ABSTRACT Cities throughout Asia have experienced unprecedented economic development over the past decades. In many cases this has contributed to their rapid and uncontrolled growth, which has resulted in a multiplicity of problems, including rapid population increase, enhanced environmental pollution, collapsing traffic systems, dysfunctional waste management, and rapid increases in the consumption of energy, water and other resources. The significant energy use in cities is not very well perceived in Asian countries. Although a number of studies into energy consumption across various sectors have been conducted, most are from the national point of view. Energy demand analysis is not considered important at the level of the city. The thesis is focused on the dynamics of energy utilization in Asian mega-cities, and ultimately aims at providing strategies for maximizing the use of renewable energy in large urban systems. The study aims at providing an in-depth understanding of the complex dynamics of energy utilization in urban mega-centers. An initial general analysis is complemented by a detailed study of the current situation and future outlook for the city of Bangkok, Thailand. An integrated approach applied to the study includes identification of the parameters that affect the utilization of energy in mega-cities and a detailed analysis of energy flows and their various subsystems, including commercial, industrial, residential and that of transportation. The study investigates and evaluates the energy models most commonly used for analyzing and simulating energy utilization. Its purpose is to provide a user-friendly tool suitable for decision-makers in developing an energy model for large cities. In addition, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) process has been developed to assess whether or not the energy systems meet the sustainability criteria. A metabolic approach has been employed to analyze the energy flow and utilization in selected Asian mega-cities, including Bangkok, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tokyo. The approach is applied to measure the majority of indirect energy flows or the energy embodied in the flows of goods and services involving the residents of those cities. Since the function of cities is to serve the lives of the residents, indirect energy consumption could be regarded as being of equal importance as that of direct energy use. The essence of embodied energy is that an indirect reflection upon behavior following direct energy consumption. It can illustrate how a city relies on the outside, for example other cities, countries, etc. and provides some interesting information that cannot be easily drawn from the direct energy demand. The study reveals that the indirect energy demand is more significant than the direct energy demand in Bangkok, Shanghai, and Tokyo, while direct energy demand is greater than the indirect energy demand in Beijing. This can be explained by the fact that Bangkok, Shanghai, and Tokyo have a greater reliance upon the outside in terms of energy demand. The Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) system has been selected to perform Bangkok energy modeling. In a Bangkok case study a range of policy interventions are selected and how these would change the energy development in Bangkok by the year 2025 is examined. Different policies can be grouped by the sectors analyzed. The only supply-side policy considered meets an existing target of having 10% of electricity generated from renewable sources. The study period for the model started in 2005 and ends in 2025, with the year 2000 taken as the base year. The proposed scenarios were evaluated using the MCDM approach to rate their sustainability. Team members found that this method provided a methodology to help decision-makers to systematically identify management objectives and priorities. / QC 20101123

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第23591号 / 地環博第218号 / 新制||地環||42(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 宇佐美 誠, 教授 諸富 徹, 准教授 吉野 章 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

<p dir="ltr">Most road fatalities are caused by human error. To help mitigate this issue and enhance overall transportation safety, companies are turning to advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicle development. Perception, a key module of these systems, mostly uses light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors and enables efficient obstacle detection and environment mapping. Extensive research on the use of LiDAR for autonomous driving has been documented in the literature. Yet still, several researchers and practitioners have advocated continued investigation of LiDAR placement alternatives. To address this research need, this thesis research begins with a comprehensive review of different sensor technologies – camera, radio detection and