Les réseaux de chauffage urbain (DHN) sont un moyen efficace de fournir de l'énergie thermique aux consommateurs. L'état actuel de la technique montre que les DHN évoluent vers des réseaux thermiques intelligents dans des systèmes énergétiques intégrés alors que leur conception est basée sur les principes de durabilité. Sur cette base, cette thèse couvre deux domaines de recherche principaux : Fonctionnement et conception des systèmes de chauffage urbain. Dans la partie A de cette thèse, des méthodes avancées pour le fonctionnement de la DHN sont développées à l'aide d'analyses exergétiques et thermoéconomiques. Cela inclut la formulation de bilans de coûts exergétiques pour les modèles de réseau basés sur des graphiques. La partie intrinsèque est le déploiement d'une matrice algébrique, qui détermine les coûts exergétiques pour la modélisation dynamique du système. Une étude de cas d'un réseau réel prouve que la méthodologie proposée offre de nouvelles perspectives sur l'allocation individuelle des coûts, ce qui aide à évaluer la faisabilité de l'intégration par des tiers et l'intégration des sources d'énergie distribuées. Dans la partie B de cette thèse, un nouvel indicateur appelé «load deviation index (LDI)» est proposé pour lier les mesures de la demande (DSM) à la conception durable des systèmes DHN. Pour cela, un cadre de conception axé sur les affaires est proposé, qui prend en compte les influences critiques dans le DHN tout en évitant un trop grand détail. Le comportement du DSM est analysé du point de vue du système et son impact sur la conception du DHN est étudié dans deux études de cas. Alors que l'un se concentre sur les benchmarks pour différentes options de conception en utilisant une métrique de durabilité multicritères, un autre donne des indications détaillées sur l'utilité du cadre proposé pour la conception en évaluant l'impact de DSM sur les améliorations de conception possibles. / District heating networks (DHN) arean efficient way of providing thermal energy to consumers. Current state of the art shows that DHNs are developing towards smart thermal networks in integrated energy systems while their design is based upon the principles of sustainability. Based on that, this thesis covers two main research areas: Operation and design of district heating systems. In part A of this thesis, advanced methods for DHN operation are developed with the help of exergetic and thermoeconomic analysis. This includes the formulation of exergetic cost balances for graph-based network models. Intrinsic part is the deployment of an algebraic matrix, which determines the exergetic costs for dynamic system modeling. A case study of areal-existing network provides evidence that the proposed methodology offers new insights into individual allocation of costs which helps to assess the feasibility of third-party integration and the integration of distributed energy sources. In part B of this thesis, a new indicator called “load deviation index (LDI)” is proposed to link demand side measures (DSM) with the sustainable design of DHN systems. For that, abusiness-focused design frameworks proposed which takes the critical influences of DHN into account while avoiding a too high detail. DSM behavior is analyzed from a system perspective and its impact on DHN design is studied in two case studies. While one focuses on benchmarks for different design options using a multi-criteria sustainability metric, another gives detailed insights into the usefulness of the proposed framework for design purposes through assessing the impact of DSM on possible design improvements using a multi-objective optimization approach.

This thesis analyzes the issue of gender in/equality in the European Union from the quantitative as well as from the qualitative perspective. For the calculations of the defined tasks methods of multi-criteria decision with software for SANNA, working in conjunction with MS Excel, were used. This study analyzes and provides an overview of the arrangement of individual EU countries in terms of gender in/equality using selected indicators. The main variable in this study is sex. In terms of socio-cultural context equality or inequality between men and women is then analyzed -- gender in/equality. The first part introduces the terminology of gender in/equality. The next chapter describes selected qualitative factors in the analysis. Following is an overview of the quantitative tools, multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives. The last part is devoted to description of real variants and to calculations according to the individual areas (labour market, poverty and education).

