Esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença neurológica progressiva e fatal, caracterizada por perda dos neurônios motores, levando à fraqueza muscular global. As funções sensitivas e mentais são preservadas durante todo o curso da doença. A esclerose lateral amiotrófica tem uma prevalência de 6 por 100.000 pessoas e o início da doença é geralmente entre os 40 a 60 anos de idade. O prognóstico é reservado e em média os pacientes vivem de 3 a 5 anos após o diagnóstico médico. Com a progressão da doença outros sintomas surgem como fraqueza dos membros, comprometimento da fala, aumento da salivação, dificuldades de deglutição, dificuldades para deambular e fadiga muscular. As alterações dos músculos respiratórios levam à falência respiratória, que é a maior causa de óbito nos pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Fadiga é definida como a queda da máxima contração isométrica voluntária e falta de tolerância do músculo sob esforço. A máxima contração isométrica voluntária depende de uma cadeia de eventos que se inicia no córtex motor - condutor excitatório dos neurônios motores superior e inferior, e se continua na transmissão pela junção neuromuscular, no acoplamento excitação-contração e na contração da fibra muscular que depende de um suprimento energético metabólico. A fadiga muscular ocorre em pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica prejudicando a função e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi: 1) Quantificar a freqüência da fadiga na esclerose lateral amiotrófica; 2) Analisar a evolução da fadiga nos pacientes; 3) Correlacionar a presença da fadiga com fatores como a funcionalidade, a qualidade de vida, a depressão, a dispnéia, e a sonolência, idade e duração da doença em meses. O grupo controle compôs-se de 60 indivíduos (familiares de funcionários do hospital e da equipe multidisciplinar) que não apresentavam história de doenças pregressas. O grupo teste constitui-se de 60 pacientes com diagnóstico de esclerose lateral amiotrófica. O diagnóstico foi realizado por dois neurologistas independentes e baseou-se na presença de história clínica, exame neurológico e estudos neurofisiológicos compatíveis com esclerose lateral amiotrófica, segundo os critérios de El Escorial da Federação Mundial de Neurologia; além disso, houve a investigação complementar por meio de testes hematológicos, bioquímicos, sorológicos, genéticos e radiológicos para excluir outras patologias. Os pacientes dos grupos controle e teste foram entrevistados pela pesquisadora para aplicação de questionários com escalas para verificação da presença de funcionalidade, de qualidade de vida, de depressão, de dispnéia, de sonolência e de fadiga; e os pacientes do grupo teste foram submetidos à avaliação fisioterapêutica no início do estudo e a cada 3 meses, totalizando 12 meses de coletas. O grupo teste apresentou fadiga significantemente maior em relação ao grupo controle, bem como alterações nos questionários de funcionalidade, de qualidade de vida, de depressão, de dispnéia e de sonolência. Percebeu-se que a fadiga foi evolutiva durante os meses de acompanhamento da pesquisa. A fadiga correlacionou-se com a idade, mostrando que os pacientes mais jovens apresentaram maior grau de fadiga que os pacientes mais idosos. Os resultados desta pesquisa sugerem que a fadiga é um dos problemas que afetam os pacientes com ELA; o fato de não ter correlação com outros problemas estudados sugere que a fadiga deve merecer pesquisa e tratamento individualizados no paciente com ELA, principalmente pelo fato de que os resultados sugeriram piora da fadiga no decorrer da evolução da ELA / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal neurological disease, characterized by loss of the motor neurons, taking to the global muscular weakness. The sensitive and mental functions are preserved during whole the course of the disease. The ALS has a prevalence of 6 for 100.000 people and the beginning of the disease is usually among the 40 to 60 years of age. The prognostic is reserved and on average the patients live from 3 to 5 years after the medical diagnosis. With the progression of the disease other symptoms they appear as weakness of the members, compromising of the speech, increase of the salivation, deglutition difficulties, difficulties to stroll and it fatigues muscular. The alterations of the breathing muscles take to the breathing bankruptcy, that is the largest death cause in the patients with ALS. Fatigue is defined as the fall of the maxim voluntary isometric contraction and lack of tolerance of the muscle under effort. The maxim voluntary isometric contraction depends on a chain of events that begins in the motor cortex - driver excitatory of the neurons motor superior and inferior, and it is continued in the transmission by the junction neuromuscular, in the joining excitement-contraction and in the contraction of the muscular fiber that depends on a metabolic energy supply. The muscular fatigue happens in patients with ALS harming the function and the quality of the patients\' life. The objective of this work was: 1) to quantify the frequency of the fatigue in the ALS; 2) to analyze the evolution of the fatigue in the patients; 3) to correlate the presence of the fatigue with factors as the functionality, the life quality, the depression, the dispnéa, and the sleepiness, age and duration of the disease in months. The group control was composed of 60 individuals (family of employees of the hospital and of the team multidisciplinar) that didn\'t present history of past diseases. The group test is constituted of 60 patients with diagnosis of ALS. The diagnosis