Most of the Germanic languages developed new tense forms allowing the grammatical expression of fine semantic distinctions, including periphrastic perfects and pluperfects; previously, the preterite alone had been used to express semantic content of this sort. In the absence of robust quantitative data regarding the subsequent development of these forms and distribution in the early Germanic languages, a relatively uncomplicated model has generally been assumed, in which there is little synchronic variation in their use and a steady, though not necessarily continuous, diachronic progress toward the state observed in the modern languages. The goal of this work is to provide accurate quantitative data regarding the apportionment of these semantic domains among the available grammatical forms in Old English and Old Saxon, in order to provide meaningful measurements of the synchronic and diachronic use of the periphrastic forms. Very different patterns were found in the use of these forms in the two languages. In Old Saxon the periphrastic forms are used freely, with a frequency similar to or greater than that of the preterites. In Old English there are no significant diachronic trends, but considerable variation exists synchronically among texts, with some making free use of the periphrastic forms and others preferring the preterite almost exclusively. A number of factors potentially responsible for this variation have been investigated, but none can account for the entire range of observed variation on its own. In the absence of any other account for the observed variation, the hypothesis is proposed that the periphrastic forms and the preterite differed in their perceived stylistic value, in a manner whose exact nature may be no longer recoverable; such a hypothesis would be in keeping with previous findings regarding languages such as Middle English and Middle High German. Old English and Old Saxon would therefore differ in the extent to which they make use of the potential for variation created by the absence of a paradigmatic opposition among the relevant grammatical categories.

Orientador: Angel H. Corbera Mori / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Candido_GlauciaVieira_D.pdf: 1366632 bytes, checksum: ad8801c80924ac7f4f794301e2b1d3cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Esta tese tem por objetivo apresentar uma análise da língua Shanenawa (Pano) de alguns aspectos fonológicos, da morfologia e da sintaxe da língua. Para tanto, o trabalho está dividido em quatro partes básicas: I. Introdução, em que é feito um breve histórico do povo Shanenawa, da classificação de sua língua dentro da literatura e, ainda, é apresentada a metodologia aplicada na pesquisa lingüística; II. Aspectos da fonologia, em que são apresentados o quadro fonético/fonológico da língua e dois temas específicos: o acento e a nasalização; III. Morfossintaxe I, em que são descritas as classes de palavras (ou partes do discurso), bem como sua estrutura morfológica; IV. Morfossintaxe II, em que se descrevem as estruturas de sentenças simples e complexas e ainda alguns aspectos sintáticos, como a marcação de caso, o sistema de referência alternada (switch-reference) e outros tipos de sistema de referência entre sentenças. Complementam o texto básico uma breve conclusão e as Referências Bibliográficas. Além disso, há a apresentação de alguns anexos que contêm, respectivamente, um léxico da língua, mapas de localização geográfica do povo Shanenawa e, finalmente, cópias de documentos referentes à demarcação das terras indígenas desse povo / Abstract: This thesis aims to present an analysis of the Shanenawa language (Pano) that will exhibit some phonological aspects, the morphology and the syntax of the language. For this purpose the work is distributed in four basic parts: I. In the Introduction, we present a concise historical and cultural outline of the Shanenawa people, the linguistic classification and the methodology applied in this research; II. In Aspects of the phonology, the phonetic/phonologic features of the language are described taking into account two specific subjects: stress and nasalization; III. In the Morphosyntax I, we show a description of the word classes (or parts of speech) as well as morphological structure; IV. In the Morphosyntax II, we describe the single and complex clauses structure and some syntactic features such as case marking, switchreference system and others interclausal reference systems. Complementing the text a brief conclusion and a bibliographical reference are presented. Moreover, some annexes containing a lexicon of the language and a map of geographic localization of Shanenawa people are also included. Finally, a document of the land demarcation of the village is presented. / Doutorado / Linguas Indigenas / Doutor em Linguística

In spite of the significant growth in the Spanish-English bilingual population, there has not been sufficient research on cross-language effects, or how language transfer may affect important components of literacy, such as spelling. Many studies have focused on the influence of Spanish on the acquisition of English spelling skills; however, few studies have focused on how the acquisition of English influences Spanish spelling. The purpose of this investigation was to study the spelling errors of bilingual adolescents as they learn English. A total of 20 bilingual Spanish-English students in grades 6 through 8 (ages 11 to 14 years) were selected from a larger mixed methods study (Danzak, 2009) not concerned with spelling. These students were enrolled in English as a Second Language (ESL) classes in a public middle school located on the west coast of Florida. The students completed four writing samples in each language (evenly divided between narrative and expository genres). All samples were analyzed using the Phonological Orthographic Morphological Assessment of Spelling-Spanish (POMAS-S), a linguistically-based analysis system that qualitatively describes Spanish spelling errors and is sensitive to effects of cross-language transfer. Misspellings were extracted from the students' writing samples and were examined by looking at the effects of linguistic category, genre, and gender. Results of the three-way ANOVA revealed that the greatest number of errors occurred in the orthographic category, accounting for over 70% of the errors. Errors attributed to the other linguistic categories occurred less than 10% of the time each. There were no effects attributed to genre or gender. The qualitative analysis revealed that the most common linguistic feature error was OAT (orthographic tonic accents) comprising 37% of the total number of errors followed by OLS (letter sound) errors, which comprised 11% of the total number of errors. All other phonological, orthographic, morphological, and phonological-orthographic linguistic feature patterns occurred with a frequency of 5% or less. Knowledge of the English language had a minimal, but obvious, influence on their spelling. These findings would suggest that Spanish-English bilingual adolescents predominantly made spelling errors that did not follow the orthographic rules of Spanish. Educational implications are presented.

