We focus on characteristic traits recognition of the autor from his written text. This thesis, in particular, deals with the implementaion of Kreitler psychosemantics method. The result of our work includes our own vocabulary, that is used to assign one of the parameters from the method. Implemented solution is successful when used on a set of words that was used as a source for the vocabulary construction.

Alors que Twitter évolue vers un outil omniprésent de diffusion de l'information, la compréhension des tweets en langues étrangères devient un problème important et difficile. En raison de la nature intrinsèquement à commutation de code, discrète et bruitée des tweets, la traduction automatique (MT) à l'état de l'art n'est pas une option viable (Farzindar & Inkpen, 2015). En effet, au moins pour le hindi et le japonais, nous observons que le pourcentage de tweets « compréhensibles » passe de 80% pour les locuteurs natifs à moins de 30% pour les lecteurs monolingues cible (anglais ou français) utilisant Google Translate. Notre hypothèse de départ est qu'il devrait être possible de créer des outils génériques, permettant aux étrangers de comprendre au moins 70% des « tweets locaux », en utilisant une interface polyvalente de « lecture active » (LA, AR en anglais) tout en déterminant simultanément le pourcentage de tweets compréhensibles en-dessous duquel un tel système serait jugé inutile par les utilisateurs prévus.Nous avons donc spécifié un « SUFT » (système d'aide à la compréhension des tweets étrangers) générique, et mis en œuvre SUFT-1, un système interactif à mise en page multiple basé sur la LA, et facilement configurable en ajoutant des dictionnaires, des modules morphologiques et des plugins de TA. Il est capable d'accéder à plusieurs dictionnaires pour chaque langue source et fournit une interface d'évaluation. Pour les évaluations, nous introduisons une mesure liée à la tâche induisant un coût négligeable, et une méthodologie visant à permettre une « évaluation continue sur des données ouvertes », par opposition aux mesures classiques basées sur des jeux de test liés à des ensembles d'apprentissage fermés. Nous proposons de combiner le taux de compréhensibilité et le temps de décision de compréhensibilité comme une mesure de qualité à deux volets, subjectif et objectif, et de vérifier expérimentalement qu'une présentation de type lecture active, basée sur un dictionnaire, peut effectivement aider à comprendre les tweets mieux que les systèmes de TA disponibles.En plus de rassembler diverses ressources lexicales, nous avons construit une grande ressource de "formes de mots" apparaissant dans les tweets indiens, avec leurs analyses morphologiques (à savoir 163221 formes de mots hindi dérivées de 68788 lemmes et 72312 formes de mots marathi dérivées de 6026 lemmes) pour créer un analyseur morphologique multilingue spécialisé pour les tweets, capable de gérer des tweets à commutation de code, de calculer des traits unifiés, et de présenter un tweet en lui attachant un graphe de LA à partir duquel des lecteurs étrangers peuvent extraire intuitivement une signification plausible, s'il y en a une. / As Twitter evolves into a ubiquitous information dissemination tool, understanding tweets in foreign languages becomes an important and difficult problem. Because of the inherent code-mixed, disfluent and noisy nature of tweets, state-of-the-art Machine Translation (MT) is not a viable option (Farzindar & Inkpen, 2015). Indeed, at least for Hindi and Japanese, we observe that the percentage of "understandable" tweets falls from 80% for natives to below 30% for target (English or French) monolingual readers using Google Translate. Our starting hypothesis is that it should be possible to build generic tools, which would enable foreigners to make sense of at least 70% of “native tweets”, using a versatile “active reading” (AR) interface, while simultaneously determining the percentage of understandable tweets under which such a system would be deemed useless by intended users.We have thus specified a generic "SUFT" (System for Helping Understand Tweets), and implemented SUFT-1, an interactive multi-layout system based on AR, and easily configurable by adding dictionaries, morphological modules, and MT plugins. It is capable of accessing multiple dictionaries for each source language and provides an evaluation interface. For evaluations, we introduce a task-related measure inducing a negligible cost, and a methodology aimed at enabling a « continuous evaluation on open data », as opposed to classical measures based on test sets related to closed learning sets. We propose to combine