was accomplished by two independent neurologists and he/she based on the presence of clinical history, neurological exam and studies compatible neurophisiologycs with ALS, according to the criteria of El Escorial of the World Federation of Neurology; besides, there was the complement investigation through tests and exams to exclude other pathologies. The patients of the groups control and test were interviewed by the researcher for application of questionnaires with scales for verification of the functionality presence, of life quality, of depression, of dispnéa, of sleepiness and of fatigue; and the patients of the group test they were submitted to the evaluation physiotherapy in the beginning of the study and every 3 months, totaling 12 months of collections. The group test presented fatigue larger significantly in relation to the group it controls, as well as alterations in the functionality questionnaires, of life quality, of depression, of dispnéa and of sleepiness. It was noticed that the fatigue was evolutionary during the months of accompaniment of the research. The fatigue was correlated with the age, showing that the youngest patients presented larger degree of fatigue than the most senior patients. The results of this research suggest that the fatigue is one of the problems that affect the patients with ALS; the fact of not having correlation with other studied problems suggests that the fatigue should deserve research and treatment individualized in the patient with ALS, mainly for the fact that the results suggested worsening of the fatigue in elapsing of the evolution of the ALS

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of death of young children. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the mutation and/or the deletion within the ubiquitously expressed survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. SMA pathology is characterized by spinal cord motor neuron degeneration, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defects and muscular atrophy. Upon disease onset, SMA patients progressively become paralyzed and in the most severe cases, they die due to respiratory complications. Over the years, it has become clear that SMN is a multi-functional protein with important roles in small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly, RNA metabolism, axonal outgrowth and pathfinding, mRNA transport as well as in the functional development of NMJs, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. However, it remains unclear which of these functions, and the respective perturbed molecular pathways, dictate SMA pathogenesis. Here, we have established Smn-depleted PC12 cells and an intermediate SMA mouse model to characterize a role for Smn in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We find that Smn depletion results in the increased expression of profilin IIa and active RhoA (RhoA-GTP) as well as the decreased expression of plastin 3 and Cdc42. Importantly, the inhibition of rho-kinase (ROCK), a direct downstream regulator of RhoA, significantly increased the lifespan of SMA mice and shows beneficial potential as a therapeutic strategy for SMA. In an addition, we have uncovered a muscle- and motor neuron-independent role for SMN in the regulation of pancreatic development and glucose metabolism in SMA mice and type 1 SMA patients. This finding highlights the importance of combining a glucose tolerance assessment of SMA patients with their existing clinical care management. Thus, our work has uncovered two novel and equally important roles for the SMN protein, both of which contribute significantly to SMA pathogenesis.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of death of young children. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the mutation and/or the deletion within the ubiquitously expressed survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. SMA pathology is characterized by spinal cord motor neuron degeneration, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defects and muscular atrophy. Upon disease onset, SMA patients progressively become paralyzed and in the most severe cases, they die due to respiratory complications. Over the years, it has become clear that SMN is a multi-functional protein with important roles in small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly, RNA metabolism, axonal outgrowth and pathfinding, mRNA transport as well as in the functional development of NMJs, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. However, it remains unclear which of these functions, and the respective perturbed molecular pathways, dictate SMA pathogenesis. Here, we have established Smn-depleted PC12 cells and an intermediate SMA mouse model to characterize a role for Smn in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We find that Smn depletion results in the increased expression of profilin IIa and active RhoA (RhoA-GTP) as well as the decreased expression of plastin 3 and Cdc42. Importantly, the inhibition of rho-kinase (ROCK), a direct downstream regulator of RhoA, significantly increased the lifespan of SMA mice and shows beneficial potential as a therapeutic strategy for SMA. In an addition, we have uncovered a muscle- and motor neuron-independent role for SMN in the regulation of pancreatic development and glucose metabolism in SMA mice and type 1 SMA patients. This finding highlights the importance of combining a glucose tolerance assessment of SMA patients with their existing clinical care management. Thus, our work has uncovered two novel and equally important roles for the SMN protein, both of which contribute significantly to SMA pathogenesis.

Esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença neurológica progressiva e fatal, caracterizada por perda dos neurônios motores, levando à fraqueza muscular global. As funções sensitivas e mentais são preservadas durante todo o curso da doença. A esclerose lateral amiotrófica tem uma prevalência de 6 por 100.000 pessoas e o início da doença é geralmente entre os 40 a 60 anos de idade. O prognóstico é reservado e em média os pacientes vivem de 3 a 5 anos após o diagnóstico médico. Com a progressão da doença outros sintomas surgem como fraqueza dos membros, comprometimento da fala, aumento da salivação, dificuldades de deglutição, dificuldades para deambular e fadiga muscular. As alterações dos músculos respiratórios levam à falência respiratória, que é a maior causa de óbito nos pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Fadiga é definida como a queda da máxima contração isométrica voluntária e falta de tolerância do músculo sob esforço. A máxima contração isométrica voluntária depende de uma cadeia de eventos que se inicia no córtex motor - condutor excitatório dos neurônios motores superior e inferior, e se continua na transmissão pela junção neuromuscular, no acoplamento excitação-contração e na contração da fibra muscular que depende de um suprimento energético metabólico. A fadiga muscular ocorre em pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica prejudicando a função e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi: 1) Quantificar a freqüência da fadiga na esclerose lateral amiotrófica; 2) Analisar a evolução da fadiga nos pacientes; 3) Correlacionar a presença da fadiga com fatores como a funcionalidade, a qualidade de vida, a depressão, a dispnéia, e a sonolência, idade e duração da doença em meses. O grupo controle compôs-se de 60 indivíduos (familiares de funcionários do hospital e da equipe multidisciplinar) que não apresentavam história de doenças pregressas. O grupo teste constitui-se de 60 pacientes com diagnóstico de esclerose lateral amiotrófica. O diagnóstico foi realizado por dois neurologistas independentes e baseou-se na presença de história clínica, exame neurológico e estudos neurofisiológicos compatíveis com esclerose lateral amiotrófica, segundo os critérios de El Escorial da Federação Mundial de Neurologia; além disso, houve a investigação complementar por meio de testes hematológicos, bioquímicos, sorológicos, genéticos e radiológicos para excluir outras patologias. Os pacientes dos grupos controle e teste foram entrevistados pela pesquisadora para aplicação de questionários com escalas para verificação da presença de funcionalidade, de qualidade de vida, de depressão, de dispnéia, de sonolência e de fadiga; e os pacientes do grupo teste foram submetidos à avaliação fisioterapêutica no início do estudo e a cada 3 meses, totalizando 12 meses de coletas. O grupo teste apresentou fadiga significantemente maior em relação ao grupo controle, bem como alterações nos questionários de funcionalidade, de qualidade de vida, de depressão, de dispnéia e de sonolência. Percebeu-se que a fadiga foi evolutiva durante os meses de acompanhamento da pesquisa. A fadiga correlacionou-se com a idade, mostrando que os pacientes mais jovens apresentaram maior grau de fadiga que os pacientes mais idosos. Os resultados desta pesquisa sugerem que a fadiga é um dos problemas que afetam os pacientes com ELA; o fato de não ter correlação com outros problemas estudados sugere que a fadiga deve merecer pesquisa e tratamento individualizados no paciente com ELA, principalmente pelo fato de que os resultados sugeriram piora da fadiga no decorrer da evolução da ELA / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal neurological disease, characterized by loss of the motor neurons, taking to the global muscular weakness. The sensitive and mental functions are preserved during whole the course of the disease. The ALS has a prevalence of 6 for 100.000 people and the beginning of the disease is usually among the 40 to 60 years of age. The prognostic is reserved and on average the patients live from 3 to 5 years after the medical diagnosis. With the progression of the disease other symptoms they appear as weakness of the members, compromising of the speech, increase of the salivation, deglutition difficulties, difficulties to stroll and it fatigues muscular. The alterations of the breathing muscles take to the breathing bankruptcy, that is the largest death cause in the patients with ALS. Fatigue is defined as the fall of the maxim voluntary isometric contraction and lack of tolerance of the muscle under effort. The maxim voluntary isometric contraction depends on a chain of events that begins in the motor cortex - driver excitatory of the neurons motor superior and inferior, and it is continued in the transmission by the junction neuromuscular, in the joining excitement-contraction and in the contraction of the muscular fiber that depends on a metabolic energy supply. The muscular fatigue happens in patients with ALS harming the function and the quality of the patients\' life. The objective of this work was: 1) to quantify the frequency of the fatigue in the ALS; 2) to analyze the evolution of the fatigue in the patients; 3) to correlate the presence of the fatigue with factors as the functionality, the life quality, the depression, the dispnéa, and the sleepiness, age and duration of the disease in months. The group control was composed of 60 