Le stress environnemental croissant perçu dans les zones résidentielles crée un sentiment d’insécurité et une perception négative de la qualité de vie, plaçant la nuisance olfactive au coeur des préoccupations des études environnementales. Dans ce contexte, les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse de doctorat ont été initiés dans le but d’aboutir à une méthode permettant d’évaluer et de représenter les niveaux de gêne olfactive sur un territoire. En conséquence, l’intérêt s’est porté non seulement sur les caractéristiques de la source et des sujets récepteurs mais aussi sur leur environnement au moment de la perception de la nuisance odorante. Plus particulièrement, l’objectif de cette nouvelle approche est de permettre de mesurer et de prévoir l’impact olfactif d’une industrie existante ou future sur un territoire donné. L’idée est de représenter le niveau de gêne olfactive et ses conséquences sur le territoire, afin d’avoir une meilleure gestion du site industriel en termes de rejets, mais aussi de fournir une aide à la décision claire et objective aux acteurs impliqués. La démarche développée s’articule autour de deux concepts : la gêne olfactive et le préjudice économique de cette gêne sur le territoire. Ces deux concepts sont définis par un ensemble de critères hétérogènes organisés et agrégés afin d’aboutir à un outil géographique et environnemental opérationnel. L’outil a été validé autour d’un site industriel permettant de confronter l’approche méthodologique développée et le résultat des mesures sur place. Les résultats de l’application de cette méthode sont de qualité satisfaisante et ouvrent la porte à de nombreuses perspectives de recherche. / The increasing environmental stress felt in residential areas leads to an unsafety sensation and to a negative life-quality perception, setting odor annoyance at the heart of environmental issues. Within this context, the research work presented in this doctoral thesis was initiated in order to result in a method allowing to assess and to represent the odor annoyance levels on a given territory. As a consequence, the interest has focused not only on the characteristics of the source and of the exposed targets, but also on their environment during the perception of the olfactory nuisance. To be more precise, the aim of this new approach is to make us able to measure and to forecast the olfactory impact of an existing or a future industry plant on a given territory. The main idea is to represent the level of odor annoyance and its consequences on the territory, in order to reach a best level of industrial plant management in terms of wastes as well as to provide a clear and objective decision support tool for the involved actors. The developed method revolves around two main concepts: the odor annoyance and the economical prejudice of this annoyance on the targeted territory. These two concepts are defined by a group of heterogeneous criteria, organized and aggregated in order to obtain a geographical and environmental operational tool. This tool has been validated for an industrial plant, thus comparing the developed approach to on the spot measurements results. The results of the application of this method came out satisfying and open numerous paths of inquiry.

A escolha por fazer ou por comprar é um problema clássico enfrentado pelas empresas. Essa decisão diz respeito à opção de fazer internamente, optar por uma gestão hibrida (interna e externa ao mesmo tempo) ou terceirizar uma atividade. Por envolver diversos critérios, muitos responsáveis por ela utilizam métodos de decisão multicritério para que se obtenha melhores resultados. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em desenvolver uma estrutura para a tomada de decisão de fazer ou comprar e utilizar métodos de decisão multicritério para conferir maior confiabilidade à essa decisão. Para isso, os objetivos específicos são: (1) realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema (decisão de fazer ou comprar auxiliada por métodos de decisão multicritério), (2) propor um processo estruturado de decisão para o problema de fazer ou comprar, (3) propor métodos adequados aos propósitos de categorização ou ordenação nas diferentes etapas do processo, incluindo métodos que contemplem a possibilidade de decisão em grupo e (4) realizar um estudo comparativo de métodos de decisão multicritério para a decisão sobre Fazer ou Comprar. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram plenamente alcançados trazendo contribuições como: uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática sobre métodos de decisão multicritério para o problema de fazer ou comprar; uma estrutura de decisão para dar suporte à decisão de fazer ou comprar; a aplicação de métodos ainda não utilizados para o problema de fazer ou comprar; aplicação de métodos que suportem a problemática da decisão em grupo e; a comparação entre dois métodos para o propósito de categorização e duas para o propósito de ordenação. / The make or buy decision is a classical decision problem in operations management and it is difficult to make because of its very nature (multiple criteria). To better contend with these challenges, many decision makers choose Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to support their decisions. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology to support the make or buy decision and the use of the multi-criteria decision methods in this context. The specific objectives are: (1) to conduct a literature research about multi-criteria decision making techniques to support the make or buy decision; (2) to propose a structured decision framework to the make or buy problem; (3) to propose appropriate methods for categorization or ordering at different stages of the process, including methods that support group decisions and; (4) to perform a comparative study of multi-criteria decision-making methods for the make or buy problem. The objectives of this work were fully achieved by bringing contributions such as: a systematic literature review on multi-criteria decision-making methods for the make or buy problem; A decision framework to support the make or buy decision; The application of methods that were not found in the systematic literature review for the problem of make or buy problem; Application of methods that support the group decision problem and; The comparison between two techniques for categorization purposes and two for ordering purposes.

