[pt] Processos decisórios envolvendo um número diverso de critérios são comumente problemas complexos. Em geral, tais problemas procuram atender interesses conflitantes, logo, soluções únicas tendem a não contemplar as preferências de todos os agentes envolvidos no processo. Esse é o caso do problema de seleção de modelos de geração de cenários estocásticos de Energia Natural Afluente (ENA), os quais são insumo ao cálculo do despacho hidrotérmico de médio prazo no planejamento da operação do Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB). Neste trabalho é proposta uma extensão de um consagrado método de apoio à decisão multicritério, para que este se torne apto a revelar a preferência de comitês de especialistas, e a partir destas preferências reveladas derivar soluções mais adequadas para cada comitê. A aplicação dessa metodologia proposta no contexto do SEB é feita de forma a auxiliar diferentes segmentos do setor (academia, indústria e órgão regulador) a identificarem qual modelo de geração de cenários melhor se adequa às preferências destes segmentos. Para tal, os especialistas destes três setores foram agrupados e a partir da revelação das preferências de cada comitê foi proposta uma nova ordenação dos modelos geradores de cenários. As preferências reveladas para os comitês da academia e da indústria corroboraram as conjecturas sobre as predileções destes setores, fidelidade na representação dos momentos para a academia e capacidade de replicação da variância para a indústria, já a hipótese por predileção à replicação de déficit não pode ser verificada para o comitê do órgão regulador. Dentre as novas soluções obtidas, o modelo melhor classificado para a academia e indústria foi o PAR(p) Multiplicativo e para o órgão regulador o PAR(p) Boot-MC. / [en] Decision-making processes involving a large number of criteria are often complex problems. In general, such problems seek to meet conflicting interests, so single solutions tend not to address the preferences of all agents involved in the process. This is the case of the problem of selection models for generation of stochastic scenarios of Natural Inflow Energy (NIE), which are input to the calculation of the medium term hydrothermal dispatch in the planning of the operation of the Brazilian Electric System (BES). This paper proposes an extension of a well-established multicriteria decision support method, so that it becomes able to reveal the preference of expert committees, and from these revealed preferences to derive more adequate solutions for each committee. The application of this methodology proposed in the context of BES is done to help different segments of the industry (academia, industry and regulator) to identify which model of scenario generation best suits the preferences of these segments. To this end, the specialists of these three sectors were grouped and from the revelation of the preferences of each committee a new ordering of the scenario generating models was proposed. The preferences revealed for the academy and industry committees corroborated the conjectures about the predilections of these sectors, fidelity in the representation of the moments for the academy and capacity of replication of the variance for the industry, however the hypothesis for predilection for the replication of deficit was not able to be verified to the regulatory committee. Among the new solutions obtained, the best classified model for the academy and industry was the PAR (p) Multiplicative and for the regulatory committee the PAR (p) Boot-MC.

Segregationen i Sverige har ökat de senaste åren vilket skapat ett allt större samhällsproblem. Det är därför viktigt att kommunerna i ett tidigt stadie aktivt börjar arbeta mot segregation och för social hållbarhet. Med denna studie och dess metodutveckling vill vi främja arbetet för mindre svenska tätorter genom att ta fram och testa en metod som kommuner kan använda vid en kartläggning av segregation. För att kunna hantera segregationens mångsidiga problemställning har flera metodsteg använts. En litteraturgenomgång resulterade i sex variabler som alla har betydande påverkan på segregationen. Dessa var fastighetsbestånd, förvärvsfrekvens, inrikes- och utrikesfödda, trångboddhet, utbildning och ålder. En enkätundersökning genomfördes sedan med 14 samhällsplanerare för att rangordna de variabler som litteraturgenomgången påvisade. Rangordningen användes sedan i metoden rank sum weights, som sedermera ledde fram till en multikriterieanalys (MKA) baserad på en linjär additiv metod. Målet med studien är att kunna presentera en kartläggning för segregationen i Bollnäs tätort utifrån den metod vi har utvecklat. Resultatet från studien visar att Bollnäs tätort har fyra områden som klassas som “mest segregerade” och tre områden som klassas som “minst segregerade”. Dessa resultat har testats med tre validitets- och reliabilitetsmetoder vilka var Index of Dissimilarity, intervju, samt känslighetsanalys. Resultatet från de tre testerna påvisar tydliga tendenser och snarlika resultat från vår metod, vilket indikerar att vår metod är robust och trovärdig. Behovet av ordentliga kartläggningar likt vår studie framkommer bland annat i intervjun där en planerare från Bollnäs kommun fick peka ut de fem områden personen ansåg vara mest segregerade. För dessa fem områden pekade planeraren ut ett område som enligt vår studie var minst segregerat, vilket påvisar svårigheten kring segregationsfrågan. Vår förhoppning