ranging, global positioning system, and inertial measurement units – and exploring their inherent strengths and limitations. Next, the thesis research developed a methodological multiple criteria framework and implemented it in the context of LiDAR placement optimization. Given the numerous criteria and placement alternatives associated with LiDAR placement, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was identified as an effective tool for LiDAR placement optimization. MCDA has been applied to some extent in decision-making regarding autonomous vehicle development. However, its application in LiDAR placement optimization remains unexplored. In evaluating the LiDAR placement alternatives, the research first established the placement alternatives and then developed a comprehensive yet diverse set of criteria – point density, blind spot regions, sensor cost, power consumption, sensor redundancy, ease of installation, and aesthetics. The data collection methods included the CARLA simulator, sensor datasheets, and questionnaire surveys. The relative importance among the evaluation criteria was established using weighting techniques such as respondent-assigned weighting, equal weighting, and randomly generated weighting. Then, to standardize the different measurement units, scaling was carried out using value functions developed for each criterion using data from the respondents. Finally, the weighted and scaled criteria measures were amalgamated to obtain the overall evaluation score for each alternative LiDAR placement design. This enabled the ranking of the placement designs and the identification of the best-performing and worst-performing designs. Hence, the optimization method used is the enumeration technique. The findings of this study serve as a reference for future similar efforts that seek to optimize LiDAR placements based on select criteria. Further, it is expected that the thesis’s framework will contribute to an enhanced understanding of the overall impact of LiDAR placement on autonomous vehicles, thus enabling the cost-effective design of their placement and, ultimately, improving AV operational outcomes, including traffic safety.</p>

Introduction: Sweden's climate creates several challenges to achieve habitable indoor climate. In Sweden, it is most common for detached houses of wooden construction to use mineral wool or wood fibre to insulate the exterior walls. While mineral wool and wood fibre are the most popular choices, there are several other alternative insulation materials that can be beneficial. The thesis deals with four insulation materials where stone wool and wood fibre are pitted against the more modern materials PIR and PUR to investigate which is most advantageous with the help of life cycle analysis, life cycle cost analysis and energy use in production, installation and end of life. The three criteria are then summed up in a multi-criteria analysis to decide which material is most beneficial.  Method: To reach a result, a literature study and case study is conducted with life cycle analysis, life cycle cost analysis and energy use. The life cycle assessment answers question 1, the life cycle cost analysis answers question 2 and the multi-criteria analysis answers question 3.  Results &amp; Analysis: Four different insulation materials in a wood-constructed wall were studied where PIR and PUR were considered in two different forms, onewith the same U-value as the stone wool and wood fibre, the other with the same thickness as the stone wool and wood fibre. The different variants are studied using the different criteria in the multi-criteria analysis. The material that has the best environmental impact in the life cycle analysis is wood fibre and then the thin PIR, stone wool, thick PIR, thin PUR and lastly thick PUR. In the life cycle cost analysis, the stone wool is most price efficient, then wood fibre, thin PIR, thick PIR, thin PUR and the most expensive price has the thick PUR. The material with the least energy use throughout the life of the material is wood fibre which is 100 % recyclable, after the wood fibre comes stone wool, thin PIR, thick PIR, thin PUR and the most energy use for the life of the material has thick PUR. Finally, the different results are summarized and show that wood fibre is the material that is most advantageous with the criteria chosen, while the thick variation of PUR is the least advantageous in both environmental aspect and cost.  Discussion: The three methods of analysis that have been used in this work have their advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that they show concrete answers, and the disadvantages are mainly the programs they are performed on. Input into these programs has been thorough, but as they are slow and difficult to navigate, there may be a risk of errors. The multi-criteria analysis should be reviewed, and more criteria examined is recommended.