understandability ratio and understandability decision time as a two-pronged quality measure, one subjective and the other objective, and experimentally ascertain that a dictionary-based active reading presentation can indeed help understand tweets better than available MT systems.In addition to gathering various lexical resources, we constructed a large resource of "word-forms" appearing in Indian tweets with their morphological analyses (viz. 163221 Hindi word-forms from 68788 lemmas and 72312 Marathi word-forms from 6026 lemmas) for creating a multilingual morphological analyzer specialized to tweets, which can handle code-mixed tweets, compute unified features, and present a tweet with an attached AR graph from which foreign readers can intuitively extract a plausible meaning, if any.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estudos em animais experimentais evidenciaram associações significativas entre esquistossomose mansoni e hipercolesterolemia. Estudos in vitro e in vivo já demonstraram que o colesterol é essencial para Schistosoma mansoni, embora este não tenha capacidade de sintetizá-lo. A captação é realizada a partir do ambiente (cultivo ou hospedeiro) através do tegumento. O colesterol está envolvido nos mecanismos de evasão do helminto contra a resposta imunológica, além de poder participar na modulação da sinalização celular e reprodução, estimulando os órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos como observado na fase aguda da infecção experimental. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se o mesmo fenômeno ocorre na fase crônica. Os helmintos foram recuperados de dez camundongos submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica ou padrão (controle) foram corados pelo carmin cloridrico e montados, individualmente, em lâmina histológica com bálsamo do Canadá. A preparação foi analisada por microscopia de campo claro nos seguintes caracteres: tegumento e o sistema reprodutor nos vermes machos (lobos testiculares, vesícula seminal, lobos testiculares supranumerários e canal ginecóforo) e, nas fêmeas (ovário, oótipo, útero, ovo, glândulas vitelínicas e espermateca). Posteriormente, algumas lâminas foram separadas para visualização pela microscopia confocal dos órgãos do sistema reprodutores acima descritos. Apesar de ter sido observado uma maior quantidade de espermatozoides, uma maior quantidade de oócitos sendo liberados no grupo da dieta, não houve diferença estatística significativa (p>0,05) entre os grupos analisados. Houve um aumento na oogênese como observado na fase aguda. Dessa forma, o colesterol pode estar relacionado com a estimulação na atividade dos órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos na fase crônica da infecção. / Studies in experimental animals showed significant associations between with schistosomiasis and hypercholesterolemia. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that cholesterol is essential for Schistosoma mansoni, although this is not able to synthesize it. The capture is carried out from the environment (cultivation or host) through the tegument. The capture is carried out from the middle (cultivation or host) through the tegument. Cholesterol is involved in the helminth evasion mechanisms against the immune response, and can participate in the modulation of cell signaling and reproduction of worms by stimulating the reproductive organs of adult worms as observed in the acute phase of experimental infection. This study aims to evaluate whether the same phenomenon occurs in the chronic phase. Helminthes recovered from ten mice subjected to high fat diet or standard (control) were stained with hydrochloric carmine and mounted individually on histological slide with Canada balsam. The preparation was analyzed by bright field microscopy the following characteristics: oral sucker and ventral sucker, tubercles on tegument and the reproductive system in male worms (lobes testicular, seminal vesicles, supernumerary testicular lobes and gynaecophoric canal), and in females (ovary, ootype, uterus, egg, vitelline glands and spermatheca). Subsequently, some slides were separated for confocal microscopy for visualization of the organs of the reproductive system described above. Despite having been observed a higher amount of sperm, a larger number of oocytes are released in the diet group, there was no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) between the groups. There was an increase in oogenesis as observed in the acute phase. Thus, cholesterol may be related to the stimulation of the activity of the reproductive organs of adult helminths in the chronic phase of infection.

