[pt] Hoje em dia é incontável o volume aplicações desenvolvidas para a World Wide Web. Essas aplicações possuem interfaces com o usuário que devem ser capazes de se adaptar a diversas situações de uso, mudanças de contexto e conteúdo e ainda ser compatíveis com vários navegadores e dispositivos. Além disso, o projeto e a manutenção de interfaces que necessitam de adaptações em função das regras de negócio da aplicação demandam boa parte do esforço exigido durante do ciclo de vida do desenvolvimento de uma aplicação. Para auxiliar no projeto dessas interfaces, algumas UIDL s (User Interfaces Description Languages) foram propostas com o intuito de oferecer um nível de abstração para que o projetista não precise focar a atenção em aspectos mais concretos durante o desenvolvimento de uma interface. Esse trabalho apresenta uma proposta para modelagem e geração de interfaces de aplicações web baseadas em regras de produção. Essas regras definem critérios para as situações de: acionamento de uma interface, seleção dos elementos que participam da composição abstrata e do mapeamento dos widgets concretos que serão utilizados na etapa de renderização. Essa proposta contempla um método para modelagem das interfaces, uma arquitetura de implementação e um ambiente de autoria e execução dos modelos de interface. Também será apresentada uma arquitetura para construção de widgets concretos, uma máquina de interpretação e renderização de interfaces. O objetivo geral da proposta é conseguir projetar interfaces mais sensíveis aos dados e aos contextos de uso, cobrir certas situações de adaptação e gerar interfaces mais flexíveis e reutilizáveis. / [en] Today there is a countless number of applications developed for the World Wide Web. These applications have user interfaces that should be able to adapt to several usage scenarios, content and context changes and also to be compatible with multiple browsers and devices. Furthermore, the design and maintenance of interfaces that need adjustments depending on the business rules of the application require much effort during the development life cycle of an application. In order to assist in the design of these interfaces, some UIDL s (User Interface Description Languages) have been proposed aiming at providing a level of abstraction so that the designer does not need to immediately focus attention on concrete aspects during the development of an interface. This work presents a proposal for modeling and generating interfaces of web applications based on production rules. These rules define criteria for situations determining the activation of an interface; for the selection the elements that participate in the abstract composition and also for the mapping of specific widgets that will be used in the rendering stage. The proposal contemplates a method for modeling interfaces, an implementation architecture and a framework for authoring and execution of the proposed interface models. An architecture is also presented for building widgets as well as a concrete interface interpretation and rendering machine from a hierarchy specification. The overall goal of the proposal is to design interfaces more responsive to data and contexts of use, including situations of adaptation, generating more flexible and reusable interfaces.

Domänenspezifische Sprachen (DSLs) sind Software-Sprachen, die speziell für bestimmte Anwendungsdomänen entwickelt wurden. Mithilfe von DSLs können Domänenexperten ihr Domänenwissen auf einem hohen Abstraktionsniveau beschreiben. Wie andere Software-Sprachen auch, benötigen DSLs Sprachwerkzeuge, die Assistenz bei der Erstellung und Verarbeitung von domänenspezifischen Modellen bieten. Eine domänenspezifische Werkbank (DSW) ist ein Software-Werkzeug, welches mehrere solcher Sprachwerkzeuge für eine DSL miteinander integriert. Existierende Werkzeuge, die es erlauben eine DSW aufgrund der Beschreibung einer DSL automatisch generieren zu lassen, unterstützen jedoch nicht die Beschreibung und Generierung von editierbaren Sichten. Eine Sicht ist ein Teil einer DSW, der nur einen bestimmten Aspekt eines Modells darstellt. Diese Dissertation stellt spezielle Modelltransformationssprachen (MTLs) vor, mit denen die Synchronisation von Sichten in einer generierten DSW beschrieben werden kann. Dadurch können DSWs mit editierbaren Sichten mittels existierender Werkzeuge zur Generierung von Sprachwerkzeugen erstellt werden. Dafür wird eine DSW für die Nanophysik-Domäne sowie eine Taxonomie von Synchronisationstypen vorgestellt, welche es erlaubt genau zu bestimmen, welche Art von Modelltransformationen für die Synchronisation von Sichten in dieser Werkbank benötigt werden. Entsprechend dieser Anforderungen werden zwei MTLs entwickelt. Insbesondere wird eine bidirektionale MTL entwickelt. Mit solch einer Sprache kann man eine Relation, welche definiert ob zwei Modelle synchron sind, so beschreiben, dass die entsprechende Synchronisationslogik automatisch abgeleitet werden kann. Die gezeigten MTLs werden als interne DSLs - das heißt eingebettet als ausdrucksstarke Bibliotheken - in der Programmiersprache Scala implementiert. Auf diese Weise kann Scalas Typprüfung genutzt werden, um Transformationen und deren Komposition statisch zu verifizieren. / Domain-specific languages (DSLs) are software languages