Tesis por compendio / There is a consensus nowadays that the economic, environmental and social considerations in a country's development are needed to achieve sustainability. In the area of construction, agendas have been advanced to promote sustainable development that takes the life cycle of a project into consideration. Nevertheless, it is clear that the fundamental limitation of sustainability is that it tends to concentrate on the biophysical and economic considerations of the built environment without paying sufficient attention to the social aspects. Not including the social aspects early on affects a society's short and long-term infrastructure development. Since the impacts on society are multidimensional, a representation that evaluates the social aspects must be also. The assessment of the social aspects and quality of life go beyond the quantitative aspects. Indeed, the results of an evaluation are just as significant as the participatory legitimacy of its process. In this sense, multicriteria decision-making methods are an alternative that optimally represent the multidimensional and participatory assessment of the social aspects. However, social sustainability in the evaluation of infrastructures has not been adequately addressed to date. In this light, the social dimension in the assessment of infrastructures requires a review and new approaches in the decision-making in the early phases of a project's development. All this leads to the proposal of the general aim of the study as follows: To assess the social sustainability of infrastructures by integrating it into the decision-making. This general aim is split into different specific objectives that seek to explore the areas for improvement in the treatment of social sustainability. From this point, methodologies are proposed to estimate the contribution to social sustainability through multicriteria infrastructure assessment. The scope of this investigation focuses on the assessment of civil engineering infrastructures in the formulation, feasibility and planning stages as well as consideration of multiple social aspects. The document presented is composed of six complementary articles (three already published and three others in the review process in scientific journals). In general, for the development of the research goals the studies use different techniques: a Delphi panel of experts, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), utility theory, stochastic systems, multi-objective methods and Bayesian reasoning techniques. The research has been applied to different international contexts. The social criteria were contextualized in the life cycle of Chilean infrastructures. An active learning method about sustainability was applied in a graduate course in Spain with international students. Additionally, two methods to estimate short and long-term social contribution were implemented on road infrastructures in El Salvador. From the results of the investigation, methods have been proposed to address the social dimension in the multicriteria assessment of civil infrastructures and integrate it into the decision-making process. The proposals arose from an exploration of the needs to improve the multicriteria methods to assess social sustainability. Thus, integrated treatments are put forward to strengthen the social dimension in the sustainability assessment process. This study contributes the tools that support public entities responsible for land-use planning and the prioritization of infrastructures to strengthen the decision-making processes. / Hoy en día existe un consenso por el cual las consideraciones económicas, ambientales y sociales en el desarrollo de los países constituyen dimensiones necesarias para alcanzar la sostenibilidad. En el ámbito de la construcción se han impulsado agendas que promueven el desarrollo sostenible considerando el ciclo de vida de los proyectos. Sin embargo, se reconoce que la limitación fundamental de la sostenibilidad, es que tiende a centrarse en las consideraciones biofísicas y económicas del entorno construido; sin prestar la suficiente atención a los aspectos sociales. La no consideración temprana de los aspectos sociales afecta al desarrollo de la infraestructura en la sociedad a corto y largo plazo. Dado que los impactos sobre la sociedad son multidimensionales, una representación que evalúe los aspectos sociales también debe serlo. La valoración de los aspectos sociales y la calidad de vida superan los aspectos cuantitativos. En efecto, los resultados de una evaluación son igual de trascedentes que la legitimidad participativa de su proceso. En este sentido los métodos de toma de decisiones multicriterio constituyen una alternativa que representa de un modo óptimo la evaluación multidimensional y participativa de los aspectos sociales. Con todo, la sostenibilidad social en la evaluación de infraestructuras no ha sido adecuadamente tratada hasta este momento. A la vista de estos antecedentes, la dimensión social en la evaluación de las infraestructuras requiere una revisión y nuevos enfoques en la toma de decisión en las fases tempranas del desarrollo del proyecto. Todo ello conduce a plantear el objetivo general de la investigación de la siguiente forma: Evaluar la sostenibilidad social de las infraestructuras integrándola en la toma de decisiones. Este objetivo general se desglosa en diferentes objetivos específicos que buscan explorar las áreas de mejora en el tratamiento de la sostenibilidad social. A partir