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This study falls under the broad area of child language acquisition with specific focus on Shona morphosyntax. The understanding that knowledge of the nature of child language contributes to the sustainability of language acquisition matters forms the basis of the investigation. A qualitative approach is followed in the study, specifically focusing on the constraints on the development of inflectional morphemes (IMs) in the acquisition of nouns and verbs in child Shona. The study investigates the development of child Shona inflectional morphology and how morphology interacts with syntax. The constraints that operate in the acquisition of Shona are identified. The study refers to linguistic theories for an account of the development of child Shona morphosyntax. The study is based on the understanding that knowledge of the nature of child language contributes to the sustainability of language acquisition matters. The data used in this study is collected from four Shona speaking children. The ages of the children range from two years (2; 0) to three years and two months (3; 2). Two female and two male children participated in this study. The primary method of data collection used in this study is the naturalistic method, while elicitation is used to elicit plural formation. The results indicate that child Shona morphosyntax is characterized by omission of the various inflectional morphemes on nouns and verbs, while the lexical morphemes are retained. The child Shona IM is phonologically different from the adult Shona IM. This is because the children are constrained and hence use simplification strategies in order to try to be faithful to the input grammar. The noun and verb IMs are produced in the form of a reduced syllable, because the children dropped the consonant in the IM syllable and retained the vowel. The study reveals that the development of child Shona morphosyntax is based on pivotal constituencies of the sentence. These pivots are the nouns and verbs that are used by the children. The study identifies constraints that operate on the process of child Shona development as phonological, morphological, semantic, visibility and frequency constraints. The finding that is arrived at through this study is that syntax is in place before morphology. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Dieses Buch versucht ein in der Musik des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnendes Verständnis von „Musik als Wahrnehmungskunst“ (Helmut Lachenmann) für die Musikwissenschaft fruchtbar zu machen: Die ineinander verschränkten Konzepte der performativen Analyse und des performativen Hörens rücken Wahrnehmungsprozesse ins Zentrum musikologischer Methodik. Zum einen wird dabei die zentrale Stellung von Klang, Zeit und Raum in der neuen Musik seit 1900 in breite musikhistorische und -ästhetische Diskurse eingebettet, zum anderen wird mit dem Prinzip der musikalischen Morphosyntax klangliche Materialität als Ausgangspunkt hörend-analytischer Forschung begriffen. Wahrnehmung posttonaler Musik ist als performative Aktivität durch die Erfahrungen des Alltags- und Musikhörens vielfältig ausgestaltbar und dabei durch eine Verflechtung von morphologischen und metaphorischen Schichten geprägt. Die Analysen werfen so neue Perspektiven auf ein breites Spektrum posttonaler Instrumentalmusik von Arnold Schönberg, Edgard Varèse, Giacinto Scelsi, Bernd Alois Zimmermann, György Ligeti, Pierre Boulez, Morton Feldman, György Kurtág, Helmut Lachenmann, Brian Ferneyhough, Gérard Grisey, Salvatore Sciarrino und Isabel Mundry. / This book tries to produce an understanding of “music as an art of perception” (Helmut Lachenmann) – which is becoming increasingly important in the music of the 20th and 21st centuries – in a way that is fruitful for musicology: the intertwined concepts of performative analysis and performative listening move perception processes into the centre of musicological methodology. On the one hand, Christian Utz embeds the central position of sound, time, and space in new music since 1900 in broad music-historical and music-aesthetic discourses, on the other hand, he understands sounding materiality as the starting point for listening-based analytical research, grounded in the principle of musical morphosyntax. As a performative activity, the perception of post-tonal music can be shaped in a variety of ways through the experiences of everyday auditory perception and musical listening and is characterized by an interweaving of morphological and metaphorical layers. The analyses reveal new perspectives on a broad spectrum of post-tonal instrumental music by Arnold Schoenberg, Edgard Varèse, Giacinto Scelsi, Bernd Alois Zimmermann, György Ligeti, Pierre Boulez, Morton Feldman, György Kurtág, Helmut Lachenmann, Brian Ferneyhough, Gérard Grisey, Salvatore Sciarrino, and Isabel Mundry.