individuals (family of employees of the hospital and of the team multidisciplinar) that didn\'t present history of past diseases. The group test is constituted of 60 patients with diagnosis of ALS. The diagnosis was accomplished by two independent neurologists and he/she based on the presence of clinical history, neurological exam and studies compatible neurophisiologycs with ALS, according to the criteria of El Escorial of the World Federation of Neurology; besides, there was the complement investigation through tests and exams to exclude other pathologies. The patients of the groups control and test were interviewed by the researcher for application of questionnaires with scales for verification of the functionality presence, of life quality, of depression, of dispnéa, of sleepiness and of fatigue; and the patients of the group test they were submitted to the evaluation physiotherapy in the beginning of the study and every 3 months, totaling 12 months of collections. The group test presented fatigue larger significantly in relation to the group it controls, as well as alterations in the functionality questionnaires, of life quality, of depression, of dispnéa and of sleepiness. It was noticed that the fatigue was evolutionary during the months of accompaniment of the research. The fatigue was correlated with the age, showing that the youngest patients presented larger degree of fatigue than the most senior patients. The results of this research suggest that the fatigue is one of the problems that affect the patients with ALS; the fact of not having correlation with other studied problems suggests that the fatigue should deserve research and treatment individualized in the patient with ALS, mainly for the fact that the results suggested worsening of the fatigue in elapsing of the evolution of the ALS

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of death of young children. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the mutation and/or the deletion within the ubiquitously expressed survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. SMA pathology is characterized by spinal cord motor neuron degeneration, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defects and muscular atrophy. Upon disease onset, SMA patients progressively become paralyzed and in the most severe cases, they die due to respiratory complications. Over the years, it has become clear that SMN is a multi-functional protein with important roles in small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly, RNA metabolism, axonal outgrowth and pathfinding, mRNA transport as well as in the functional development of NMJs, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. However, it remains unclear which of these functions, and the respective perturbed molecular pathways, dictate SMA pathogenesis. Here, we have established Smn-depleted PC12 cells and an intermediate SMA mouse model to characterize a role for Smn in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We find that Smn depletion results in the increased expression of profilin IIa and active RhoA (RhoA-GTP) as well as the decreased expression of plastin 3 and Cdc42. Importantly, the inhibition of rho-kinase (ROCK), a direct downstream regulator of RhoA, significantly increased the lifespan of SMA mice and shows beneficial potential as a therapeutic strategy for SMA. In an addition, we have uncovered a muscle- and motor neuron-independent role for SMN in the regulation of pancreatic development and glucose metabolism in SMA mice and type 1 SMA patients. This finding highlights the importance of combining a glucose tolerance assessment of SMA patients with their existing clinical care management. Thus, our work has uncovered two novel and equally important roles for the SMN protein, both of which contribute significantly to SMA pathogenesis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are the commonest motor neuron diseases of adult- and childhood onset. Alterations of the RNA binding protein TDP-43 are associated with most cases of ALS, while SMA is caused by deletion of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN1) gene. SMN has been well characterised in its role in the assembly of the cellular machinery that carries out splicing of pre-mRNA, but is thought to have other functions in RNA metabolism unrelated to pre-mRNA splicing. It is conceivable that specific aspects of RNA handling are disrupted in both SMA and ALS. A variety of genetic, molecular and neuropathological approaches were applied to investigate a potential common pathway in these diseases. The spectrum of genetic mutations underlying motor neuron disorders were explored by screening patient DNA. Cell culture and mouse models were used to test the hypothesis that altered pre-mRNA splicing causes motor neuron death. Human neuropathological specimens were examined for changes in proteins involved in RNA metabolism. The results indicate that altered pre-mRNA splicing is a late occurrence in disease and more likely to be a consequence rather than the cause of motor neuron degeneration. However, the notion that RNA metabolism is highly relevant to motor neuron diseases was strengthened by the discovery of mutations in another RNA binding protein, FUS, in cases of ALS without TDP-43 pathology. Overall the findings highlight the need to consider disruption of mRNA transport and regulation of mRNA translation in future motor neuron disease research.