de este punto, se proponen metodologías para estimar la contribución a la sostenibilidad social a través de la evaluación multicriterio de infraestructuras. El alcance de la investigación se concentra en la evaluación de infraestructuras de ingeniería civil en las etapas de formulación, factibilidad y planificación; y la consideración de múltiples aspectos sociales. El documento presentado se compone por seis artículos complementarios (tres de ellos ya publicados y otros tres en proceso de revisión en revistas científicas). En general para el desarrollo de los objetivos de la investigación los estudios utilizan diferentes técnicas: panel de expertos Delphi, el Proceso Analítico Jerárquico (AHP), la teoría de la utilidad, sistemas estocásticos, métodos multiobjetivo y las técnicas de razonamiento Bayesiano. La investigación se ha aplicado a distintos contextos internacionales. La contextualización de los criterios sociales en el ciclo de vida se implementó en infraestructuras chilenas. Se aplicó un método de aprendizaje activo de la sostenibilidad en un curso de posgrado en España con estudiantes internacionales. Por su parte, dos métodos de estimación de la contribución social, a corto y largo plazo, en infraestructuras viarias se implementaron en El Salvador. A partir de los resultados de la investigación se han propuesto métodos para tratar la dimensión social en la evaluación multicriterio de infraestructuras civiles e integrarla en el proceso de toma de decisión. Las propuestas han surgido a partir de una exploración de las necesidades de mejora de los métodos multicriterio para evaluar la sostenibilidad social. De esta forma se proponen tratamientos integrados para fortalecer la dimensión social en el proceso de evaluación de la sostenibilidad. Esta investigación aporta las herramientas que respaldan a los organismos públicos encargados de la planificación territorial y de la priorización de infraestructuras para apoyar los procesos de t / Hui en dia hi ha un consens pel qual les consideracions econòmiques, ambientals i socials en el desenrrollament dels països constitueixen dimensions necessàries per a aconseguir la sostenibilitat. En l'àmbit de la construcció s'han impulsat agendes que promouen el desenvolupament sostenible considerant el seu cicle de vida. No obstant això, es reconeix que la limitació fonamental de la sostenibilitat, és que tendix a centrar-se en les consideracions biofísiques i econòmiques de l'entorn construït; sense prestar la suficient atenció als aspectes socials. La no consideració primerenca dels aspectes socials afecta el desenrollament de l'infraestructura a la societat a curt i llarg termini. Atès que els impactes sobre la societat són multidimensionals, una representació que evalue els aspectes socials també ha de ser-ho. La valoració dels aspectes socials i la qualitat de vida superen els aspectes quantitatius. En efecte, els resultats d'una evaluació són igual de transcendents que la legitimitat participativa del seu procés. En este sentit els mètodes de presa de decisions multicriteri constituïxen una alternativa que representa d'una manera òptima l'evaluació multidimensional i participativa dels aspectes socials. Amb tot, la sostenibilitat social en l'evaluació d'infraestructures no ha segut adequadament tractada fins ara. A la vista d'estos antecedents, la dimensió social en l'evaluació de les infraestructures requerix una revisió i plantejar nous enfocaments en la presa de decisió en les fases primerenques del desenrrollament del projecte. Tot això conduïx a plantejar l'objectiu general de la investigació de la següent manera: Evaluar la sostenibilitat social de les infraestructures integrant-la en la presa de decisions. Est objectiu general es desglossa en diferents objectius específics que busquen explorar les àrees de millora en el tractament de la sostenibilitat social. A partir d'est punt, es proposen metodologies per estimar la contribució a la sostenibilitat social a través de l'evaluació multicriteri d'infraestructures. L'abast de la investigació es concentra en l'evaluació d'infraestructures d'enginyeria civil en les etapes de formulació, factibilitat i planificació; i la consideració de múltiples aspectes socials. El document presentat es compon de sis articles complementaris (tres d'ells ja publicats i tres més en procés de revisió en revistes científiques). En general per al desenrrollament dels objectius de la investigació els estudis utilitzen diferents tècniques: panell d'experts Delphi, el Procés Analític Jeràrquic (AHP), la teoria de la utilitat, sistemes estocàstics, mètodes multiobjectiu i les tècniques de raonament Bayesià. L'investigació s'ha aplicat a diferents contextos internacionals. La contextualització dels criteris socials en el cicle de vida es va implementar en infraestructures xilenes. Es va aplicar un mètode d'aprenentatge actiu de la sostenibilitat en un curs de postgrau a Espanya amb estudiants internacionals. Per altra banda, es van implementar dos mètodes d'estimació de la contribució social, a curt i llarg terme, en infraestructures viàries a El Salvador. A partir dels resultats de la investigació s'han proposat mètodes per tractar la dimensió social en l'avaluació multicriteri d'infraestructures civils i integrar-la en el procés de presa de decisió. Les propostes han sorgit a partir d'una exploració de les necessitats de millora dels mètodes multicriteri per a evaluar la sostenibilitat social. D'esta manera es proposen tractaments integrats per a enfortir la dimensió social en el procés d'evaluació de la sostenibilitat. Esta investigació aporta les ferramentes que donen suport als organismes públics encarregats de la planificació territorial i de la priorització d'infraestructures per recolzar els processos de presa de decisió. / Sierra Varela, LA. (2017). EVALUACIÓN MULTICRITERIO DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD SOCIAL PARA EL DESARROLLO DE INFRAESTRUCTURAS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/91849 / Compendio