Le Problème de Transport à la Demande (PTD), consiste à prendre en charge le transport des personnes d'un lieu de départ vers un lieu d'arrivée. Il est caractérisé par un ensemble de demandes de transport et d'un nombre de véhicules disponible. L'ultime objectif dans ce travail de thèse est d'offrir une alternative optimisée au déplacement individuel et collectif. Le PTD est classé parmi les problèmes NP-difficile, la majorité des travaux de recherche ont été concentrés sur l'utilisation des méthodes approchées pour le résoudre.Ce problème est également multicritère, la solution proposée dans ce travail permet à la fois une réduction du temps de voyage et également de la distance parcourue. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons notre contribution à l'étude et à la résolution du problème de transport à la demande multicritère et dynamique en appliquant l'algorithme de recuit simulé multi-objectif. Une grande partie de notre travail concerne la conception, le développement et la validation des approches qui permettent de donner des solutions optimales ou quasi optimales, pour un PTD. Ces approches utilisent une méthode multicritère qui s’appuie sur l’algorithme de recuit simulé. La modélisation du PTD est représentée par une architecture multi-acteurs. Cette architecture met en évidence l’aspect distribué du système ainsi que les interactions et les relations qui peuvent avoir lieu entre les différents acteurs. Nous présentons dans ce travail un Système Multi-Agents pour la planification des itinéraires des véhicules affectés au transport des voyageurs. Les agents de ce système utilisent le module d’optimisation développé dans la première partie / The Dial a Ride Problem (DRP) is to take passengers from a place of departures to places of arrivals. Different versions of the dynamic Dial a Ride Problem are found in every day practice; transportation of people in low-density areas, transportation of the handicapped and elderly persons and parcel pick-up and delivery service in urban areas. In the DRP, customers send transportation requests to an operator. A request consists of a specified pickup location and destination location along with a desired departure or arrival time. The ultimate aim is to offer an alternative to displacement optimized individually and collectively. The DRP is classified as NP-hard problem that’s why most research has been concentrated on the use of approximate methods to solve it. Indeed the DRP is a multi-criteria problem, the proposed solution of which aims to reduce both route duration in response to a certain quality of service provided. In this thesis, we offer our contribution to the study and solving the DRP in the application using a multi agent system based on the Multi-Objective Simulated Annealing Algorithm

<p>Dono&scaron;enje odluka u poljoprivredi i vodoprivredi podrazumeva uvažavanje ekonomskih, dru&scaron;tvenih i&nbsp;kriterijuma za&scaron;tite životne sredine. Proces je složen jer se odluke zbog nemogućnosti kvantifikacije&nbsp;često donose na osnovu kvalitativnih podataka, ili jo&scaron; če&scaron;će, u kombinaciji sa postojećim kvantitativnim&nbsp;podacima. Analitički hijerarhijski proces (AHP) je teorijsko-metodolo&scaron;ki koncept vi&scaron;ekriterijumske<br />analize i optimizacije za podr&scaron;ku složenih procesa individualnog i grupnog odlučivanja, koji se pokazao&nbsp;kao jedan od najpogodnijih da podrži takve procese i zato je u svetu &scaron;iroko rasprostranjen. Kod&nbsp;odlučivanja u poljoprivredi i vodoprivredi, zbog složenosti procesa, podrazumeva se interdisciplinarni&nbsp;pristup sa uče&scaron;ćem vi&scaron;e interesnih strana (donosilaca odluka). Kod grupnih primena AHP, odluka se<br />najče&scaron;će dobija objedinjavanjem individualnih ocena ili objedinjavanjem individualnih prioriteta. U&nbsp;novije vreme AHP se sve vi&scaron;e kombinuje sa modelima za postizanje konsenzusa.