which are tailored to a specific application domain. DSLs enable domain experts to create domain-specific models, that is, high-level descriptions of domain knowledge. As any other software languages, DSLs rely on language tools which provide assistance for processing and managing domain-specific models. A domain-specific workbench is an integrated set of such tools for a DSL. A recently proposed approach is to automatically generate a domain-specific workbench for a DSL from a description of that DSL. However, existing tools which apply this approach do not support to describe and generate editable domain-specific views. A view is a part of domain-specific workbench that presents only one aspect of a model, for example, its hierarchical structure. This dissertation presents special model transformation languages which support the description of view synchronization in a generated domain-specific workbench. This allows a multi-view domain-specific workbench to be created with existing tools for language tool generation. We present a generated domain-specific workbench for the nanophysics domain and present a taxonomy of synchronization types. This allows us to precisely define what model transformations are required for view synchronization in that workbench. According to these requirements, we develop two transformation languages by adapting existing ones. In particular, we develop a bidirectional transformation language. With such a language one can describe a relation which defines whether two models are in sync and let the synchronization logic be inferred automatically. We implement model transformation languages as internal DSLs - that is, embedded as expressive libraries - in the Scala programming language and use Scala''s type checking for static verification of transformations and their composition.

De nos jours, nous vivons dans un monde d'interactions. Nous sommes entourés d'appareils électroniques susceptibles de compliquer ces interactions. De plus, les utilisateurs sont dorénavant mobiles et évoluent dans des environnements changeant. Vis-à-vis de la collaboration, ces conditions peuvent inhiber la productivité. Ce projet de thèse vise à proposer des méthodes pour la conception d'interfaces utilisateur capables de tenir compte du contexte à travers l'utilisation d'interfaces adaptatives. La contribution principale de cette thèse consiste en un cadre de référence dirigé par les modèles pour la conception et l'exécution d'interfaces utilisateur adaptatives supportant des mécanismes de coordination (i.e. flux de travaux, conscience de groupe). La proposition se présente sous deux aspects : Un cadre méthodologique pour l'aide è la conception d'interfaces supportant la coordination. Il consiste essentiellement en l'emploi de méthodes de modélisation d'exigences métier via un processus itératif ; Un cadre technologique qui repose sur l'ingénierie basée sur les modèles pour permettre la génération et l'exécution d'interfaces utilisateur adaptatives. Il se base sur une architecture orientée widgets pour le support de la conscience de groupe afin de promouvoir la coordination / Nowadays, we live in a world of interactions. We are surrounded by electronic devices which tend to complexify user interactions. Moreover, users are now mobile and evolve in ever changing environments. Regarding collaboration, these conditions may inhibit productivity. This PhD aims to propose design methods for user interfaces able to consider the context through the use of adaptive user interfaces. The main contribution of this thesis consists in a model-driven reference framework for the design and the execution of adaptive user interfaces supporting coordination mecanisms (i.e. workflow, group awareness). The proposition is composed of these two facets: A methodologic framework to assist in the design of user interfaces supporting coordination. It consists in the use of iterative modelisation methods for requirements engineering; A technological framework which relies on model-based engineering to allow the generation and execution of adaptive user interfaces. It makes use of widget-based architecture to support group awareness in order to promote coordination

Verteilte Kommunikationssysteme haben in den letzten Jahren enorm an Bedeutung gewonnen, insbesondere durch die Vielzahl von Anwendungen in unserem Alltag. Die Heterogenität der Anwendungen und Anwendungsdomänen spricht für die Komplexität solcher Systeme und verdeutlicht die Herausforderungen, mit denen ihre Entwickler konfrontiert sind. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Unterstützung des Entwicklungsprozesses von Anwendungen für verteilte Kommunikationssysteme. Es gibt zwei Aspekte, die dabei berücksichtigt werden müssen. Der erste und offensichtlichste ist die Unterstützung der Entwicklung der Anwendung selbst, die letztendlich auf der vorhandenen verteilten Kommunikationsinfrastruktur bereitgestellt werden soll. Der zweite weniger offensichtliche, aber genauso wichtige Aspekt besteht in der Analyse der Anwendung vor ihrer eigentlichen Installation. Anwendungsentwicklung und analyse sind also "zwei Seiten der gleichen Medaille". Durch die Berücksichtigung beider Aspekt erhöht sich jedoch andererseits der Aufwand bei der Entwicklung. Die Arbeit kombiniert und erweitert vorhandene Technologien entsprechend dem modellgetriebenen Entwicklungsparadigma zu einer einheitlichen Entwicklungsmethode. Die Eigenschaften der Anwendung werden in einer vereinheitlichten Beschreibung erfasst, welche sowohl die automatische Überführung in Installationen auf echten Infrastrukturen erlaubt, als auch die Analyse auf der Basis von Modellen. Darüber hinaus wird der Entwicklungsprozess mit zusätzlicher Unterstützung bei der Visualisierung der Analyse ergänzt. Die Praktikabilität des Ansatzes wird anschließend anhand der Entwicklung und Analyse einer Anwendung zur Erdbebenfrühwarnung unter Beweis gestellt. / Distributed communication systems have gained a substantial importance over the past years with a large set of examples of systems that are present in our everyday life. The heterogeneity of applications and application domains speaks for the complexity of such systems and the challenges that developers are faced with. The focus of this dissertation is on the development of applications for distributed communication systems. There are two aspects that need to be considered during application development. The first and most obvious is the development of the application itself that will be deployed on the existing distributed communication infrastructure. The second and less obvious, but equally important, is the analysis of the deployed application. Application development and analysis are like "two sides of the the same coin". However, the separation between the two increases the cost and effort required during the development process. Existing technologies are combined and extended following the model-driven development paradigm to obtain a unified development method. The properties of the application are captured in a unified description which drives automatic transformation for deployment on real infrastructures and/or analysis. Furthermore, the development process is complemented with additional support for visualization to aid analysis. The defined approach is then used in the development of an alarming application for earthquake early warning.

In the Model-Driven Software Engineering (MDSE) context, software production can be performed by defining models. Despite the advantages of this methodology, different domains require specific support tools and modeling languages, which, in turn, must be developed along with the final software. Because of this, developers face problems when applying the method. The objective of this work is twofold: 1) to identify the most critical problems when developing with this method; 2) discuss and provide possible solutions to those problems. The critical problems were identified by performing a systematic mapping, empirical studies, collaborations and interviews with specialists. It has been identified that MDSE, according to basic literature, has an excessively high abstraction level which leads to a lack of adequate processes and developer training, besides the need for modeling tools. A new method is necessary to allow developers to treat models and source-code differently. Therefore, in this thesis, the need for evolving MDSE processes is discussed. In this manner, this work introduces a new development method described as a possible concrete evolution of MDSE that defines a paradigm for software development. This method is defined along with domain specific languages, a tool-chain and sample software systems. After conducting analytic and experimental studies, it has been concluded that these applications also represent a valuable contribution for implementing service-oriented systems which can be employed in real world applications. / No contexto da Engenharia de Software Dirigida por Modelos (MDSE), a produção de software pode ser realizada por meio de definições de modelos. Apesar dos benefícios desse método de desenvolvimento, diferentes domínios exigem a especificação de linguagens de modelagem e ferramentas específicas, que, por sua vez, precisam ser desenvolvidos em conjunto com o software final. Desta forma, desenvolvedores encontram problemas ao utilizar este método. Este trabalho possui duplo objetivo: 1) identificar os problemas mais críticos deste método; 2) discutir e fornecer possíveis soluções aos problemas. A identificação de problemas foi realizada por meio de um mapeamento sistemático, estudos empíricos, colaborações e entrevistas com especialistas. Foi identificado que MDSE, de acordo com a literatura básica, possui um nível de abstração excessivamente alto, acarretando em carência de processos adequados e de treinamento de desenvolvedores que vão além de problemas de necessidade de ferramentas de modelagem. Portanto, nesta tese, discute-se a necessidade de evoluir processos de MDSE que permita aos desenvolvedores uma nova forma de tratar modelos e código-fonte. Para tanto, neste trabalho também é descrito um novo método de desenvolvimento, descrito como uma possível evolução concreta do MDSE, o qual define um paradigma para desenvolver software. Este método é exemplificado em várias aplicações dentro deste trabalho. Após conduzir estudos analíticos e experimentais, concluiu-se que estas aplicações também possibilitam uma contribuição significativa no domínio de software orientado a serviços que podem ser empregadas em software do mundo real.