There is a global and growing sustainability agenda for surface transport yet there are no specific means of assessing the relative sustainability of infrastructure equipment. Transport noise reduction devices are a significant part of the surface transport infrastructure: they specifically address environmental and social needs, have a high economic impact, and involve a wide range of raw materials raising multiple technical issues. The paper presents an account of the bespoke tool developed for assessing the sustainability of transport noise reduction devices. Regulatory standards for noise reduction devices and the relevant sustainability assessment tools and procedures adopted worldwide were reviewed in order to produce a set of pertinent sustainability criteria and indicators for NRDs projects, which were reviewed and edited during a stakeholder engagement process. A decision making process for assessing the relative sustainability of noise reduction devices was formulated following the review of the literature. Two key stages were identified: (1) collection of data for criteria fulfillment evaluation and (2) multi-criteria analysis for assessing the sustainability of noise reduction devices. Appropriate tools and methods for achieving both objectives are recommended.

Yes / Purpose - The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to global supply chains (SCs), affecting the production, distribution, and transportation of goods and ser- vices. To mitigate these disruptions, it is essential to identify the barriers that have im- peded the seamless operation of SCs. This study identifies these barriers and assesses their impact on supply chain network (SCN). Design/methodology/approach - To determine the relative importance of different bar- riers and rank the affected industries, a hybrid approach was employed, combining the best-worst method (BWM) and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS). To accommodate the inherent uncertainties associated with the pan- demic, a triangular fuzzy TOPSIS was used to represent the linguistic variable ratings provided by decision-makers. Findings - The study found that the airlines and hospitality industry was the most affected by the barriers, accounting for 46% of the total, followed by the healthcare industry (23%), the manufacturing industry (19%), and finally the consumer and retail industry (17%). Research limitation/implications - This study is limited to the four critical industries and nine identified barriers. Other industries and barriers may have different weights and rankings. Nevertheless, the findings offer valuable insights for decision-makers in SC management, aiding them in mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on their operations and enhancing their resilience against future disruptions. Originality/value - This study enhances our understanding of COVID-19’s impact on SCN and provides a framework for assessing disruptions using multi-criteria decision-making processes. The hybrid approach of BWM and TOPSIS in a fuzzy environment is unique and offers potential applicability in various evaluation contexts.

Jordens klimat blir allt varmare, och de redan befintliga hoten från kraftiga skyfall förväntas öka. Behovet av att anpassa våra städer till dessa förändringar blir alltmer påtagligt, då det bland annat medför ökade risker för översvämningar, skador på infrastruktur och ekonomiska förluster. En form av klimatanpassningsåtgärder som har fått ökat intresse är multifunktionella skyfallsåtgärder, då de har förmågan att tillgodose fler funktioner och nyttor än enbart vattenhantering. Även multifunktionella skyfallsåtgärder måste dock integreras i stadsmiljön för att vara effektiva och accepteras. Mot bakgrund av det är syftet med studien är att belysa hur ett multifunktionalitetsperspektiv kan integreras i skyfallsplaneringen, med fokus på att belysa platsers funktioner och värden. Specifikt undersöks hur ett kriteriebaserat ramverk kan utformas för att synliggöra och utvärdera sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga värden. Studien utforskar också användningen av ramverket för att skapa diskussion och samsyn kring prioriteringar av värden samt identifierar potentiella förbättringar för att bredda ramverkets användbarhet i skyfallsplaneringen.  