<br />U disertaciji je predložen mogući novi način objedinjavanja individualnih odluka u grupnu zasnovan na&nbsp;minimizaciji odstupanja grupne od individualnih odluka. Ideja je da se na osnovu individualnih&nbsp;vrednovanja elemenata odlučivanja po metodologiji AHP generi&scaron;e grupni vektor pomoću algoritma&nbsp;simuliranog kaljenja (SA - simulated annealing) iz klase inteligentnih stohastičkih optimizacionih&nbsp;algoritama, posebno pogodnog kada re&scaron;enje treba tražiti u beskonačnim diskretnim prostorima. Po&scaron;to se<br />u AHP mogu koristiti različiti metodi za određivanje vektora prioriteta, koji se uobičajeno nazivaju&nbsp;&quot;prioritizacioni metodi&quot;, da bi se postupak objedinjavanja učinio nezavisnim od metoda prioritizacije, u&nbsp;disertaciji je definisan univerzalni pokazatelj grupne konzistentnosti nazvan grupno euklidsko rastojanje&nbsp;(GED - group Euclidean distance). Inteligentnim približavanjem grupnog vektora prioriteta&nbsp;individualnim odlukama, odnosno minimizacijom GED, identifikuje se grupni vektor koji dovoljno<br />dobro predstavlja individualne odluke. Predloženi postupak nazvan je metod SAAP (SA aggregation&nbsp;procedure). Za testiranje ispravnosti metoda SAAP kori&scaron;ćena su tri primera i rezultati predloženog&nbsp;metoda su poređeni sa rezultatima najče&scaron;će kori&scaron;ćenih kombinacija metoda grupnog objedinjavanja,<br />konsenzus modela i metoda prioritizacije koje su nazvane &scaron;eme objedinjavanja. Dobijeni rezultati su&nbsp;pokazali da je SAAP konkurentan sa ostalim &scaron;emama objedinjavanja.<br />U disertaciji je predložena i transparentna metodologija za grupno vi&scaron;ekriterijumsko ocenjivanje&nbsp;pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje na datoj teritoriji. U FAO dokumentima je sugerisano da treba&nbsp;vr&scaron;iti ocenu pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje a ne isključivo zemlji&scaron;ta i da treba uzeti u obzir sve<br />faktore (kriterijume) koji utiču na uspe&scaron;nost uvođenja navodnjavanja. Vi&scaron;ekriterijumsko određivanje&nbsp;pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje je zasnovano na kombinaciji AHP i geografskog informacionog&nbsp;sistema (GIS) u grupnom kontekstu. Metodologija se sastoji iz četiri faze. U prvoj fazi se identifikuju&nbsp;podkriterijumi za određivanje pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje od interesa za dato područje.<br />Podkriterijumi se zatim grupi&scaron;u u kriterijume (kao &scaron;to su osobine zemlji&scaron;ta, klima, socio-ekonomski&nbsp;kriterijum, tehničko-pravni kriterijum i za&scaron;tita životne sredine) i na taj način se formira hijerarhija&nbsp;problema odlučivanja. Identifikovani donosioci odluka vrednuju elemente hijerarhije, takođe po metodu&nbsp;AHP, a zatim se vrednovanja koriste za izračunavanje individualnih težina podkriterijuma.<br />Sastavni deo druge faze metodologije je predloženi vi&scaron;ekriterijumski metod za određivanje težina&nbsp;donosilaca odluka. Koristeći individualne težine podkriterijuma izračunate u prvoj i težine donosilaca&nbsp;odluka izračunate u ovoj fazi, &quot;otežanim&quot; aritmetičkim osrednjavanjem određuju se grupne (konačne&nbsp;težine) podkriterijuma (GIS slojeva). Da bi rastersko preklapanje slojeva bilo moguće, u trećoj fazi se<br />standardizuju GIS slojevi. Množenjem vrednosti piksela u svakom sloju sa pripadajućim grupnim&nbsp;težinama slojeva i njihovim sabiranjem dobija se konačna mapa pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje i&nbsp;ona predstavlja osnovu za definisanje prostornih prioriteta izgradnje novih sistema za navodnjavanje na&nbsp;datom području. U četvrtoj fazi (analiza osetljivosti) se prvo isključuju slojevi koji predstavljaju<br />antropogene podkriterijume, a zatim i slojevi zasnovani na prirodnim &nbsp;karakteristikama. Na ovaj način se&nbsp;dobijaju dve nove mape pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje koje pružaju dodatne informacije za&nbsp;definisanje prostornih prioriteta izgradnje novih sistema za navodnjavanje.</p> / <p>Agricultural and water management decision problems are usually complex because many criteria (such<br />as economical, social and environmental) need to be considered. For this kind of problems, decision<br />making process is often based only on qualitative data or sometimes on combination of quantitative and<br />qualitative data. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multi criteria decision-making method that<br />has been used in many applications related with decision-making based on qualitative data, and is<br />applicable to both individual and group decision making situations. Because of the increasing<br />complexity of decision making problems in agriculture and water management and the necessity to<br />include all interested participants in problem solving, nowadays many AHP decision making processes<br />take place in group settings. There are various aggregation procedures for obtaining a group priority<br />vector within AHP-supported decision making, the most common of which are the aggregation of<br />individual judgments (AIJ), aggregation of individual priorities (AIP) and aggregations based on<br />consensus models.