Especificações formais são úteis para descrever o que um sistema deve fazer sem definir como, e, em virtude da sua natureza formal e da possibilidade de abstração, é possível analisá-las sistematicamente. No entanto, o uso de especificações formais como parte do desenvolvimento de software não constitui prática comum. Isso se dá, em parte, pelo fato de existirem apenas um pequeno número de metodologias e ferramentas adequadas que dêem suporte a esse desenvolvimento. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia de desenvolvimento que possibilite, a partir de uma especificação formal em notação Z, produzir uma implementação dessa especificação em Java. Essa metodologia centra-se na geração do esqueleto da aplicação Java e na instrumentação desse esqueleto com mecanismos de verificação de condições (invariantes, pré e pós-condições) e rastreamento de violações dessas condições. Através desses mecanismos, possibilita-se intercalar desenvolvimento formal e informal no processo global de desenvolvimento de software. O segundo objetivo é desenvolver uma ferramenta que implemente parte dessa metodologia, produzindo uma implementação parcial que deverá ser complementada pelo usuário. / Formal specifications are useful for describing what a system should do, without defining how, and, owing to its formal nature, it is possible to analyse them systematically. However useful formal specifications are, their usage as part of the software development process is rather rare. This is, in part, due to the scarcity of both methodologies and tools that support this development. The first goal of this work is to define a software development methodology that enables the developer to produce a Java application from a formal specification written in Z. This methodology will rely strongly on the generation of Java application skeletons and instrumentation of the generated code with means of verifying conditions (invariants, pre and post-conditions) e tracing violations of these conditions. Through this mechanisms, it is possible to mix formal and informal development in the global software development process. The second goal of this work is to develop a tool that will implement part of this methodology, producing a partial implementation that must be complemented by the developer.

No contexto da Engenharia de Software para a Computação em Nuvem as pesquisas relacionadas ao tema são cada vez mais crescentes e investiga-se como a Computação em Nuvem influenciará no desenvolvimento de sistemas de uma maneira geral. A atividade de construir sistemas para nuvem é uma tarefa complexa, criar aplicações de múltiplas nuvens, sobretudo, no contexto do modelo de serviço Plataforma-como-um-Serviço(PaaS), é ainda mais agravada devido especificidades de plataformas de nuvem que podem tornar a tarefa de desenvolvimento repetitiva, custosa e dependente de um provedor específico. As abordagens dirigidas por modelos(MDE) resolvem alguns desses problemas, elas propõem que a modelagem e mecanismos de transformação utilizados para gerar código a partir de modelos são uma melhor maneira de desenvolver sistemas de software, ao invés da codificação pura. Portanto, visando investigar como combinar os benefícios da Computação em Nuvem alinhados ao MDE, foi desenvolvida uma abordagem dirigida por modelos para desenvolvimento de aplicações multi-PaaS. Em direção a este objetivo foi realizado um Estudo de Caso em colaboração com uma empresa da indústria. Essa colaboração permitiu a criação de implementações de referencia que possibilitaram o desenvolvimento de uma Linguagem Específica de Domínio (DSL) e metaprogramas que compõem a abordagem. Para avaliar a abordagem desenvolvida foi realizado um Estudo de Caso. Os resultados mostram que MDE pode não só resolver o problema, mas trazer benefícios adicionais em relação a abordagens tradicionais de desenvolvimento de sistemas. Este trabalho explora esses benefícios, apresenta uma maneira de unir recursos heterogêneos de nuvem por meio de uma abordagem dirigida por modelos e aplicações orientadas a serviço. / Cloud computing is a computational paradigm that has increasingly been used in various sectors of industry and academia. Researchers have been studying how cloud technologies can influence several areas of science and research. In the context of Software Engineering, the researches related to cloud are increasingly increasing. Researchers are studying how to develop better cloud services offerings and how to find a strategy for combining existing resources to build improved services and solve problems. Building cloud systems is a complex task, in the context of the Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS) cloud service model; this activity is further aggravated by cloud platform specificities that can make the task of development repetitive, costly,and platform-specific. Model-driven approaches (MDE) solve some of these issues; they propose that the modeling and transformation mechanisms used to generate code from models are a better way to develop software systems, rather than pure coding. Development with MDE is a comprehensive and relevant research area and needs to be better explored in a wide range of contexts. Therefore, in order to investigate how to combine the benefits of multi-cloud appications aligned to the MDE, we developed a model-driven approach to build multi-PaaS applications.Toward this objective, we performed a case study in collaboration with an industry company.This collaboration allowed the creation of reference implementations that enabled the development of a Domain Specific Language (DSL) and metaprograms that constitute the approach. To evaluate the approach, we performed a case study. The results show that MDE cannot only solve the problem, but also bring additional benefits over traditional systems development approaches. This work explores these benefits, presents a way to combine heterogeneous cloud resources through a service-driven model and application-driven approach.