This thesis deals with Swedish full text retrieval and the problem of morphological variation of query terms in thedocument database. The study is an information retrieval experiment with a test collection. While no Swedish testcollection was available, such a collection was constructed. It consists of a document database containing 161,336news articles, and 52 topics with four-graded (0, 1, 2, 3) relevance assessments. The effects of indexing strategy-query term combination on retrieval effectiveness were studied. Three of five testedmethods involved indexing strategies that used conflation, in the form of normalization. Further, two of these threecombinations used indexing strategies that employed compound splitting. Normalization and compound splittingwere performed by SWETWOL, a morphological analyzer for the Swedish language. A fourth combinationattempted to group related terms by right hand truncation of query terms. A search expert performed the truncation.The four combinations were compared to each other and to a baseline combination, where no attempt was made tocounteract the problem of morphological variation of query terms in the document database. Two situations were examined in the evaluation: the binary relevance situation and the multiple degree relevancesituation. With regard to the binary relevance situation, where the three (positive) relevance degrees (1, 2, 3) weremerged into one, and where precision was used as evaluation measure, the four alternative combinationsoutperformed the baseline. The best performing combination was the combination that used truncation. Thiscombination performed better than or equal to a median precision value for 41 of the 52 topics. One reason for therelatively good performance of the truncation combination was the capacity of its queries to retrieve different partsof speech. In the multiple degree relevance situation, where the three (positive) relevance degrees were retained, retrievaleffectiveness was taken to be the accumulated gain the user receives by examining the retrieval result up to givenpositions. The evaluation measure used was nDCG (normalized cumulated gain with discount). This measurecredits retrieval methods that (1) rank highly relevant documents higher than less relevant ones, and (2) rankrelevant (of any degree) documents high. With respect to (2), nDCG involves a discount component: a discount withregard to the relevance score of a relevant (of any degree) document is performed, and this discount is greater andgreater, the higher position the document has in the ranked list of retrieved documents. In the multiple degree relevance situation, the five combinations were evaluated under four different user scenarios,where each scenario simulated a certain user type. Again, the four alternative combinations outperformed thebaseline, for each user scenario. The truncation combination had the best performance under each user scenario.This outcome agreed with the performance result in the binary relevance situation. However, there were alsodifferences between the two relevance situations. For 25 percent of the topics and with regard to one of the four userscenarios, the set of best performing combinations in the binary relevance situation was disjunct from the set of bestperforming combinations in the multiple degree relevance situation. The user scenario in question was such thatalmost all importance was placed on highly relevant documents, and the discount was sharp. The main conclusion of the thesis is that normalization and right hand truncation (performed by a search expert)enhanced retrieval effectiveness in comparison to the baseline, irrespective of which of the two relevance situationswe consider. Further, the three indexing strategy-query term combinations based on normalization were almost asgood as the combination that involves truncation. This holds for both relevance situations. / <p>QC 20150813</p>