<br />A heuristic stochastic approach to group decision making is proposed in this dissertation as an<br />aggregation procedure which searches for the best group priority vector for a given node in an AHP&ndash;<br />generated hierarchy. The group Euclidean distance (GED) is used as a group consistency measure for<br />deriving the group priority vector for a given node in the AHP hierarchy where all participating<br />individuals already set their judgments. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm tries to minimize the<br />GED, of the process of which can be considered an objective search for maximum consensus between<br />individuals within the group. The group priority vector obtained in this way is invariant to any<br />prioritization method; that is, there is no need to have individual priority vectors as is required by some<br />other aggregation procedures. This approach is named simulated annealing aggregation procedure<br />(SAAP). In order to check validity of this approach, three examples are used to compare it&#39;s results with<br />results obtained by various combinations of aggregations (AIJ and AIP), consensus models and<br />prioritization methods. In this dissertation, SAAP and other known combinations of aggregation<br />procedures and prioritization methods are labeled as aggregation schemes. Results shows that the SAAP<br />performs better or at least equally to several other well known combinations of prioritization and<br />aggregation in AHP group decision making frameworks.<br />The second objective of this dissertation was to establish a transferable and transparent procedure for<br />multi criteria group evaluations of land suitability for irrigation. The multi criteria approach is<br />recommended because according to FAO documents all aspects of the problem (environment, social<br />aspect, economy) need to be considered in the evaluation, not just soil. To make a decision on where to<br />build new, sustainable irrigation systems, here we propose multi criteria group decision making<br />approach which combines AHP and Geographic Information System (GIS). This approach is presented<br />as four-phase decision making framework. In the first phase, subcriteria relevant in validating land<br />suitability were grouped into five major criteria: soil, climate, economy, infrastructure and environment.<br />Considered as spatially determined decision making elements, criteria and subcriteria were evaluated<br />within the AHP framework by identified experts in the subject area.<br />In the second phase new multi criteria method is developed for deriving decision makers&#39; weights. Using<br />this weights and individual priority weights of subcriteria from first phase final group weights of<br />subcriteria (GIS layers) are computed. In third phase each subcriterion (GIS layer) is standardized. Then,<br />the cell values in each of the subcriterion layers are multiplied by the corresponding final weights of the<br />subcriteria and aggregated into the final land suitability maps for irrigation in GIS environment. Finally,<br />in the fourth phase, a sensitivity analysis is applied to check the influence of different criteria on the<br />result. By changing the weights of criteria, two more maps were generated showing land suitability for<br />irrigation regarding natural conditions and economy-water infrastructure.</p>

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-09-16T11:56:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marinaldo Oliveira Santos_.pdf: 2682832 bytes, checksum: f39463fc89972fe2230fe980b0b16e05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T11:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marinaldo Oliveira Santos_.pdf: 2682832 bytes, checksum: f39463fc89972fe2230fe980b0b16e05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-18 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A avaliação de desempenho funcional é uma das principais ferramentas de gestão de pessoas, seus resultados dão subsídios ao gestor para o planejamento de ações e políticas de melhorias, visando metas individuais e organizacionais. O caso selecionado para o estudo é a Avaliação Periódica de Desempenho (APED), regulada pelas normas legais representadas pela Lei n. 1.534 de 29 de dezembro de 2004 e pelo decreto n. 2.551 de 13 de outubro de 2005. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor melhorias no modelo atual de avaliação de desempenho dos servidores públicos do estado do Tocantins visando ao aprimoramento do instrumento de medição de desempenho por meio do emprego da abordagem de auxílio multicritério à decisão (AMD). Para alcançar este objetivo, foi adotada uma abordagem que combina os métodos AHP e PROMETHEE II, e ainda suas extensões para decisão em grupo, a abordagem de Agregação Individual de Prioridades (AIP) para o AHP e o PROMETHEE GDSS para o PROMETHEE II. Os resultados obtidos pela pesquisa propiciaram o aprimoramento do instrumento de avaliação atual da APED, por meio da definição de pesos para os avaliadores, competências e fatores de avaliação. Somado a isso, a partir do instrumento aprimorado, foi possível reformular o cálculo da nota final do avaliado empregando uma agregação aditiva. Com esses resultados, espera-se a melhoria efetiva do modelo atual de APED, que possibilitará a apresentação de resultados mais precisos em conformidade com o desempenho real das atividades laborais do funcionário, viabilizando a definição de políticas de qualificação de pessoal, valorizando o servidor público a fim de promover, de forma mais eficiente, os serviços públicos. / Functional performance evaluation is one of the main people management tools, its results give the manager subsidies for the planing of actions and improvement policies in order to achieve individual and organizational goals. The case selected for the study is Avaliação Periódica de Desempenho (APED), regulated by legal norms represented by the Law n. 1,534 of December 29, 2004 and the Decree 2,551 of 13 october, 2005. In this thesis I shall propound improvements to the current model of perfomance evaluation of public employees of Tocantins state in order to improve the perfomance measurement instrument through the use of multi-criteria decision aid - MDA approach. To achieve this goal, I adopted an approach that combines the AHP and PROMETHEE II methods, and also their extensions to group decision, the Aggregation Individual Priorities approach (AIP) for AHP and PROMETHEE GDSS for PROMETHEE II. The results obtained by the research, led me to the improvement of the current evaluation tool (APED), by defining weights for evaluators, skills and evaluation facts. Added to this, from the improved instrument, it was possible to reformulate the calculation of the final grade of evaluated using an additive aggregation. With these results it is expected the improvement of the current model of (APED), which will allow the submission of further accurate results in accordance with actual performance of labor employee activities, allowing the definition of qualification of personnel policies enhancing the public employee to provide more efficiently the public services

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-10-06T16:09:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato de Oliveira Bastos_.pdf: 714555 bytes, checksum: 476142dafb33d63a833c92e4fafec40c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T16:09:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato de Oliveira Bastos_.pdf: 714555 bytes, checksum: 476142dafb33d63a833c92e4fafec40c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / IFTO - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins / O problema de seleção de fornecedores vem sendo abordado com maior relevância e importância pelas organizações, uma vez que por meio da escolha e seleção adequada dos fornecedores os resultados econômicos podem ser bem significativos. A necessidade de instituições públicas ou privadas de reduzir gastos, de buscar produtos e serviços de melhor qualidade, procurando melhorar sua competitividade ou mesmo sua estabilidade no mercado, vem fazendo com que o tema de seleção de fornecedores tenha um papel estratégico nas organizações. Os modelos de seleção atuais praticados pela grande maioria das organizações buscam basicamente minimizar os custos, deixando de lado outros critérios importantes para a escolha dos fornecedores. O presente trabalho propõe uma avaliação do modelo atual de seleção de fornecedores dentro do Instituto Federal do Tocantins (IFTO) bem como a criação de dois modelos multicritério de apoio a decisão. A pesquisa tem uma abordagem qualitativa na formulação do problema e identificação dos critérios relevantes, e quantitativa para a construção dos modelos multicritério e análises dos resultados. Os dois modelos de apoio a decisão foram construídos utilizando os métodos multicritério