Zugl.: Bochum, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Univ., FB Wirtschaftswiss., Diss.--Hamburg, 2001. / Literaturverz. S. [193] - 208.

Pålitlighet och tillit identifieras som ett viktigt krav för att konsumenter skall lita på en webbplats. Typografi definieras som ett steg för att en webbplatts skall uppfattas som pålitlig. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka tidigare forskning och teorier inom typografi och kognitionsvetenskap för att syntetisera hur typsnitt kan inge pålitlighet. Studien vill undersöka vilka existerande typsnitt som har egenskaper vilka inger pålitlighet samt används på webben. Detta utfördes genom en utveckling av de kognitionsvetenskapliga teorierna Stereotypisk tillit och Kognitiv tillitsbildning för att få fram tre pålitliga element: pålitligaste varumärke, yrke och kön. Utifrån dessa tre element och deras typografiska motsvarigheter togs fem typsnitt fram, vilka är Monopol, Helvetica, Proxima Nova, Arial och Roboto. De identifierade linjärerna rekommenderas som typsnitt man skulle kunna använda för att applicera en pålitlig känsla på sin webbplats. Typsnittet i sig kan dock, enligt denna studie, inte inge pålitlighet utan det är en kombination av användning, erfarenhet och läsbarhet som gör att ett typsnitt kan bli pålitligt i en viss kontext. Här kan jag dock få fram att ett typsnitt bör stämma med sitt budskap för att uppehålla en nivå av pålitlighet. Förslag för vidare studier är att testa ifall dessa framtagna typsnitt inger en pålitlig känsla samt ifall sans-seriffer ses som pålitligare än seriffer.

1 Summary Key words: Natural monopoly, network industry, energy industry, regulation, liberalization, unbundling, third party access The present thesis sets out to explore the legal aspects of network industries and natural monopolies. It researches these aspects using the example of the energy sector (i.e. the power and gas industries), which is a typical example of a network industry. In terms of its geographical scope, the thesis focuses on the EU energy law and its specific application in the Czech Republic. The fundamental point of departure for the present thesis is a believe that energy law is closely intertwined with economic policy, and is appropriately interpreted only in the context of the concrete measures, tools, and concepts meant to reflect a nation's energy policy. The main driver of energy policy, and hence also of energy law, is a reform of the energy industry aiming at its liberalization. The key tools for its successful implementation are economic regulation, third party access, unbundling, and public administration by independent regulatory bodies. Firstly, the present thesis discusses the economic characteristics of network industries, that is most importantly the existence of a natural monopoly. The second part of the thesis outlines the background of liberalization and the related...

The intention of this thesis is to assess whether it is economically advantageous formation of water prizes with using elements of price discrimination. The first part of thesis defines the theoretical basis on which it is based on practical part. The analytic part is dealing with cost of production and distribution of water, prizes of water and adequate profit in company. There is also described the current situation in the market including legislation related to the issue. The last part is own proposals for pricing.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilken betydelse Systembolagets har haft för fem småskaliga vinimportörer i Sverige under coronapandemin. Studien ville även undersöka hur coronapandemin påverkat vinimportörernas försäljning samt vilka lärdomar vinimportörerna tar med sig av coronapandemin i sitt framtida arbete.  Studien genomfördes genom kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem småskaliga vinimportörer i Sverige. Syftet med intervjuerna var att lyfta de småskaliga vinimportörernas berättelser om hur de hanterat coronapandemin. Det empiriska materialet analyserades genom tematisk analys och resulterade i två teman – Vinimportörernas föreställning om Systembolaget och Passionen hos vinimportörer.  Resultatet visade att Systembolaget haft en stor betydelse i småskaliga vinimportörers hantering av coronapandemin. Importörerna som aktivt skiftat sin försäljning från restaurang till Systembolaget har kunnat rädda företagens ekonomi trots en kraftig minskad restaurangförsäljning. Vinimportörerna lärdomar av pandemin var en ökad krismedvetenhet, ett värde i att snabbt justera sin affärsmodell och att sprida riskerna i verksamheten. Genom att ha kunskap om processen av vinförsäljning till Systembolaget samt en förmåga att snabbt justera sin försäljning från restaurang till Systembolaget, föreslår studiens författare att småskaliga vinimportörer vara bättre förberedda inför framtida pandemier. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of Systembolaget for five small-scale wine importers in Sweden during the corona pandemic. The study also wanted to examine how the corona pandemic has affected the wine importers sales and their learnings from the corona pandemic.  The study was conducted using a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews with five small-scale wine importers in Sweden. The purpose of the interviews was to highlight the small-scale wine importer’s stories of how they handled the corona pandemic. The empirical data was analyzed through thematic analysis and resulted in two themes – The wine importers perception of Systembolaget and the passion of wine importers.  The results show that Systembolaget had great importance in the small-scale wine importers’ handling of the corona pandemic. The importers who actively shifted their sales from restaurants to Systembolaget had been able to save their companies’ financial results despite a reduction in restaurant sales. The wine importers learnings from the pandemic were an increased crisis awareness, the value of quickly adjusting their business model and spreading the risks in their business. By having knowledge of the process of wine sales to Systembolaget and an ability to quickly adjust their sales from restaurants to Systembolaget, the study’s authors suggest that small-scale wine importers can be better prepared for future pandemics.

