégia de aprendizagem do samba, o texto propõe o uso de processos para a memorização dos padrões rítmicos (Kubik 1979b) e apresenta proposta de representação vocal dos instrumentos de percussão do samba. Os sons da voz e, depois, dos instrumentos de percussão, deverão gerar movimento no corpo do aprendiz, acessando assim a música-dança de modo transdisciplinar, importante para a apreensão integradora dos ritmos populares, onde o som é \"escrito\" nos corpos (Lühning 2001). Outra reflexão apresentada é de análise da estrutura de funções dos padrões rítmicos (\"levadas\") e suas influências em percepções verticais (pulsos corporais), e horizontais (fraseados). Emprego conceitos de Nketia (1975), Kubik (1979b), Pinto (2001), Sandroni (2001), Mukuna (2006), Fonseca (2017) e Leite (2017). O trabalho propõe a inclusão de visão transcultural dos ritmos populares (Ikeda 2016) em sua abordagem educacional, abrindo-se o foco para a amplitude da ocorrência do samba nos contextos. De ambientes matriciais da cultura brasileira, representados pelas religiões de matriz africana, e das versões rurais e praieiras do samba de roda, até as vertentes urbanas do samba, cujos praticantes referenciais \"beberam\" das fontes tradicionais. Para atestar as semelhanças e especificidades, inclui-se grades rítmicas desses três contextos culturais do ritmo. / By using an autoetnography resource (Benetti 2017), and the concept of \"analytic participant\", I organize reflections after more than thirty years of experimentation of the learning processes of popular rhythms. With samba music as focus, this work approaches rhythmic details from its percussion instruments in the classroom - a new environment for the transmission - transposing some fundamentals of popular culture. First comes the ludic impulse generating motivation (Huizinga 1938) and I propose mnemonic processes to vocalize sounds (Kubik 1979b) and generate movements in the body of apprentices. There is a wide meaning for a popular rhythm as music and dance, where sounds \"write\" even before accessing percussion instruments (Lühning 2001). Then, another fundamental is understanding the structure of the rhythm with patterns (\"levadas\') and their influence in vertical perceptions (body pulses), and horizontal perceptions (phrasing). I bring concepts from Nketia (1975), Kubik (1979b), Pinto (2001), Sandroni (2001), Mukuna (2006), Fonseca (2017) and Leite (2017). Finally, I work with apprentices a transcultural view for popular rhythms (Ikeda 2016), from three different samba contexts. Starting from Afro-Brazilian religious example and rural and beach Afro-Brazilian branches in samba-de-roda, up to the urban branch of samba, with participants who drank from that traditional fountain. Rhythmic grids of the three cultural contexts of the rhythm are included, to attest to the similarities and differences.

Nesta Dissertação exponho reflexões de mais de trinta anos de experimentação de processos de ensino e aprendizagem de ritmos populares. Utilizo o recurso da autoetnografia (Benetti 2017), e o conceito de \"participante analítico\". Ao estudar o samba como exemplo, proponho abordagens da rítmica dos seus instrumentos de percussão em sala de aula - ambiente novo para a transmissão dos conhecimentos ancestrais das expressões culturais populares. E transponho práticas dos contextos populares para o ambiente acadêmico, tais como a oralidade, a corporalidade e o entendimento das funções exercidas pelos padrões na estrutura rítmica do samba. O foco inicial do trabalho é a ludicidade (Huizinga 1938) como geradora da motivação para a abordagem de conteúdos musicais e corporais. Como estratégia de aprendizagem do samba, o texto propõe o uso de processos para a memorização dos padrões rítmicos (Kubik 1979b) e apresenta proposta de representação vocal dos instrumentos de percussão do samba. Os sons da voz e, depois, dos instrumentos de percussão, deverão gerar movimento no corpo do aprendiz, acessando assim a música-dança de modo transdisciplinar, importante para a apreensão integradora dos ritmos populares, onde o som é \"escrito\" nos corpos (Lühning 2001). Outra reflexão apresentada é de análise da estrutura de funções dos padrões rítmicos (\"levadas\") e suas influências em percepções verticais (pulsos corporais), e horizontais (fraseados). Emprego conceitos de Nketia (1975), Kubik (1979b), Pinto (2001), Sandroni (2001), Mukuna (2006), Fonseca (2017) e Leite (2017). O trabalho propõe a inclusão de visão transcultural dos ritmos populares (Ikeda 2016) em sua abordagem educacional, abrindo-se o foco para a amplitude da ocorrência do samba nos contextos. De ambientes matriciais da cultura brasileira, representados pelas religiões de matriz africana, e das versões rurais e praieiras do samba de roda, até as vertentes urbanas do samba, cujos praticantes referenciais \"beberam\" das fontes tradicionais. Para atestar as semelhanças e especificidades, inclui-se grades rítmicas desses três contextos culturais do ritmo. / By using an autoetnography resource (Benetti 2017), and the concept of \"analytic participant\", I organize reflections after more than thirty years of experimentation of the learning processes of popular rhythms. With samba music as focus, this work approaches rhythmic details from its percussion instruments in the classroom - a new environment for the transmission - transposing some fundamentals of popular culture. First comes the ludic impulse generating motivation (Huizinga 1938) and I propose mnemonic processes to vocalize sounds (Kubik 1979b) and generate movements in the body of apprentices. There is a wide meaning for a popular rhythm as music and dance, where sounds \"write\" even before accessing percussion instruments (Lühning 2001). Then, another fundamental is understanding the structure of the rhythm with patterns (\"levadas\') and their influence in vertical perceptions (body pulses), and horizontal perceptions (phrasing). I bring concepts from Nketia (1975), Kubik (1979b), Pinto (2001), Sandroni (2001), Mukuna (2006), Fonseca (2017) and Leite (2017). Finally, I work with apprentices a transcultural view for popular rhythms (Ikeda 2016), from three different samba contexts. Starting from Afro-Brazilian religious example and rural and beach Afro-Brazilian branches in samba-de-roda, up to the urban branch of samba, with participants who drank from that traditional fountain. Rhythmic grids of the three cultural contexts of the rhythm are included, to attest to the similarities and differences.