För att uppnå det här syftet utgår studien från en anpassad version av beslutsstödsmetoden multikriterieanalys, vilket utgör det huvudsakliga ramverket som tas fram och tillämpas i studien. Ramverket tillämpas i de två fallstudierna Botkyrka kommun och Uppsala kommun, där värdena rangordnas utifrån kommunernas prioriteringar. Metoder för datainsamling inkluderar litteraturstudier, workshoppar samt en enkätstudie. Resultaten visar på 20 kriterier som kan integreras i ramverket för att omfatta de centrala aspekterna av multifunktionalitet. Samtidigt betonas att ramverkets utformning bör anpassas efter den specifika kontext där det tillämpas och inte betraktas som statiskt verktyg. Vidare visar resultaten att ramverket har potential att främja diskussioner, gemensam förståelse och kreativt tänkande, samt underlätta kommunikationen mellan olika parter. För att optimera och utvidga ramverkets användbarhet föreslås ytterligare kriterier, inklusive lösningsspecifika, samt ökat deltagande från externa aktörer. Dessutom framhålls behovet av tydligare definitioner och formuleringar av kriterier och frågeställningar för att säkerställa effektiv användning. / The Earth's climate is becoming increasingly warmer, and the already existing threats from cloudbursts and heavy rainfall are expected to increase. The need to adapt our cities to these changes is becoming more urgent, as it brings increased risks of flooding, damage to infrastructure, and economic losses. One form of climate adaptation measure that has gained increased interest is multifunctional stormwater management, as it can provide multiple functions and benefits beyond just water management. However, even multifunctional stormwater measures must be integrated into the urban environment to be effective and accepted. Against this backdrop, this study aims to highlight how a multifunctional perspective can be integrated into cloudburst planning, with a focus on highlighting the functions and values of places. Specifically, it examines how a criteria-based framework can be designed to highlight and evaluate social, economic, and environmental values. The study also explores the use of the framework to create discussion and consensus around value priorities and identifies potential improvements to broaden the framework's usefulness in cloudburst planning.  To achieve this purpose, the study is based on an adapted version of the decision support method multi-criteria analysis, which forms the main framework developed and applied in the study. The framework is applied in the two case studies of Botkyrka Municipality and Uppsala Municipality, where values are ranked based on the municipalities' priorities. Data collection methods include literature studies, workshops, and a survey. The results identify 20 criteria that can be integrated into the framework to encompass the central aspects of multifunctionality. At the same time, it is emphasized that the design of the framework should be adapted to the specific context in which it is applied and not considered a fixed tool. Furthermore, the results show that the framework has the potential to promote discussions, shared understanding, and creative thinking, as well as facilitate communication between different actors. To optimize and expand the framework's usefulness, additional criteria are suggested, including solution-specific ones, as well as increased participation from external actors. Additionally, the need for clearer definitions and formulations of criteria and questions is highlighted to ensure effective use.

Information technology (IT) investment decision makers are required to process large volumes of complex data. An existing body of knowledge relevant to IT portfolio management (PfM), decision analysis, visual comprehension of large volumes of information, and IT investment decision making suggest Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and hypervariate display techniques can reduce cognitive load and improve decision confidence in IT PfM decisions. This dissertation investigates improving the decision confidence by reducing cognitive burden of the decision maker through greater comprehension of relevant decision information. Decision makers from across the federal government were presented with actual federal IT portfolio project lifecycle costs and durations using hypervariate displays to better comprehend IT portfolio information more quickly and make more confident decisions. Other information economics attributes were randomized for IT portfolio projects to generate Balanced Scorecard (BSC) values to support MCDM decision aids focused on IT investment alignment with specific business objectives and constraints. Both quantitative and qualitative measures of participant comprehension, confidence, and efficiency were measured to assess hypervariate display treatment and then MCDM decision aid treatment effectiveness. Morae Recorder Autopilot guided participants through scenario tasks and collected study data without researcher intervention for analysis using Morae Manager. Results showed improved comprehension and decision confidence using hypervariate displays of federal IT portfolio information over the standard displays. Both quantitative and qualitative data showed significant differences in accomplishment of assigned IT portfolio management tasks and increased confidence in decisions. MCDM techniques, incorporating IT BSC, Monte Carlo simulation, and optimization algorithms to provide cost, value, and risk optimized portfolios improved decision making efficiency. Participants did not find improved quality and reduced uncertainty from optimized IT portfolio information. However, on average participants were satisfied and confident with the portfolio optimizations. Improved and efficient methods of delivering and visualizing IT portfolio information can reduce decision maker cognitive load, improve comprehension efficiency, and improve decision making confidence. Study results contribute to knowledge in the area of comprehension and decision making cognitive processes, and demonstrate important linkages between Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) to support IT PfM decision making.