AHP e VIKOR. Para o estudo aplicado, foram avaliados seis fornecedores em relação aos critérios qualidade, custo, entrega e localização geográfica. Os modelos foram criados a partir de análises sobre as avaliações de entrevistas com quatro especialistas dos setores de compra do IFTO campus Araguaína. Com os resultados dos dois modelos construídos, foi realizada uma comparação entre eles e também em relação ao modelo de seleção de fornecedores praticado atualmente no IFTO. Após as comparações dos modelos, realizou-se uma análise de sensibilidade, onde observou-se que o modelo VIKOR mostrou-se como o mais adequado e indicado para a seleção de fornecedores no âmbito do IFTO. / The problem of selection of suppliers has been addressed with greater relevance and importance for the organizations, since a proper choice and selection of suppliers can bring significant economic results. The need for public and private institutions to reduce costs, to get better quality products and services, looking to improve their competitiveness or even its stability in the market, is causing the supplier selection issue a strategic role in organizations. The current selection models employed by the vast majority of organizations seek to minimize costs, basically leaving aside other important criteria for the choice of suppliers. The present work proposes the assessment of the current model of selection of suppliers within the Federal Institute of Tocantins (IFTO) as well as the creation of two multicriteria decision support models. The research has a qualitative approach in problem formulation and identification of relevant and quantitative criteria for the construction of the multi-criteria models and analysis of results. The two proposed models to support decision have been built using the multi-criteria methods AHP and VIKOR. For the study applied, six vendors were evaluated in relation to quality, cost, delivery criteria and geographic location. The decision models were created from analysis of the evaluations of interviews with four experts in the purchase sector of the IFTO campus Araguaína. With the results of the two proposed models, a comparison was made between them and also in relation to vendor selection model currently practiced in the IFTO. After comparisons of the models, a sensitivity analysis was conducted, where it was noted that the VIKOR model showed up as the most appropriate and suitable for the selection of suppliers within the IFTO.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’apporter une contribution à l’analyse de la relation entre formes d’organisation et performance environnementale des exploitations agricoles. Elle étudie les liens entre d’une part, la manière dont l’exploitation est organisée et gouvernée et, d’autre part, l’ensemble des pratiques qui fondent son profil environnemental. Elle offre une revue de la littérature économique relative à l’analyse de la performance environnementale des exploitations agricoles et de ses déterminants. Dans le prolongement des propositions théoriques relevant de l’économie néo-institutionnelle et de l’économie évolutionniste, elle propose un cadre analytique de la relation entre formes d’exploitation et profils environnementaux. Ce cadre est appliqué au cas des exploitations agricoles laitières autour de trois chapitres complémentaires, qui combinent à la fois une approche quantitative mobilisant des données du Recensement agricole français de 2010, et une approche qualitative basée sur des monographies d’exploitations réalisées au Brésil. Ainsi, cette thèse contribue à la littérature empirique sur la performance environnementale par son approche systémique et multicritère des exploitations laitières qui permet la construction d’un profil de pratiques agro-environnementales. Dans l’analyse des déterminants de ce profil, elle montre l’importance d’une conception de l’exploitation en tant que système complexe doté d’une structure, d’une gouvernance et d’une capacité d’adaptation propres, et évoluant en interaction avec son environnement externe. La thèse montre enfin qu’il n’existe pas un alignement strict entre formes d’organisation et performance environnementale mais que certaines formes d’exploitation sont plus aptes que d’autres à prendre en compte certaines pratiques agro-environnementales. / This thesis contributes to the analysis of the relationship between farm’s forms of organization and environmental performance. The links between the way in which farm is organized and governed and all the