med denna studie är att skapa en metod som främjar kommuners arbete med social hållbarhet. / Segregation in Sweden has been rising in recent years, which has lead to an increase in social problems. It is therefore important that municipalities, in an early stage, actively begin to work against segregation and towards social sustainability. With this study and its methodology we want to encourage smaller Swedish cities by developing and testing a method that municipalities can use in mapping of segregation. To handle segregation's complex problems, several of method steps have been applied. A literature review resulted in six variables, all of which have a significant impact on segregation. The variables were: housing tenure, employment rates, domestic/foreign-born, overcrowding, education and age. A survey was then conducted with 14 experts in the urban planning sector. The planners were asked to rank the variables that the literature review highlighted. The rankings were then used to create rank sum weights, which later led to a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) based on a linear additive method. The aim of the study is to present a mapping of the segregation in Bollnäs urban area based on the method we have developed. The result of the study shows that out of 15 areas in Bollnäs urban area, four were classified as "most segregated" and three areas classified as "least segregated". These results have been tested using three validity and reliability methods: The Index of Dissimilarity, interview and sensitivity analysis. The results of the three tests demonstrate clear trends and similar results compared with our method, which indicates that our method is robust and trustworthy. The necessity for proper mapping of segregation is demonstrated by the interview where a planner from Bollnäs municipality was given the chance to pinpoint five areas the person considered to be most segregated. For these five areas, the planner pointed out one area that according to our study was least segregated, which proves the difficulty of identifying segregation. Our hope with this study is to create a method that support municipalities work with social sustainability.

Les adventices sont la principale menace pour les cultures, pour les gérer le moyen le plus utilisé est l’application d’herbicides. Leur emploi doit être réduit en raison de problèmes de santé et d'environnement. Pour les remplacer, il faut mettre en place des combinaisons de pratiques culturales. Cette complexification de la gestion des adventices, la nécessité de la raisonner sur le long terme et la multiplicité des impacts du système de culture font que les outils de modélisation sont d'une grande aide pour concevoir des systèmes de culture innovants. L'objectif de la thèse est de développer un outil d'aide à la décision (OAD) pour des conseillers agricoles afin d'assister la reconception de systèmes de culture moins consommateurs en herbicides. Notre approche consiste à déterminer la structure de ce nouvel OAD en interaction avec les futurs utilisateurs et son contenu biophysique à partir du fonctionnement de l'agroécosystème d'un modèle de recherche. Ce modèle est FLORSYS, un modèle mécaniste de « parcelle virtuelle » qui simule la dynamique de la flore adventice et du couvert cultivé en fonction des systèmes de culture et du pédoclimat et qui en déduit des indicateurs d'impact de la flore adventice sur la production agricole et les services écosystémiques. La thèse comprend trois étapes : (1) accélération de FLORSYS en méta-modélisant, par polynômes du chaos, son module le plus lent, le module d'interception du rayonnement lumineux individu-centrée du couvert culture:adventices avec transfert et interception de la lumière simulée au niveau du voxel (pixel 3D); (2) identification des pratiques culturales ayant le plus d'effet sur les indicateurs d'impact de la flore adventice, par fouille de données sur un très grand nombre de systèmes de culture réels simulés avec FLORSYS. Pour élargir la gamme des combinaisons d'entrées explorées, des systèmes de culture aléatoires ont été ajoutés à l'analyse. Des forêts aléatoires ont permis d'établir des grilles des techniques culturales les plus influentes en fonction des objectifs visés ; les arbres de régression identifient les combinaisons de pratiques culturales permettant d'atteindre ces mêmes objectifs; (3) en parallèle, le co-développement de la structure de l'OAD avec les futurs utilisateurs s’est fait via enquêtes et ateliers de co-conception de systèmes de culture, en termes de questions traitées, choix et formats des entrées et sorties etc. Dans l'étape (1), la comparaison entre la version voxelisée et la version méta-modélisée au niveau de la plante entière a mis en lumière le compromis précision/rapidité du modèle. Le métamodèle est plus rapide pour tester des stratégies d'agriculture de précision nécessitant de connaître précisément la position et le volume des plantes. Dans les autres cas, diminuer la précision en utilisant la version voxelisée avec un grand voxel est plus rapide. L'étape (2) montre que pour réduire l'impact des adventices sur la production, le travail du sol, principalement en été, et l’utilisation d’herbicides sont les pratiques les plus influentes. L'étape (3) a identifié deux cas d'utilisation pour le futur OAD : la reconception de systèmes de culture nécessite un OAD synthétique basé sur des méta-règles de décision; le réajustement de système