L'Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles (IDM) place les modèles au cœur des processus de d'ingénierie logicielle et système. L'IDM permet de maitriser la complexité des logiciels et d'améliorer la rapidité et la qualité des processus de développement. Le Model Driven Architecture (MDA) est une initiative de l'Object Management Group (OMG) définissant un cadre conceptuel, méthodologique et technologique pour la mise-en-œuvre de flots de conception basés sur l'IDM. Le MDA s'appuie particulièrement sur une utilisation intensive des formalismes normalisés par l'OMG pour la mise-en-œuvre des flots IDM (UML pour la modélisation, QVT pour les transformations, etc.). Ce travail s'intéresse à la sémantique d'exécution du langage UML appliqué à l'exécution de modèles des applications temps réel embarquées. Dans ce contexte, l'OMG propose une norme qui définit un modèle d'exécution pour un sous-ensemble d'UML appelé fUML (foundational UML subset). Ce modèle d'exécution définit une sémantique précise non ambigüe facilitant la transformation de modèles, l'analyse, l'exécution de modèles et la génération de code. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier et mettre-en-œuvre un moteur d'exécution de modèles UML pour les systèmes temps réel embarqués en explicitant les hypothèses portant sur la sémantique d'exécution des modèles à un niveau d'abstraction élevé afin de permettre l'exécution d'un modèle le plus tôt possible dans le flot de conception de l'application. Pour cela, nous avons étendu le modèle d'exécution défini dans fUML, en apportant une contribution sur trois aspects importants concernant les systèmes temps réel embarqués : * Gestion de la concurrence: fUML ne fournit aucun mécanisme pour gérer la concurrence dans son moteur d'exécution. Nous répondons à ce problème par l'introduction d'un ordonnanceur explicite permettant de contrôler les différentes exécutions parallèles, tout en fournissant la flexibilité nécessaire pour capturer et simuler différentes politiques d'ordonnancements. * Gestion du temps : fUML ne fixe aucune hypothèse sur la manière dont les informations sur le temps sont capturées ainsi que sur les mécanismes qui les traitent dans le moteur d'exécution. Pour cela, nous introduisons une horloge, en se basant sur le modèle de temps discret, afin de prendre en compte les contraintes temporelles dans les exécutions des modèles. * Gestion des profils : les profils ne sont pas pris en compte par ce standard, cela limite considérablement la personnalisation du moteur d'exécution pour prendre en charge de nouvelles variantes sémantiques. Pour répondre à ce problème, nous ajoutons les mécanismes nécessaires qui permettent l'application des profils et la capture des extensions sémantiques impliquées par l'utilisation d'un profil. Une implémentation de ces différentes extensions est réalisée sous forme d'un plugin Eclipse dans l'outil de modélisation Papyrus UML. / Model Driven Engineering (MDE) places models at the heart of the software engineering process. MDE helps managing the complexity of software systems and improving the quality of the development process. The Model Driven Architecture (MDA) initiative from the Object Management Group (OMG) defines a framework for building design flows in the context of MDE. MDA relies heavily on formalisms which are normalized by the OMG, such as UML for modeling, QVT for model transformations and so on. This work deals with the execution semantics of the UML language applied to embedded real-time applications. In this context, the OMG has a norm which defines an execution model for a subset of UML called fUML (foundational UML subset). This execution model gives a precise semantics to UML models, which can be used for analyzing models, generating code, or verifying transformations. The goal of this PhD thesis is to define and build an execution engine for UML models of embedded real-time systems, which takes into account the explicit hypothesis made by the designer about the execution semantics at a high level of abstraction, in order to be able to execute models as early as possible in the design flow of a system. To achieve this goal, we have extended the fUML execution model along three important axes with regard to embedded real-time systems: - Concurrency: fUML does not provide any mechanism for handling concurrent activities in its execution engine. We address this issue by introducing an explicit scheduler which allows us to control the execution of concurrent tasks. - Time: fUML does not provide any mean to handle time. By adding a clock to the model of execution, we can take into account the elapsed time as well as temporal constraints on the execution of activities. - Profiles: fUML does not take profiles into account, which makes it difficult to personalize the execution engine with new semantic variants. The execution engine we propose allows the use of UML models with profiles, and interprets these profiles as semantic extensions of the execution model. An implementation of these extensions has been realized as an Eclipse plug-in using the Papyrus UML modeling tool.