Motor neuron disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by the selective degeneration of motor neurons leading to muscle wasting and atrophy. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most common amongst these disorders and is characterized by the selective loss of both upper and lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. 20% of familial cases of ALS are caused by mutations in the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1), a ubiquitously expressed enzyme responsible for scavenging superoxide radicals. The exact mechanisms underlying mutant SOD1-mediated neurotoxicity are unknown. Misfolded mutant SOD1 accumulates in the cytosol and mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) indicating the involvement of unfolded protein responses in ALS pathogenesis. Unfolded protein responses (UPRs) are complex signal transduction cascades which detect perturbations in protein folding and couple them to the expression of protein quality control machinery thereby allowing individual compartments to adapt to stress. In the cytosol, this study has shown that HspB8 was upregulated by SOD1 mutants, where it induced the clearance of aggregates by macroautophagy. This is a protective mechanism, as overexpression of HspB8 suppressed mutant-SOD1 mediated toxicity. In contrast, HspB8 mutants were impaired in macroautophagy and are toxic to NSC-34 cells. The mechanisms for the IMS-UPR have not been previously identified. To address this issue, a model for the accumulation of misfolded mutant SOD1 within the IMS was created and candidate proteins involved in protein quality control within the IMS were explored at the transcriptional level and at the level of protein expression. Preliminary results revealed some possible candidates that may have a role in the adaptation to mitochondrial stress. Interestingly, increased mitophagy was also found in IMS-G93A expressing cells, advocating the central role of macroautophagy in eliminating protein aggregates and damaged mitochondria in SOD1-FALS.

La fragmentation de l'appareil de Golgi représente un des changements les plus précoces et les plus répandus dans les maladies neurodégénératives. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires de ces changements, j'ai étudié deux modèles expérimentaux de maladie du neurone moteur. 1. Les souris pmn (progressive motor neuronopathy) : Celles-ci sont atteintes d'une forme très grave de dégénérescence des neurones moteurs et des défauts moléculaires sont liés à une mutation faux-sens d'une protéine localisée au niveau du Golgi, la chaperonne des tubulines TBCE, identifiée par (Martin, Jaubert et al. 2002; Schaefer, Schmalbruch et al. 2007). Au cours de ma thèse, nous avons identifié des anomalies importantes du Golgi dans les neurones moteurs lombaires de souris pmn et déterminé leur relevance fonctionnelle ainsi que les mécanismes moléculaires. D'après les immunomarquages et la modélisation 3D des membranes, la fragmentation et l'atrophie du Golgi dans les neurones lombaires moteurs pmn ressemblent à celles rapportées dans la SLA et se produit dans des cinétiques similaires. Les analyses en microcopie électronique montrent que l'empilement des citernes golgiennes est progressivement remplacé par des petites vésicules. Les analyses biochimiques révèlent : 1/ une redistribution cytosolique des protéines d'arrimage tel que GM130, 2/ une diminution des protéines β-COP et 3/ une augmentation considérable des protéines golgiennes d'amarrage v-SNARE GS15 et GS28 contrôlant la fusion des vésicules. / Fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus represents one of the earliest and most constant pathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases. To understand the molecular mechanisms of these changes I investigated two experimental models of motor neuron diseases. 