Background: In the martial art of Muay Thai, techniques are used with hands, elbows, knees and kicks. The contestants are divided into different weight classes and experience levels. The Swedish martial arts association has decided that techniques with elbow are not allowed in B-class. Why is it so? Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the martial arts delegation decision to restrict techniques with elbows to the head in the B-class is justified. To do this, comparison of peak force and impulse between elbow techniques and already authorized techniques with hand and kick was compared. Method: Ten Muay Thai practitioners of high class (Class A and Class B) hit a punching bag fitted with a triaxial accelerometer. The force was calculated by multiplying the mass of the bag with acceleration resultant. The peak force was taken out and compared between the techniques. A high-speed camera was used to record the techniques. The contact time was calculated through video analysis and through analyzing the power data of the techniques. The contact time was used to calculate the impulse. Results: Peak force for technique with the hand was 135 (SD 757) N greater than for technique with elbow. Peak force for technique with kick was 348 (SD 835) N less than the technique with elbow. The differences were not statistically significant. For impulse calculated by video analysis, technique with hand was 18 (SD 13) Ns greater than for technique with elbow and technique with kick was 13 (SD 27) Ns greater than for technique with elbow. Analysis of the force data showed the same trend. Technique with hand was 14 (SD 9) Ns greater than technique with elbow and technique with kick was 4 (SD 19) Ns greater than for technique with elbow. Impulse difference between hand techniques and elbow techniques was statistically significant. Conclusion: Techniques with elbow does not generate statistically significantly greater peak force or impulse than already permitted techniques. The martial arts delegation decision should be reviewed. / Bakgrund: Inom kampsporten Muay Thai används tekniker med händer, armbågar, knän och sparkar. De tävlande delas in i olika viktklasser och erfarenhetsklasser. Svenska kampsportsdelegationen har beslutat att armbågstekniker inte får användas inom B-klass. Varför är det så? Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka ifall kampsportsdelegationens beslut om att begränsa tekniker med armbågar mot huvudet i B-klass är berättigad. För att göra detta jämfördes maxkraft och impuls mellan armbågstekniken och redan tillåtna tekniker med hand och spark. Metod: Tio Muay Thai utövare av hög klass (klass A och klass B) slog mot en boxningssäck utrustad med en treaxladaccelerometer. Kraften räknades ut genom att multiplicera säckens massa med accelerationsresultanten. Maxkraften togs ut och jämfördes mellan teknikerna. Det användes en höghastighetskamera för att spela in slagen. Kontakttiden räknades ut genom videoanalys och genom analys av kraftdata. Kontakttiden användes för att räkna ut impulsen. Resultat: Maxkraften för teknik med hand var 135 (SD 757) N större än för teknik med armbåge och för teknik med spark var 348 (SD 835) N mindre än för teknik med armbåge. Skillnaderna var inte statistiskt signifikanta. För impuls beräknad genom videoanalys var teknik med hand 18 (SD 13) Ns större än för teknik med armbåge och teknik med spark var 13 (SD 27) Ns större än för teknik med armbåge. Analys av kraftdata visade samma trend. Teknik med hand var 14 (SD 9) Ns större än teknik med armbåge och teknik med spark var 4 (SD 19) Ns större än för teknik med armbåge. Impulsskillnaden mellan hand och armbåge var statistisk signifikant. Slutsats: Teknik för armbåge genererar inte statistiskt signifikant större maxkraft eller impuls än för redan tillåtna tekniker. Kampsportsdelegationens beslut bör ses över.

Muay Thai (Thai Boxing) is a kind of self-defense with its own forms of fighting which are different from the self-defense styles of other countries, whether it is in a form of wrestling, Karate, Taekon-do, etc.. Muay Thai is not only fighting for self-defense but also an art and science demonstrated by using various parts of body and movement resulting into forms of offense and defense. This documentary film was made for educational purpose and to spread the art of Thai Boxing to foreigners. VHS video tape was used as a medium to present this documentary. There are two segments in this Muay Thai Documentary. The first segment presents the history, circumstances, and general techniques of Muay Thai. The second segment shows the everyday life of ordinary boxers by using a Thai child named Noppadol as an representative for other fighters.

The thesis examines the learning experience of Muay Thai training and competition through an interpretation of Whiteheads’ theory of learning. This examination is undertaken through a reflection on training and competing in Canada and Thailand during the 2009-2011 period. I will offer an analysis of learning Muay Thai through an interpretation of Whiteheads learning theory and educational philosophy. This thesis rejects learning as a product of hoarding information and recommends education must facilitate concrete and abstract experiences of the principles of freedom and discipline to allow for the development of wisdom and courage in learners. This paper argues that expressing oneself through Muay Thai facilitates non-violent dispositions by allowing for ‘rhythmic’ experiences which enable the growth of active wisdom and courage through periodic tests of training and competition. By providing an autoethnographic account of learning Muay Thai and a theoretical discussion on learning the author will provide a subsequent interpretation of Whiteheads’ theories applied to Muay Thai training and competition. This paper will also consider the educational merit of Muay Thai for marginalized identities as a consequence of developing active wisdom and courage.

Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-07-27T20:35:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Andreza Abreus de Moura.pdf: 3277184 bytes, checksum: 19de20d38f60b420f4be278a977880d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-07T22:03:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Andreza Abreus de Moura.pdf: 3277184 bytes, checksum: 19de20d38f60b420f4be278a977880d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T22:03:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Andreza Abreus de Moura.pdf: 3277184 bytes, checksum: 19de20d38f60b420f4be278a977880d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / CAPES / O presente estudo buscou verificar se o efeito de Compatibilidade Estímulo-Resposta se estabelece em uma simulação virtual de luta com socos, avaliando sua aplicabilidade como medida psicofísica em tarefas de predição e interação. Participaram do experimento 15 homens e 12 mulheres, dos quais 20 nunca haviam praticado lutas, enquanto 7 estavam praticando, à época, Kickboxing, Muay Thai ou Boxe. O teste foi programado em dois blocos. O primeiro consistiu na Tarefa de Interação com apresentação de golpes completos, na qual os participantes foram orientados a responder de modo a interagir com o adversário virtual, visando se defender do golpe. O segundo consistiu na Tarefa de Predição, pautada no método de oclusão temporal progressiva, que impede a visualização completa do golpe, ocultando diferentes períodos temporais durante a execução do movimento. Os participantes foram instruídos a pressionar uma das duas teclas de resposta o mais rápido possível, tão logo conseguiam perceber a direção do golpe. Através da análise de variância, considerando o Tempo de Reação Manual, os resultados indicaram ter havido efeito de Compatibilidade Estímulo-Resposta tanto para as respostas com a Tecla Esquerda quanto com a Direita, em ambas as Tarefas. Considerando o percentual de acertos, a Tecla Esquerda apresentou maior acurácia para os estímulos do Campo Esquerdo, e a Tecla Direita para os estímulos do Campo Direito. Estes resultados estão em conformidade com a literatura, uma vez que a escolha das respostas é facilitada pela posição compatível entre estímulo e tecla, gerando menor latência e menor incidência de erros nas condições compatíveis. Não houve diferenças, entretanto, entre os resultados dos três níveis de oclusão. A utilização deste método, portanto, pode ser favorável à criação de protocolos para estudos sobre treinamentos de golpes, uma vez que tem sido registrado a capacidade de modulação deste efeito. / The present study aimed to verify if the Stimulus-Response Compatibility effect is established in a virtual combat simulation, using punches as stimulus and evaluating its applicability as a psychophysical measure in tasks of prediction and interaction. The study sample consisted of 15 men and 12 women, of whom 20 had never practiced combat sports, while 7 were practicing, at the time, Kickboxing, Muay Thai or Boxe. The test was divided in two blocks. The first one consisted of the Interaction Task, in which the execution of the blows were presented in its enterity. The participants were instructed to respond in order to interact with the virtual adversary, trying to defend themselves from the hit, pressing one of the two answer keys. The second one consisted of the Prediction Task, based on the progressive temporal occlusion method, which blocks visual information from different stages of the movement. Participants were instructed to press one of the two answer keys as quickly as possible, as soon as they could predict the direction of the hit. The variance analysis, considering the Manual Reaction Time, revealed a Stimulus-Response Compatibility effect both for the Left and Right answer key, in both Tasks. Considering the accuracy, the Left Key showed greater accuracy for the Left Field stimulus, while the Right Key showed better performance for the Right Field stimulus. These results are in accordance with the literature findings, since the choice of responses is facilitated by the compatible stimulus-response condition, generating lower latency and lower incidence of errors. There were no differences, however, between the results of the three levels of temporal occlusion. The use of this method, therefore, can be favorable to the creation of protocols for studies on combat training, once the modulation capacity of this effect has been registered.