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή έχει ως στόχο τη μελέτη του ρηματικού συστήματος του κερκυραϊκού ιδιώματος και τη διερεύνηση των ιδιαιτεροτήτων του. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας παρατίθενται ιστορικά στοιχεία των οποίων η αναφορά έχει στόχο να διαφωτίσει τους σταθμούς εκείνους της ιστορίας της Κέρκυρας που τη διαφοροποιούν από την υπόλοιπη Ελλάδα και που έχουν ορατό αντίκτυπο γενικότερα στη μορφολογία του τοπικού ιδιώματος και συγκεκριμένα στη ρηματική μορφολογία. Ο εκτεταμένος δανεισμός από τη διάλεκτο της Βενετίας, εκτός του ότι άφησε ανεξίτηλα τα σημάδια του στο τοπικό λεξιλόγιο εμπλουτίζοντάς το, είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την εισαγωγή νέων μορφημάτων, θεμάτων και προσφυμάτων, η δυναμική παρουσία των οποίων έχει συντελέσει κατά ένα μέρος ακόμα και στην αναδιάρθρωση του συστήματος των κλιτικών τάξεων. Από την άλλη μεριά, ο ερχομός πληθυσμών από την υπόλοιπη Ελλάδα και η εγκατάστασή τους στα χωριά της Κέρκυρας συνέτεινε στον περιορισμό της διάδοσης των δανείων στην ύπαιθρο χώρα και στην εδραίωση πιθανόν κάποιων «καθαρών» ελληνικών στοιχείων. Δεδομένου ότι οι διάλεκτοι/ τα ιδιώματα που απέχουν αρκετά από τον εθνικό κορμό π.χ. τα ποντιακά και οι διάλεκτοι των ελληνόφωνων χωριών της Κάτω Ιταλίας (Mackridge, 1997) συνήθως ακολουθούν μια κάπως ανεξάρτητη γλωσσική πορεία, δεν είναι περίεργο το γεγονός ότι η Κέρκυρα, λόγω της γεωγραφικής της θέσης, παρουσιάζει πολλές ιδιαιτερότητες στο τοπικό ιδίωμα, όπως π.χ. η διάσωση και η αδιάκοπη χρήση αρχαιοελληνικών ρηματικών τύπων στην θέση των αντίστοιχων νεοελληνικών. Στη συνέχεια από το τρίτο κεφάλαιο και εξής επιχειρείται μια αμιγώς μορφολογική ανάλυση των γλωσσικών δεδομένων. Δεχόμενη τη διάκριση των ρημάτων σε κλιτικές τάξεις που προτείνει η Ralli (1988), θα εξετάσω τις ιδιαιτερότητες που εμφανίζει το κλιτικό παράδειγμα στο κερκυραϊκό ιδίωμα και τις αποκλίσεις του από την Κοινή Νέα Ελληνική. Στηριζόμενη στην ανάλυση της Ralli (2005) σχετικά με το ρόλο της θεματικής αλλομορφίας ως προς τη διαμόρφωση του κλιτικού παραδείγματος και την επακόλουθη τάση για ομαλοποίηση του συστήματος, θα εξετάσω τον τρόπο με τον οποίο λειτουργεί η θεματική αλλομορφία στο κερκυραϊκό ιδίωμα και τις επιπτώσεις που έχει στο ρηματικό σύστημα, εξετάζοντας την τάση για αναδόμηση του συστήματος των κλιτικών τάξεων (4ο κεφάλαιο). Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο, θα αναφερθούμε στο ιδιαίτερο φαινόμενο της υποχρεωτικής αύξησης στους παρελθοντικούς χρόνους που εμφανίζονται στο ρηματικό σύστημα του κερκυραϊκού ιδιώματος. Το επόμενο κεφάλαιο είναι αφιερωμένο στην Παραγωγή. Αφου παρουσιαστούν τα συνήθη παραγωγικά επιθήματα, θα γίνει μια εκτενής αναφορά στο δάνειο επίθημα –αρω που παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερα υψηλή παραγωγικότητα. Τέλος, στο παράρτημα της εργασίας, αναφέρομαι στις γραπτές πηγές που χρησιμοποίησα για να συλλέξω τα απαραίτητα γλωσσικά δεδομένα. / The main aim of this master thesis is to investigate the particularities that are observed in the dialect of Corfu concerning the verbal system. The corfiot dialect is a member of the Ionian Sea dialects in Greece. Due to its historical background, the island of Corfu has followed a separate route, which influences dramatically the spoken language until today and differentiates it from Standard Modern Greek. This master thesis is orientated to morphological analysis. It is divided into six chapters. The first two chapters are introductory and afford information about the historical background, emphasizing on the extended borrowing coming from the dialect of Venice, and the main discernible dialectal characteristics of the today spoken language in Corfu. The next four chapters are dedicated to morphological analysis. Having noticed the main divergencies that are observed in the inflectional paradigm in the local dialect, I will examine the factors that play a crucial role in the formation of the corfiot inflectional paradigm. Having taken into serious consideration the proposal of Ralli (1988) concerning the verbal classification according to which the allomorphic pattern that verbs present classifies them into two main classes, and the proposal of Ralli (2005) referring to the way that the allomorphic pattern determines the reconstruction of the system of inflectional classes (functioning as an inflectional class demarcator), I will try to apply these proposals to my linguistic data coming from the Corfiot verbal system. Furthermore, having ended the morphological analysis for the trends that are visible and concern Inflection, I will examine the obligatory presence of the verbal augment in the corfiot dialect. In the sixth chapter, I will make some comments on the productivity of several derivational suffixes and I will focus my interest on the extremely productive derivational suffix –aro (which has italian origin). At the end of this master thesis, there is an extended appendix, in which I refer to the written material on which I based my morphological analysis.