1. pmn mice with progressive motor neuronopathy. The pmn mice were chosen since they suffer from a very aggressive form of motor neuron degeneration and since their molecular defects represents a missense mutation in a Golgi-localized tubulin chaperone TBCE, as shown by previous (Martin et al 2002, Schäfer et al 2007). In the last years, we identified severe Golgi abnormalities in motor neurons of pmn mice and dissected out their functional relevance and molecular mechanisms. According to immunolabelings and 3D membrane modelings, Golgi fragmentation and atrophy in lumbar pmn motor neurons resembled those reported in human ALS and proceeded with similar kinetics. Electron microscopy illustrated that Golgi cisternae were progressively transformed into small vesicles. Biochemical analyses revealed : 1/ a cytosolic redistribution of tethering factor such as GM130, 2/ a decrease in β-COP protein level and 3/ a massive increase in the Golgi v-SNARE proteins GS15 and GS28 controlling vesicle fusion. These pathological changes were due to loss of TBCE expression since they could be rescued by transgenic expression of wildtype TBCE but not mimicked by sciatic nerve axotomy. They involved defective dynamics of Golgi-derived microtubules rather than accumulation of misfolded tubulins as shown by the differential effects of TBCE-depletion, Nocodazole and a folding-incompetent tubulin mutant.

A Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa de caráter progressivo caracterizada pela morte seletiva de neurônios motores que leva rapidamente os pacientes à morte. O camundongo transgênico que expressa a superóxido dismutase 1 humana mutante é o modelo experimental mais aceito para o estudo da doença. Os mecanismos que levam a perda neuronal ainda são pouco conhecidos e não existe tratamento eficaz para prolongar a vida do indivíduo. Estudos recentes indicam que as células gliais aceleram o processo neurodegenerativo, entretanto os mecanismos moleculares ainda não estão estabelecidos. Os astrócitos merecem uma atenção particular, pois apresentam íntima interação com os neurônios, fornecendo suporte estrutural, metabólico e trófico. Além disso, participam ativamente da modulação excitatória neuronal e da neurotransmissão, controlando os níveis extracelulares de íons e neurotransmissores. O presente estudo propôs investigar in vitro os possíveis dos astrócitos extraídos da medula espinal do camundongo de idade neonatal (P1) e adulta pré-sintomática (P60) sobre a morte de neurônios motores na ELA. Para isso, o trofismo e sobrevida do neurônio motor espinal foram avaliados nas culturas de neurônios motores tratados com meio condicionado de astrócitos e também em sistemas de co-culturas neurônios motores/astrócitos, de origem SOD1G93A (transgênica) e selvagem (wild type) em diferentes combinações. Investigou-se ainda, a expressão gênica de genes nos astrócitos nas culturas P1 e P60 realizadas através do PCR quantitativo (qPCR) e a quantificação de moléculas secretadas pelos astrócitos por ELISA Sanduíche. Para o estudo do trofismo e degeneração neuronal, as células foram marcadas com marcadores específicos de morte neuronal e o trofismo dos neurônios também foi quantificado por contraste de fase. As células foram quantificadas por métodos estereológicos específicos e as análises mostraram que o tratamento com meio condicionado de astrócitos transgênicos P1 e P60 causaram respectivamente retrações nos prolongamentos e morte dos neurônios transgênicos. As análises da morte neuronal dos meios condicionados e co-cultura mostraram que os astrócitos transgênicos de ambas as idades causaram a morte de neurônios wild type e apenas os astrócitos transgênicos P60 levaram os maiores perfis de morte nos neurônios transgênicos, demonstrando a toxidade dessas células. Quanto à análise da expressão gênica, os genes NKRF, UBE2I e TGFA mostraram-se diferencialmente expressos nos astrócitos transgênicos P1 e os genes HIPK3, TGFA e NTF5 diferencialmente expressos nos astrócitos transgênicos P60. Nas análises das moléculas secretadas nos meios condicionados maior quantidade de NGF foi encontrada no meio dos astrócitos transgênicos P60 comparando-se aos astrócitos wild type. A quantidade de IGF-I diminuiu no meio condicionado da cultura de astrócitos transgênicos P60 comparando-se aos astrócitos wild type E ainda, há a diminuição autócrina de TNF-? e IL-6 nos astrócitos transgênicos P60. Os astrócitos transgênicos parecem promover a toxicidade ao neurônio motor na ELA e moléculas liberadas pelos astrócitos parecem estar envolvidas no processo de desenvolvimento da ELA / Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective motor neurons death that readly leads patients to death. Transgenic mice