Background: everal studies mean that individuals accustomed to running barefoot and habitually barefoot individuals choose a fore foot or mid foot strike rather than a rear foot strike when running. This is partly to do with the proprioceptive feedback given from the soles of the feet. The common denominator of the barefoot runner and the Muay Thai fighter would be this proprioceptive feedback due to general bare foot training. A contributing factor to a non heal strike pattern could perhaps also be found in the sport specific movement pattern of Muay Thai where the athlete is trained to execute several actions from the fore foot. Aim: The first aim was to analyse differences in angles of the knee, ankle and foot at initial contact while running shod compared to barefoot in Muay Thai fighters accustomed to training barefoot. A second aim was to investigate if there was a difference in running technique regarding foot strike pattern when running shod compared to bare foot. The foot strike pattern is defined as heal strike, mid foot strike or forefoot strike. Method: Seventeen Muay Thai fighters (13 male 4 female) volunteered to participate in the test of the cross- sectional experimental study. The study took place at PT-Studion Halmstad. The participants performed 2x3minutes of running shod and barefoot respectively at a subjective speed equal to a 12 on the Borg scale. Both conditions were video recorded from a sagittal plane using an iPhone 6. The dominant leg defined as the non-weight bearing leg at the preferred boxing stance was analysed. Data was collected two-dimensionally of the angels of the knee, ankle and foot position to horizontal. Foot strike pattern was also determined. Landmarks were marked to ease the analysis. T-tests of paired samples were used to examine whether there were any differences between the angle of the knee, ankle and foot at barefoot and shod conditions. The significance level for this study was set to be statistically significant if p ≤ 0.05. Foot strike frequency distributions were compared between shod and barefoot runners using chi-square (X2) analysis. Result: A significant difference at the angle of the foot (p=0,034) at initial contact with the ground while running between shod (12 ± 9) and barefoot (17 ± 9) was found. No significant difference in the angle of the knee (p=0,076) or ankle (p=0,081) was found. Changes in foot strike pattern were observed. At shod condition 88% used a rear foot strike, 6% used a mid foot strike and 6% used a forefoot strike. At barefoot condition 41% used a rear foot strike, 0% used a mid foot strike and 59% a fore foot strike. Conclusion: This study shows that the there is a significant difference in foot strike pattern when running shod and barefoot which confirms previous studies. The test group have in common that they train Muay Thai although; their sport specific training doesn’t appear to in this case have any impact on the foot strike pattern. / Bakgrund: Flera studier menar att individer vana att springa barfota samt individer som lever barfota väljer en framfota insättning vid löpning snarare än en hälisättning. Detta har delvis att göra med den proprioceptiva återkopplingen från fotsulan. Den gemensamma nämnaren mellan barfotalöparen och Muay Thai atleten skulle kunna vara denna feedback beroende av barfotaträning. En bidragande faktor till en icke hälisättning skulle kunna förklaras av det idrottsspecifika rörelsemönstret i Muay Thai där flera moment utförs stående på den främre delen av foten. Syfte: Ett syfte var att analysera skillnader i knä, ankel och fotvinklar vid initial kontakt i löpsteget vid skodd och barfota löpning av i Muay Thai-fighters vana vid träning barfota. Ett andra syfte var att undersöka eventuella skillnader i fotisättning vid barfotalöpning samt löpning med skor. Fotisättning definieras som framfot, mellan fot eller bakre/häl-isättning. Metod: Sjutton (17) Muay Thai atleter (13manliga 4kvinnliga) ställde frivilligt upp att delta i tvärsnittsstudien. Studien ägde rum på PT-Studion Halmstad. Testpersoner utförde 2x3minuter av löpning med och utan skor vid en subjektiv hastighet lika med en 12 på Borg skalan. Båda förhållandena filmades i sagitalplan med iPhone 6. Det dominanta benet definierat som det icke viktbärande benet vid den föredragna boxningspositionen analyserades. Tvådimensionell analys av förändringar i fotisättning, vinklar i knäled, ankelled och fotens position till det horisontella samt fotisättning dokumenterades. Landmärken markerades för att underlätta analysen. T-test användes för att undersöka om det fanns några skillnader i vinkeln av knäled, fotled och ankel vid löpning med skor och barfota. Signifikansnivån för denna studie bestämdes vara statistiskt signifikant om p <0,05. Frekvensen av fotisättningen fördelning jämfördes via chi-square (X2) analys. Resultat: En signifikant skillnad (p=0,034) i fotvinkeln vid initial kontakt med marken under löpning med skor (12 ± 9) och barfota (17 ± 9) hittades, men inga signifikanta skillnader i knäets vinkel ((p=0,076) eller ankel (p=0,081) hittades. Med skor vald 88 % en hälisättning, 6 % en mittfotsisättning och 6 % en främre fotisättning. Vid löpning barfota valde 41 % en hälisättning, 0 % en mittfotsisättning och 59 % en främre fotisättning. Slutsats: Studien visar att det finns en signifikant skillnad i fotisättningen mellan löpning barfota och med skor vilket bekräftar tidigare studier. Testgruppen har gemensamt att de tränar thaiboxning, dock kan inte den sportspecifika träningen förklara det valda fotisättningsmönstret.