Weight growth has been a significant factor in nearly every space and launch vehicle development program. In order to account for weight growth, program managers allocate a design margin. However, methods of estimating design margin are not well suited for the task of assigning a design margin for a novel concept. In order to address this problem, a hybrid method of estimating margin is developed. This hybrid method utilizes range estimating, a well-developed method for conducting a bottom-up weight analysis, and a new forecasting technique known as executable morphological analysis. Executable morphological analysis extends morphological analysis in order to extract quantitative information from the morphological field. Specifically, the morphological field is extended by adding attributes (probability and mass impact) to each condition. This extended morphological field is populated with alternate baseline options with corresponding probabilities of occurrence and impact. The overall impact of alternate baseline options can then be estimated by running a Monte Carlo analysis over the extended morphological field. This methodology was applied to two sample problems. First, the historical design changes of the Space Shuttle Orbiter were evaluated utilizing original mass estimates. Additionally, the FAST reference flight system F served as the basis for a complete sample problem; both range estimating and executable morphological analysis were performed utilizing the work breakdown structure created during the conceptual design of this vehicle.

Urban public spaces have always been subjected to physical, economical,social, political and cultural transformations of the city. These changing dynamics could cause decay in the spatial qualities and could also lead to a loss of values and identities of urban spaces, especially in public spaces. This thesis explores the qualities of a particular urban space in Istanbul: the Emin&ouml / n&uuml / Square. Providing a guideline for the future urban design projects,the structure and the identity of the historical public space is aimed in this thesis. Firstly, in order to evaluate the qualities of urban public space a method of analysis has been developed in the study. For this purpose, the urban design theories and their methodologies of analysis have been discussed with respect to three main headings: urban form, urban activity and urban image. Furthermore, as parallel to this purpose, the criteria of the quality of urban space are developed by the help of the morphological, visual and perceptual analyses. In the second stage, the formation-transformation processes of the Emin&ouml / n&uuml / Square, spatial dynamics and urban operations have been discussed within the framework of the method of analysis in a historical aspect. The results of the analyses show that the spatial dynamics and the urban operations affected the quality of the Square negatively in all formal, visual,social and perceptual aspects. In other words, the Emin&ouml / n&uuml / Square lost its well-defined formal structure and transformed to a space which is deprived of activity structure and legible identity.

Les entreprises aéronautiques ont un besoin continu de générer de grands et complexes modèles de simulation, en particulier pour simuler le comportement structurel de sous-systèmes de leurs produits. Actuellement, le pré-traitement des modèles de Conception Assistée par Ordinateur (CAO) issus des maquettes numériques de ces sous-systèmes en Modèles Eléments Finis (MEF), est une tâche qui demande de longues heures de travail de la part des ingénieurs de simulation, surtout lorsque des idéalisations géométriques sont nécessaires. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse consiste à définir les principes et les opérateurs constituant la chaîne numérique qui permettra, à partir de maquettes numériques complexes, de produire des géométries directement utilisables pour la génération de maillages éléments finis d'une simulation mécanique. A partir d'une maquette numérique enrichie d'information sur les interfaces géométriques entre composants et d'information sur les propriétés fonctionnelles de l'assemblage, l'approche proposée dans ce manuscrit est d'ajouter un niveau supplémentaire d'enrichissement en fournissant une représentation structurelle de haut niveau de la forme des composants CAO. Le principe de cet enrichissement est d'extraire un graphe de construction de modèles CAO B-Rep de sorte que les processus de génération de forme correspondants fournissent des primitives volumiques directement adaptées à un processus d'idéalisation. Ces primitives constituent la base d'une analyse morphologique qui identifie dans les formes des composants à la fois des sous-domaines candidats à l'idéalisation mais également les interfaces géométriques qui leurs sont associées. Ainsi, les modèles de composants et leurs représentations géométriques sont structurés. Ils sont intégrés dans la maquette numérique enrichie qui est ainsi contextualisée pour la simulation par EF. De cette maquette numérique enrichie, les