L'engouement du grand public pour les applications mobiles, dont le nombre ne cessede croître, a rendu les utilisateurs de plus en plus exigeants quant à la qualité de cesapplications. Seule une procédure de test efficace permet de répondre à ces exigences.Dans le contexte des applications embarquées sur téléphones mobiles, le test est unetâche coûteuse et répétitive principalement à cause du nombre important de terminauxmobiles qui sont tous différents les uns des autres.Nous proposons dans cette thèse le langage MATeL, un DSML (Domain-Specific ModelingLanguage) qui permet de d’écrire des scénarios de test spécifiques aux applicationsmobiles. Sa syntaxe abstraite, i.e. un méta modèle et des contraintes OCL, permet auconcepteur de manipuler les concepts métier du test d'applications mobiles (testeur, mobileou encore résultats attendus et résultats obtenus). Par ailleurs, il permet d'enrichirces scénarii avec des points de variabilité qui autorisent de spécifier des variations dansle test en fonction des particularités d'un mobile ou d'un ensemble de mobiles. La syntaxeconcrète de MATeL, qui est inspirée de celle des diagrammes de séquence UML,ainsi que son environnement basé sur Eclipse permettent à l'utilisateur de concevoir desscénarii relativement facilement.Grâce à une plateforme de test en ligne construite pour les besoins de notre projet,il est possible d'exécuter les scénarii sur plusieurs téléphones différents. La démarcheest illustrée dans cette thèse à travers des cas d'utilisation et des expérimentations quiont permis de vérifier et valider notre proposition. / Mobile applications have increased substantially in volume with the emergence ofsmartphones. Ensuring high quality and successful user experience is crucial to the successof such applications. Only an efficient test procedure allows developers to meet these requirements. In the context of embedded mobile applications, the test is costly and repetitive. This is mainly due to the large number of different mobile devices. In this thesis, we describe MATeL, a Domain-Specific Modeling Language (DSML) for designing test scenarios for mobile applications. Its abstract syntax, i.e. a meta model and OCL constraints, enables the test designer to manipulate mobile applications testing concepts such as tester, mobile or outcomes and results. It also enables him/her to enrich these scenarios with variability points in the spirit of Software Product-Line engineering, that can specify variations in the test according to the characteristics of one mobile or a set of mobiles. The concrete syntax of MATeL that is inspired from UML sequence diagrams and its environment based on Eclipse allow the user to easily develop scenarios. MATeL is built upon an industrial platform (a test bed) in order to be able to run scenarios on several different phones. The approach is illustrated in this thesis through use cases and experiments that led to verify and validate our contribution.

Uma das principais responsabilidades da área de Engenharia de Requisitos é refinar requisitos em especificações. Em sistemas empresariais esse refinamento deve considerar o contexto empresarial no qual o sistema fará parte. Apesar de existirem algumas abordagens para refinar requisitos algumas delas até mesmo considerando o contexto empresarial essa tarefa é realizada manualmente. Baseado em conceitos de Engenharia Dirigida por Modelos, este trabalho propõe uma transformação semiautomática usando um modelo da empresa como modelo dos requisitos e um modelo de casos de uso como modelo das especificações. Para isso, considera-se que ao usar um modelo de empresa como origem dessa transformação é possível representar tanto os requisitos quanto os conhecimentos de domínio necessários para obter especificações através de uma transformação. Com isso, este trabalho apresenta os metamodelos de origem e de destino, um conjunto de regras de transformação e uma ferramenta que permite executar a transformação. Por fim, este trabalho também discute um experimento que foi executado para analisar alguns aspectos desta proposta. / One of the key responsibilities of Requirements Engineering is to refine requirements into specifications. For enterprise systems, this refinement must consider the enterprise context where the system will be deployed. Although there are some approaches for requirements refinement, some of them even considering the enterprise context, this task is executed manually. Based on Model-Driven Engineering concepts, this study proposes a semi-automatic transformation using an enterprise model as a requirements model and a use case model as a specifications model. For that, this work considers that using an enterprise model as a source it is possible to represent both the requirements and the domain knowledge that are necessary to obtain specifications through a transformation. Therefore, this study presents the source and target meta-models, a set of transformation rules, and a tool to support the transformation. Finally, this study also discusses an experiment executed to analyze some aspects of this proposal.