expressing human mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1) is the most accepted experimental model for the disease studying. The mechanisms that lead to neuronal loss are still poorly understood and there is no effective treatment able to prolong the pacient\'s life. Recent studies indicate that glial cells accelerate the neurodegenerative process, but the molecular mechanisms are not yet established. Astrocytes deserve particular attention, since they have close interaction with neurons, providing structural, metabolic and trophic support. In addition, they also participate actively in the neuronal excitatory modulation and in neuronal transmission, controlling ions and neurotransmitters at extracellular levels. The present study aimed to investigate the possible in vitro effects in astrocytes on the motor neurons death in ALS from newborn (P1) and adult pre symptomatic (P60) spinal cord mice. Thus, we evaluated spinal motor neuron survival and trophism in cultures treated with astrocytes conditioned medium and also in co-culture neuron/astrocyte systems of SOD1G93A (transgenic) and wild type in different cells combinations. Still, we investigated genes expression related to P1 and P60 astrocytes cultures performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and the molecules secreted by astrocytes were quantified by Sandwich ELISA. For the neuronal degeneration and trophism study, cells were immunostained with specific markers and neurouns were also visualized by phase contrast. These cells were quantified by stereological method and their analysis showed that treatment with transgenic P1 and P60 astrocytes conditioned medium cause length retractions and death on transgenic motor neuron. But, the neuronal death on conditioned medium and co-cultures experiments showed that transgenic P1 and P60 astrocytes caused wild type neuronal death and only transgenic P60 astrocytes led transgenic neurons death, demonstrating major toxicity of transgenic astrocytes. For the gene expression analysis NKRF, UBE2I and TGFa genes showed differentially expressed in transgenic P1 astrocytes and HIPK3, TGFa and NTF5 genes showed differentially expressed in transgenic P60 astrocytes. The analizes of molecules secreted by conditioned media a larger amount of NGF was found in transgenic P60 astrocytes comparing to wild type astrocytes. The amount of IGF-I in the conditioned medium was reduced in astrocytes transgenic P60 cultures compared to the wild type astrocytes Also, there is a reduction autocrine of TNF-? and IL-6 on transgenic astrocytes P60. The transgenic astrocytes seem to promote motor neuron toxicity in ALS and molecules released by astrocytes appear to be involved in the ALS development

Background: Acute spinal trauma is followed by a secondary injury that causes additional damage to the tissue. The mouse neuronal hybrid cell line NSC-34 is planned for studies regarding this process, wherefore the cell line needed to be established in the laboratory and a proof-of-concept study needed to be performed. A suitable target gene for this study was Neuronal Nucleus (NeuN), a neuronal marker expressed in nearly all neuronal cells although not yet studied in NSC-34. Aim: The aim of this project was to characterize the expression of NeuN in differentiated and undifferentiated NSC-34 cells and silence gene expression by using siRNA. Methods: RT-qPCR was used to measure NeuN expression during passages 5 to 15 and a comparison was performed between one early and one late passage. Lipofectamine® RNAiMAX was used for siRNA-treatment in different concentrations and several different medium compositions were tested as differentiation media. Results: NeuN was expressed in passages 5 to 15, with decreased expression levels in passage 13 (ΔCt 15.36 ± 0.16) compared to passage 5 (ΔCt 15.09 ± 0.16), p < 0.05. The expression levels did not change after differentiation. siRNA-treatment yielded knockdown when using  high concentrations of the reagent (p < 0.05). Conclusion: NeuN was expressed in a stable, low level throughout passages 5 to 15 with a slightly decreased expression during later passages and no change after differentiation. The siRNA-treatment suppressed gene expression, although further optimization is needed to increase the suppression.