objectifs de simulation peuvent être utilisés pour spécifier les opérateurs géométriques adaptant les composants et leurs interfaces lors de processus automatiques de préparation d'assemblages. Ainsi, un nouveau procédé d'idéalisation de composant unitaire est proposé. Il bénéficie de l'analyse morphologique faite sur le composant lui fournissant une décomposition en sous-domaines idéalisables et en interfaces. Cette décomposition est utilisée pour générer les modèles idéalisés de ces sous-domaines et les connecter à partir de l'analyse de leurs interfaces, ce qui conduit à l'idéalisation complète du composant. Enfin, le processus d'idéalisation est étendu au niveau de l'assemblage et évolue vers une méthodologie de pré-traitement automatique de maquettes numériques. Cette méthodologie vise à exploiter l'information fonctionnelle de l'assemblage et les informations morphologiques des composants afin de transformer à la fois des groupes de composants associés à une même fonction ainsi que de traiter les transformations d'idéalisation de l'assemblage. Pour démontrer la validité de la méthodologie, des opérateurs géométriques sont développés et testés sur des cas d'application industriels. / Aeronautical companies face a significant increase in complexity and size of simulation models especially at the level of assemblies, sub-systems of their complex products. Pre-processing of Computer Aided Design (CAD) models derived from the digital representation of sub-systems, i.e., Digital Mock-Ups (DMUs), into Finite Elements Analysis (FEA) models requires usually many tedious manual tasks of model preparation and shape transformations, in particular when idealizations of components or assemblies have to be produced. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to make a contribution to the robust automation of the time-consuming sequences of assembly preparation processes. Starting from an enriched DMU with geometrical interfaces between components and functional properties, the proposed approach takes DMU enrichment to the next level by structuring components' shapes. This approach extracts a construction graph from B-Rep CAD models so that the corresponding generative processes provide meaningful volume primitives for idealization application. These primitives form the basis of a morphological analysis which identifies the sub-domains for idealization in the components' shapes and their associated geometric interfaces. Subsequently, models of components as well as their geometric representation get structured in an enriched DMU which is contextualized for FEA application. Based on this enriched DMU, simulation objectives can be used to specify geometric operators that can be robustly applied to automate components and interfaces shape transformations during an assembly preparation process. A new idealization process of standalone components is proposed while benefiting from the decomposition into sub-domains and their geometric interfaces provided by the morphological analysis of the component. Interfaces between sub-domains are evaluated to robustly process the connections between the idealized sub-domains leading to the complete idealization of the component. Finally, the scope of the idealization process is extended to shape transformations at the assembly level and evolves toward a methodology of assembly pre-processing. This methodology aims at exploiting the functional information of the assembly and interfaces between components to perform transformations of groups of components and assembly idealizations. In order to prove the applicability of the proposed methodology, corresponding operators are developed and successfully tested on industrial use-cases.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estudos em animais experimentais evidenciaram associações significativas entre esquistossomose mansoni e hipercolesterolemia. Estudos in vitro e in vivo já demonstraram que o colesterol é essencial para Schistosoma mansoni, embora este não tenha capacidade de sintetizá-lo. A captação é realizada a partir do ambiente (cultivo ou hospedeiro) através do tegumento. O colesterol está envolvido nos mecanismos de evasão do helminto contra a resposta imunológica, além de poder participar na modulação da sinalização celular e reprodução, estimulando os órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos como observado na fase aguda da infecção experimental. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se o mesmo fenômeno ocorre na fase crônica. Os helmintos foram recuperados de dez camundongos submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica ou padrão (controle) foram corados pelo carmin cloridrico e montados, individualmente, em lâmina histológica com bálsamo do Canadá. A preparação foi analisada por microscopia de campo claro nos seguintes caracteres: tegumento e o sistema reprodutor nos vermes machos (lobos testiculares, vesícula seminal, lobos testiculares supranumerários e canal ginecóforo) e, nas fêmeas (ovário, oótipo, útero, ovo, glândulas vitelínicas e espermateca). Posteriormente, algumas lâminas foram separadas para visualização pela microscopia confocal dos órgãos do sistema reprodutores acima descritos. Apesar de ter sido observado uma maior quantidade de espermatozoides, uma maior quantidade de oócitos sendo liberados no grupo da dieta, não houve diferença estatística significativa (p>0,05) entre os grupos analisados. Houve um aumento na oogênese como observado na fase aguda. Dessa forma, o colesterol pode estar relacionado com a estimulação na atividade dos órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos na fase crônica da infecção. / Studies in experimental animals showed significant associations between with schistosomiasis and hypercholesterolemia. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that cholesterol is essential for Schistosoma mansoni, although this is not able to synthesize it. The capture is carried out from the environment (cultivation or host) through the tegument. The capture is carried out from the middle (cultivation or host) through the tegument. Cholesterol is involved in the helminth evasion mechanisms against the immune response, and can participate in the modulation of cell signaling and reproduction of worms by stimulating the reproductive organs of adult worms as observed in the acute phase of experimental infection. This study aims to evaluate whether the same phenomenon occurs in the chronic phase. Helminthes recovered from ten mice subjected to high fat diet or standard (control) were stained with hydrochloric carmine and mounted individually on histological slide with Canada balsam. The preparation was analyzed by bright field microscopy the following characteristics: oral sucker and ventral sucker, tubercles on tegument and the reproductive system in male worms (lobes testicular, seminal vesicles, supernumerary testicular lobes and gynaecophoric canal), and in females (ovary, ootype, uterus, egg, vitelline glands and spermatheca). Subsequently, some slides were separated for confocal microscopy for visualization of the organs of the reproductive system described above. Despite having been observed a higher amount of sperm, a larger number of oocytes are released in the diet group, there was no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) between the groups. There was an increase in oogenesis as observed in the acute phase. Thus, cholesterol may be related to the stimulation of the activity of the reproductive organs of adult helminths in the chronic phase of infection.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Danyela de Cassia OKKK.pdf: 2919329 bytes, checksum: 4b028560fcc6452756935db2cfeae5d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-04 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / A toxidez de ferro é um dos principais estresses abióticos que afetam a cultura do arroz irrigado, sendo importante a caracterização da resposta de genótipos ao excesso de ferro. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram selecionar entre os caracteres morfológicos estudados, aqueles que possibilitem discriminar as cultivares quanto ao estresse por ferro; selecionar a concentração que pudesse separar as cultivares sensíveis das tolerantes a partir de caracteres morfológicos de plantas cultivadas em sistema hidropônico. Foram realizados dois experimentos similares que diferiram apenas no tempo de exposição ao estresse por ferro, sendo que no experimento 1, as plântulas foram submetidas as concentrações de ferro por sete dias; no experimento 2, as plântulas foram mantidas na condição de estresse por 14 dias. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os experimentos foram realizados no Laboratório de Cultivo Hidropônico e Duplo Haplóides do Centro de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento, FAEM/UFPel, em tanque de cultivo hidropônico. Foram avaliadas seis cultivares comerciais de arroz irrigado, previamente caracterizadas quanto à toxidez por ferro em condições de campo, sendo sensíveis (BR-IRGA 409, BR-IRGA 410, IRGA 417), medianamente sensível (BRS Atalanta) e tolerantes (EPAGRI 107, BRS Querência). Para a instalação de cada experimento as sementes foram desinfestadas e colocadas para germinar em BOD (câmara de germinação) com temperatura de 25ºC, com fotoperíodo de 16 horas e umidade relativa de 100% por 96 horas. Para ambos os experimentos as plantas foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico por condição por 14 dias, na solução nutritiva. No décimo quinto dia as plantas foram submetidas aos tratamentos, sendo a concentração controle (solução nutritiva), concentração 400 (solução nutritiva + 400 mg L-1 de FeSO4.7 H2O), concentração 800 (solução nutritiva + 800 mg L-1 de FeSO4.7 H2O) e a concentração 1200 (solução nutritiva + 1200 mg L-1 de FeSO4.7 H2O). Para o experimento1, os baldes permaneceram na condição de estresse por 7 dias, enquanto que no experimento 2 baldes permaneceram na condição de estresse por 14 dias. No experimento1, as avaliações se procederam no oitavo dia, para o experimento 2, as avaliações se procederam no décimo quinto dia de estresse. Os caracteres avaliados