practices related with its environmental profile will be studied. First, the economic literature about environmental performance of farms and its determinants will be reviewed. Based on the insights of the neo-institutional and the evolutionary economics, an analytical framework of the relationship between forms of organization and environmental profiles will be proposed. This framework will then be applied to dairy farms in three complementary chapters. These chapters combine both quantitative approach using data from the French agricultural census of 2010 and a qualitative approach from semi-directive interviews carried out in Brazil. An insight to the empirical literature on environmental performance will be provided thanks to a systemic and multi-criteria approach of dairy farms thought a profile of agro-environmental practices. The analysis of the determinants also shows the importance of studying the farm as complex system with its own structure, governance and adaptability evolving in its external environment. Finally, the thesis bring out that there is no strict alignment between forms of organization and environmental performance. However, certain forms are more apt than others to take into account certain agro-environmental practices.

Biomethane made from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste can provide several economic and environmental benefits such as: the valorisation of waste products, increased resource efficiency, increased retention of nutrients through recycling of biogas digestate (Banks, et al., 2011), reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Börjesson, et al., 2016) as well as the reduction of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions (Börjesson &amp; Berglund, 2007).To help actors understand when and where biomethane solutions can succeed, including the qualitative and quantitative aspects of a solution, an Early Assessment Method has been developed. The categories included in the assessment are potential, feasibility, economic and environmental performance. The Early Assessment Method was developed using a multi-criteria framework and consists of 15 key areas and 24 key indicators that should be considered when assessing biomethane solutions. Each quantitative indicator can be assessed either with site-specific data or by using generic equations and average values while the qualitative indicators are given a five-grade scale to facilitate the assessment.The potential category focuses on assessing how much raw material there is in the investigated area and how much of the usable products can be produced. The final areas are: biomass potential, biomethane potential and bio-fertilizer potential. In the feasibility assessment, qualitative aspects are assessed using a five-grade scale. The key areas for feasibility include: customer demand, competing applications, strategies for renewable fuels, legislation, economic instruments and infrastructure suitability. Performance is assessed both for economic performance and environmental performance to understand how the biomethane solution would perform if implemented. Economic performance includes both an indicator for cost per unit produced and an indicator for the investment cost for each production step. The key areas included are: biogas generation cost, biogas upgrading cost and biomethane distribution cost. The environmental performance is evaluated to understand how environmental aspects would change if biomethane replaced an alternative fuel on the market in the studied region. Key areas to assess this are: climate impact, air quality and nutrient recycling. These areas highlight some important benefits of using biomethane over fossil fuels, which are the most common fuels for heavy-duty vehicles.A two-part Early Assessment Tool was also developed. The tool is included in the method, but can be used separately if the user has a basic knowledge of biomethane. It assists with information collection, through a questionnaire, and structuring and presenting data, through a spreadsheet. The design of the Early Assessment Tool favours simplicity and usability while striving to maintain relevant information. It is meant to be used both for educational and investigative purposes when providing an early assessment of biomethane solutions within a certain region. The result from the tool can aid when making decisions and help with identifying which local actors to involve and what consultancy work might be needed to realise a biomethane solution.