Die Erforschung der neuronaler Grundlagen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses (WM) fand breite Aufmerksamkeit, konzentrierte sich aber auf die Speicherung sensorischer Inhalte. Beweise für die kurzfristige Aufrechterhaltung abstrakter, verbaler oder kategorischer Informationen sind selten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der neuronalen Repräsentation von WM-Inhalten auf verschiedenen Abstraktionsebenen. Ich stelle hier drei empirische Studien vor, in denen fMRT, multivariate Musteranalyse oder probabilistische Modelle als Hauptmethoden eingesetzt wurden. Die erste Studie identifizierte kortikale Regionen, die den WM-Inhalt eines Skripts behielten. Chinesische Muttersprachler wurden gebeten, sich bekannte chinesische Zeichen zu merken, was die verbale Kodierung stark fördern. Die Ergebnisse zeigten links lateralisierte sprachbezogene Hirnareale als Kandidatenspeicher für verbale Inhalte. Die zweite und dritte Studie zielten darauf ab, die Hypothese zu testen, dass Farbe als eine Kombination aus einer visuellen Repräsentation und einer kategorischen Repräsentation gespeichert wird. Die zweite Studie verwendete ein sensorisches Kodierungsmodell und ein empirisch basiertes kategorisches Kodierungsmodell, um jeweils zwei Quellen neuronaler Repräsentationen zu charakterisieren. Farbinformationen wurden in drei farbbezogenen ROIs dekodiert: V1, V4, VO1, und insbesondere wurde eine Erhöhung der kategorischen Repräsentation in vorderen kortikalen Arealen beobachtet. In der dritten Studie wurde die verzögerte Verhaltensreaktion untersucht, die ein systematisches Bias-Muster zeigte; es wurde ein probabilistisches Dual-Content-Modell implementiert, das ein mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen hoch korreliertes Antwortmuster erzeugte; dies bestätigte die Hypothese der mnemonischen Dual-Content Repräsentation. Diese Studien zusammen schlagen eine Arbeitsteilung entlang der rostro-kaudalen Achse des Gehirns, die auf der Abstraktionsebene der gespeicherten Inhalte basiert. / Research on the neural basis of working memory (WM) has received broad attention but has focused on storage of sensory content. Evidence on short-term maintenance of abstract verbal or categorical information is scarce. This thesis aims to investigate neural representation of WM content at different levels of abstraction. I present here three empirical studies that employed fMRI, multivariate pattern analysis or probabilistic modeling as major methods. The first study identified cortical regions that retained WM content of a script. Native Chinese speakers were asked to memorize well-known Chinese characters which strongly facilitated verbal coding. Results indicated left lateralized language-related brain areas as candidate stores for verbal content. The second and the third studies aimed to test the hypothesis that color is memorized as a combination of the low-level visual representation and the abstract categorical representation. The second study utilized a conventional sensory encoding model and a novel empirical-based categorical encoding model to characterize two sources of neural representations. Color information was decoded in three color-related ROIs: V1, V4, VO1, and notably, an elevation in categorical representation was observed in more anterior cortices. In the third study, the delayed behavioral response was examined, which exhibited a systematic bias pattern; a probabilistic dual-content model was implemented, which produced response patterns highly correlated with experimental results; this confirmed the hypothesis of dual-content mnemonic representations. These studies together suggest a division of labor along the rostral-caudal axis of the brain, based on the abstraction level of memorized contents.

No description available.

This thesis evolves perception as a hypothesis to reframe architectural praxis negotiated through agent-situation interaction. The research questions the geometric principles of architectural ordination to originate the ‘felt_space infrastructure’, a relational system of measurement concerned with the role of perception in mediating sensory space and the cognised environment. The methodological model for this research fuses perception and environmental stimuli, into a consistent generative process that penetrates the inner essence of space, to reveal the visceral parameter. These concepts are applied to develop a ‘coefficient of affordance’ typology, ‘hypervigilant’ tool set, and ‘cognitive_tope’ design methodology. Thus, by extending the architectural platform to consider perception as a design parameter, the thesis interprets the ‘inference schema’ as an instructional model to coordinate the acquisition of spatial reality through tensional and counter-tensional feedback dynamics. Three site-responsive case studies are used to advance the thesis. The first case study is descriptive and develops a typology of situated cognition to extend the ‘granularity’ of perceptual sensitisation (i.e. a fine-grained means of perceiving space). The second project is relational and questions how mapping can coordinate perceptual, cognitive and associative attention, as a ‘multi-webbed vector field’ comprised of attractors and deformations within a viewer-centred gravitational space. The third case study is causal, and demonstrates how a transactional-biased schema can generate, amplify and attenuate perceptual misalignment, thus triggering a visceral niche. The significance of the research is that it progresses generative perception as an additional variable for spatial practice, and promotes transactional methodologies to gain enhanced modes of spatial acuity to extend the repertoire of architectural practice.