foram: comprimento de raiz (CR), comprimento da parte aérea (CPA), número de raízes (NR), comprimento da primeira folha (CPF), comprimento da segunda folha (CSF), comprimento de coleóptilo (CC), Inserção da primeira folha (IPF), Inserção da segunda folha (ISF) e diferença de inserção entre a primeira e segunda folha (DIPSF). Os caracteres foram medidos com auxilio de régua graduada em cinco plântulas normais por balde (escolhidas aleatoriamente) para compor uma repetição. Foram utilizados os dados relativos para fazer a análise de regressão para avaliar quais os caracteres morfológicos na discriminação das cultivares. Os dados originais foram separados por concentração onde se procedeu as análises multivariadas para a melhor concentração definir na discriminação de cultivares. Para a seleção de caracteres independentemente do tempo de exposição da planta ao estresse por ferro dentre os nove caracteres avaliados apenas o comprimento de raízes e o comprimento da segunda folha mostram-se eficientes na caracterização de cultivares de arroz em sistema hidropônico. Na seleção das houve diferença entre os experimentos. No experimento 1, utilizando análises multivariadas, apenas a concentração de 1200 mg L-1 de FeSO4.7H2O, durante sete dias, possibilita a discriminação das plantas de arroz tolerantes das demais com algum nível de sensibilidade ao ferro. No experimento 2, através da mensuração de características morfológicas de plantas submetidas as concentrações de 800 e 1200 mg L-1 de FeSO4.7H2O, por 14 dias, é possível separar as cultivares em três classes sendo elas: sensíveis, mediamente sensíveis e tolerantes, utilizando análises multivariadas. / Iron toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect the irrigated rice crop, making it important the characterization of genotypes to iron excess. The objectives of this work were to select from the morphological characters, those that allow discriminating cultivars for iron stress, selecting the concentration that could separate the sensitive from tolerant cultivars by comparing morphological characters of plants grown hydroponically. Two experiments were performed, differing in the time of iron stress exposure, whereas in experiment 1, seedlings were subjected to iron concentrations for seven days, in experiment 2, the seedlings were kept in the stress condition for 14 days. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. The experiments were performed in the Laboratory of Hydroponics and double haploids from the Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, FAEM / UFPel in hydroponic tank. Six commercial cultivars of rice previously characterized as sensitive (BR-IRGA 409, BR-IRGA 410, IRGA 417), medium sensitive (BRS Atalanta) and tolerant (EPAGRI 107, BRS Querência) to iron were used. For the installation of each experiment the seeds were disinfested and germinated in BOD (germination chamber) with a temperature of 25 º C, with a photoperiod of 16/8 hours and 100% relative humidity for 96 hours. For both experiments the plants were grown hydroponically for 14 days in nutrient solution. On the fifteenth day the plants were transferred to control (nutrient solution), 400 concentration (nutrient solution + 400 mg L-1 FeSO4.7 H2O), 800 concentration (nutrient solution + 800 mg L-1 FeSO4.7 H2O) and the concentration 1200 (nutrient solution + 1200 mg L-1 FeSO4.7 H2O). For the Experiment 1, the pots remained in the condition of stress for 7 days, while in experiment 2, the pots remained in the stress condition for 14 days. In Experiment 1, the evaluations were conducted on the eighth day, for the experiment 2, the evaluations conducted the fifteenth day of stress. The traits were: root length (RL), shoot length (CPA), number of roots (NR), length of the first leaf (CPF), second leaf length (CSF), coleoptile length (CC) insertion of the first leaf (IPF), insertion of the second leaf (ISF), and insertion difference between the first and second sheet (DIPSF). The characters were measured with the aid of graduated scale, being evaluated five normal seedlings per pot. A regression analysis was performed to evaluate which morphological characters were more efficient in the discrimination of cultivars. The original data were separated by concentration where multivariate analyses were performed to determine the best concentration to discriminate cultivars. The traits root length and the second leaf length showed to be efficient in the characterization of rice cultivars in hydroponic culture to select characters regardless of time of exposure to iron stress. In experiment 1, using multivariate analysis, only the concentration of 1200 mg L-1 FeSO4.7 H2O, for seven days, allowed discrimination of tolerant rice plants from others with some level of sensitivity to iron. In experiment 2, through the measurement of morphological characteristics of plants subjected to the concentrations of 800 and 1200 mg L-1 FeSO4.7 H2O, for 14 days, it is possible to separate the cultivars into three classes namely: sensitive, moderately sensitive and tolerant using multivariate analyzes.