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den morphosyntaktischen und derivationellen Eigenschaften von Nominalisierungen im modernen Hebräisch und ihrer strukturelle Repräsentation. Eine zentrale Fragestellung im Rahmen von ‚hybriden‘ Wortbildungen wie Nominalisierungen ist die Ähnlichkeit bzw. die Unähnlichkeit zu den ihr zugrundeliegenden Verben. Unter Heranziehung des Hebräischen, einer Sprache mit reicher morphologischer Markierung, sowohl bei Verben als auch bei Nominalisierungen, werden mehrere Divergenzen zwischen Verben und entsprechenden Nominalisierungen im Bereich der Argument- und Ereignisstruktur eliminiert. Ausgehend von der einflussreichen These der Gleichsetzung von Nominalisierung und Passivierung untersucht diese Studie die syntaktische Struktur und deren Interaktion mit dem Wortbildungsprozess der Nominalisierung und zeigt, dass Eigenschaften, die für Passivformen typisch sind, in Nominalisierungen fehlen. Dabei präsentiert diese Studie mit der Untersuchung morphosyntaktischer Faktoren und deren Beziehungen zu Nominalisierungen, der Inkonsistenzen aufzeigt. Durch einen Vergleich von etwa 3000 Verben auf Basis der Verbklassenmorphologie ergibt sich eine signifikante Asymmetrie zwischen Nominalisierungen, die eine mediale/intransitive Markierung tragen, und Nominalisierungen, die als aktiv markiert sind, wobei sich die mediale Form in zwei klar definierten syntaktischen Kontexten als weniger produktiv erweist. Dies zeigt sich auch dadurch, dass alternierende Wurzeln, also Wurzeln die sowohl aktive als auch mediale Verbformen ausbilden können, bilden ihre Nominalisierungen auf Basis ihrer aktiven Form. Auf Basis der Konzepte von Konkurrenz und Markiertheit werden diese paradigmatischen Lücken nicht als grammatisch bedingte Inkompatibilitäten analysiert, sondern als eine generelle Präferenz für weniger markierte Formen (aktiv-markierte Nominalisierungen) gegenüber komplexeren (medial-markierte Nominalisierungen), wie in der Performanz häufig zu beobachten. / This study is concerned with the properties, structural representation and derivational patterns of deverbal nouns (DNs) in Modern Hebrew. A recurring question arises in the context of such ‘hybrid’ formations: precisely how similar or far-apart are these derivatives from the verbs from which they originate? Enlisting Hebrew, a language with rich morphological marking on both verbs as well as DNs, several loci of divergence between verbs and respective DNs in the domain of argument- and event-structure are eliminated. Taking as a point of reference the influential view which equates the processes of nominalization and passivization, this study scrutinizes syntactic structure and its interaction with nominalization, showing that behaviours typical of passives are absent from DNs. a finding which weakens long-standing beliefs bearing on this class. A novel area of exploration offered in this study is the examination of morpho-syntactic factors and their interaction with nominalization, a domain where inconsistencies do arise. What emerges from a comparison of some 3000 verbs based on verb-class (templatic) morphology is a significant asymmetry between DNs carrying Middle (intransitive) marking and DNs marked as Active, wherein Middle forms are found to be less productive in two well-defined syntactic contexts. Not entirely absent, however, the same roots which fail to surface with Middle morphology are perfectly licit when derived from the corresponding Active verb (in case of alternating roots). Building on the notions of competition and markedness, such paradigmatic gaps are analysed not as grammatically-determined incompatibilities, but as a consistent preference for less-marked forms (Active-marked DNs) over more complex ones (Middle-marked DNs), a trend which lies within the realm of performance. As such, Hebrew DNs constitute a case study of the interrelations between the syntactic and morphological modules, and pragmatics.