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This bachelor’s thesis is about the reregulation of the Swedish pharmacy monopoly that occurred in July 2009. The study is examining the intentions of the reregulation, the Swedish pharmacy market as it is today and if there seems to be a correlation between these. The theory used for the study is the policy process and it serves as a way for the reader to gain a deeper understanding of the process between the preparations of the decision, and the evaluation of the solution that was implemented.  Through a policy analysis and by looking at documents carried out by government authorities the analysis lifts the intentions of the reregulation by interpreting its goals. By reading evaluating documents regarding the reregulation, it is possible to create a perception of the pharmacy market today. In the discussion the question regarding the correlation between these two is brought up and looked at. The result of the study shows that the outcome of the reregulation is not fully correlating to the intentions that was once written in preparing material for the decision. The reregulation was looking for efficiency, availability, lowering costs and creating a safe drug use for the costumers. After looking at the combined material not all goals have been achieved to its fullest.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to use relevant economic knowledge for the analysis of the key legal aspects of the natural monopoly, particularly the main theoretical aspects thereto. The interpretation is not limited to principle features, however, it covers also the related issues. The text is focused mainly on electricity and gas industries. Apart from applicable law and legal books, the relevant case law of the Constitutional Court and Supreme Administrative Court of Czech Republic has been also a significant source of knowledge hereto. The European Union legal regulations and expert opinions of the European Commission have been taken into account as well. The diploma thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is focused on economic aspects of the applicable law. It provides thorough overview concerning the model and its introduction into reviewed fields. The principal information, historical background and view of the critics are introduced. This chapter also labels the entities under the Czech law that are considered to be the natural monopolies. Furthermore, three basic fields of legal institutes that are subject to subsequent review are outlined. The second chapter defines elementary terms relevant for further research. Specifically, it covers the distribution,...

Sociologen Colin Crouch beskrev i sin bok ”Post-democracy” från 2004 om en demokrati i förändring, i rörelse bort från den dialogen mellan samhällsaktörer som demokratin tidigare byggt på, för att i ett postmodernt samhälle istället hamna i händerna på en politisk- och företagselit. Denna kvalitativa fallstudie tar sin ansats i begreppet postdemokrati för att studera datainsamlingen av samspelet mellan svenska staten, spelbolag och andra aktörer kring genomförandet av en ny spellag som började gälla i Sverige 1 januari 2019. Studiens syfte var att undersöka om, och i så fall på vilket sätt, empirin kunde ses som ett exempel på postdemokratiska processer i svensk politik. Processen mellan aktörerna belystes genom en granskning av dokument upprättade av regering, riksdag och dess myndigheter, spelbolagen, representanter för spelberoende, spelforskning samt medierapportering. Studien genomfördes med utgångspunkt i Colin Crouchs beskrivning av postdemokrati inom företagande, politik och medborgarskap samt statsvetaren Chantal Mouffes begrepp om ”politik” och ”det politiska”. Resultatanalysen visar på att delar av beslutsprocessen och efterspelet kan benämnas som postdemokratiska, samt att den bedrivna politiken utgår enligt Mouffes definition mer från de demokratiska principerna som handlar om frihet snarare än om jämlikhet. / Colin Crouch wrote in his book Post - democracy (2004) about democracy in crisis, the dialogue in the society was no longer between the citizens and politicians, but on its way back to the hands of the politics and business elite. This qualitative case study takes position in the concept post-democracy to study the interaction between the Swedish state, gambling companies and other actors, when the implementation of a new law regarding gambling began to apply as a law in Sweden 1 January 2019. The aim of the study was to investigate whether, and if so in what way, the data collection could be seen as an example of post-democratic processes in Swedish politics. The process between the actors is highlighted by a review of documents drawn up by the government, parliament and its authorities, bookmakers, representatives of gambling addiction, gambling research and media reporting. The study was carried out on the basis of Colin Crouch's description of post-democracy in business, politics and citizenship, as well as political scientist Chantal Mouffe's concept of "politics” and "the political". The results of the analysis show that parts  of  the decision-making process and the aftermath can be referred to as post-democratic, and that, according to Mouffe's definition, the policies pursued by Mouffe are more concerned with democratic principles that are about freedom rather than equality