Utbyggnation av städer och allt större andel hårdgjorda ytor leder till problem med dagvattenhanteringen. Flödena blir snabbare samtidigt som större mängder än tidigare bildar avrinning och då är det viktigt att de befintliga systemen klarar av att hantera dem. Dagvatten från tak och hårdgjorda ytor och dräneringsvatten från källarfastigheter kan vara kopplat till spillvattennätet och leda till att vattenflödena i ledningarna vid stora regn kan bli betydligt större än de är dimensionerade för, med kapacitetsproblem som följd. En lösning som många VA-huvudmän har implementerat är att använda öppna dagvattenlösningar istället för att välja det mer kostnadskrävande alternativet att bygga ut ledningssystemet. Att koppla om stuprör, brunnar och dräneringsledningar och gräva diken för att leda om vattnet är både kostnads- och resurskrävande. Syftet var därför att undersöka om multikriterieanalys kan fungera som ett lämpligt verktyg för att allokera resurserna till de områden som ger mest nytta per satsad krona. Detta genom att ta fram en metodik för detta syfte och testa dess robusthet för att avgöra om den är lämplig att applicera eller om osäkerheterna i parametervärdena blir för stora för att några slutsatser ska kunna dras. Metodiken som togs fram testades på Bjursås, ett litet samhälle två mil utanför Falun, eftersom omfattande utredningar gjorts i området tidigare, vilket innebar att mycket data fanns att tillgå. Undersökningar gjordes av var mängderna kunde förväntas bli stora, var det fanns stor risk för källaröversvämningar och vilka områden som bidrog mest till bräddningar. Detta utvärderades tillsammans med förväntade åtgärdskostnader och en samlad bedömning gjordes av var nyttan per satsad krona bör bli störst. Stora osäkerheter återfanns i bedömningen. Slutsatsen blev att metoden kan fungera som stöd vid beslutsunderlag, men att den inte är tillräckligt robust för att kunna användas uteslutande utan att efterföljande utvärderingar och kritisk granskning av resultaten måste göras. Detta kan lämpligtvis ske genom en känslighetsanalys. För att resultaten ska utgöra ett användbart verktyg för VA-huvudmannen måste också kostnaderna utvärderas noggrannare än de har gjorts i den här studien. / Urbanization along with a greater amount of hardened surfaces affects the storm water management. When the flows get faster and larger amounts create runoff, it is crucial that the available systems are able to handle the water. Storm water from roofs and asphalt surfaces and drainage water can be connected to the sewage water pipelines and make the flows in the conduits at rainfall much greater than they are designed for, leading to capacity issues. Many municipalities have implemented open storm water solutions instead of choosing the more cost-ineffective way of expanding the conduit system. Reconnecting downspouts, wells and drainage pipelines and digging trenches to lead the water is both cost and resource demanding. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate whether multi criteria analysis can be used as an appropriate tool in order to allocate the resources to the most beneficial areas. This was done by developing a method for this aim and testing its robustness in order to determine if it is suitable to use in this context or if the uncertainties make the method too unreliable. The robustness in the method developed can be questioned since the uncertainties can be substantial. To be able to use this method, a lot of data is needed and the method needs to be updated relatively often in order to contain relevant information. It is recommended that a sensitivity analysis is performed along with the method, since the use of only one set of parameters can make the result relatively arbitrary. Using a Monte Carlo procedure with the uncertainties defined can reduce the time needed to measure and identify the values. The sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters that have the largest impact on the results are the number of residents living in every real estate with a basement, the catchment areas, the roughness parameters of the pipelines and the use of energy and chemicals in the system. In the future, the urbanization is expected to increase as well as the amount of rainfall and problems related to inflow and infiltration are expected to become more common. The hope is that the method used and its results will be useful for the municipalities’ future planning and to inspire to more studies on this topic.