de culture nécessite un OAD plus détaillé en termes de description du système de culture et des effets de la flore. L'OAD synthétique est composé de grilles de conseil, d'arbres de décision et d’un simulateur rapide basé sur des forêts aléatoires; sa facilité et sa capacité à prédire à la fois des éléments connus mais aussi surprenants pour les conseillers, en font un intéressant support lors d'ateliers de conception de systèmes de culture pour proposer les grandes lignes de reconception des systèmes de culture multiperformants. L’OAD détaillé sera une version de FLORSYS pré-paramétrée pour différentes régions pour ajuster finement des systèmes de culture candidats à chaque type de situation d'agriculteur. / The main threat to agricultural crops are weeds with herbicides being the primary cropping management practice. Due to the negative impact of herbicides on health and environment, their use must be reduced. To replace herbicides, numerous cropping practices need to be implemented. This makes weed management more complicated and, together with necessity of scheduling operations at long-term and the multiplicity of cropping system impacts, explains why models are so useful for designing innovative cropping systems. The aim of this thesis was to develop a Decision Support System (DSS) intended for crop advisors to help design cropping systems that are less dependent on herbicides. Our approach consisted in identifying the structure of the DSS in interaction with future users while using an existing research model for the biophysical content of the tool. The research model, FLORSYS, is a mechanistic model of a “virtual field” simulating the weed flora dynamics from both cropping systems and pedoclimatic conditions. As output, it provides weed impact indicators, both for crop production and ecosystem services. This work was achieved via three steps: (1) increasing the speed of FLORSYS simulations by metamodelling, via polynomial chaos extension, the slowest submodel, i.e. the radiation interception. This submodel is based on a 3D representation of each plant of the crop:weed canopy where the transfer and interception of the radiation is computed at a voxel (3D pixel) scale. (2) The identification of the most influential cropping practices on weed impacts indicators via datamining on a wide range of simulated cropping systems with FLORSYS. To widen the range of cropping systems, random cropping systems were added to the study. Random forest allowed the construction of charts of the most important cropping practices contingent on different objectives; classification and regression trees gave the optimal combinations of practices leading to those objectives. (3) Simultaneously, the co-development of the structure of the DSS with future users was done via surveys and workshops to design cropping systems. These interactions aimed at defining which questions should be answered with the DSS, which inputs and outputs, and with which format, should be used. In step (1), the simulation time of the voxelised FLORSYS and the FLORSYS metamodelled at the scale of the plant highlighted the precision/speed trade-off of the model. The metamodel is faster for agricultural practices requiring precise knowledge of the position and volume of plants. In other cases, decreasing the precision by using the voxelized FLORSYS with an increased voxel size is much faster. Step (2) shows no general conflict between crop protection and ecosystem service indicators. The conservation of both crop protection and ecosystem services is thus possible, except for bee food offer. To reduce weed impacts on production, tillage, especially in summer, and herbicide use are the main cropping techniques. In step (3) two use cases were identified: (1st) the redesign of a cropping system requires a synthetic tool, based on meta-decision rules (e.g. rotating winter and spring crops, ploughing once every three years); (2nd) adjusting cropping practices requires a detailed tool, with detailed inputs on the cropping system. The synthetic DSS is composed of charts of the most important cropping system practices, of decision trees, and an emulator of FLORSYS based on random forests. Its capacity to predict known facts makes it an essential discussion medium for cropping system design workshops, particularly to suggest the outlines of multi-performant cropping systems. The detailed DSS consists of a pre-parameterized version of FLORSYS for different regions, to allow the fine tuning of cropping systems to constraints and objectives of farmers.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to introduce the issues of evaluating public tenders generally and in a specific organization, to orientate in methods of multicriteria assessment analysis and by their means, to suggest suitable method of evaluating public tenders for the chosen organization. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with the description of the process of evaluating public tenders in the Czech Republic, as well as the explanation of multicriteria decision making concept and the description of methods of multicriteria assessment analysis according to the types of information required. The practical part provides the characteristic of the chosen organization, more precisely its divisions. It also provides the regulation that is followed by the organization when realizing competitive tendering. The analysis itself involves the overview of the tenders realized in the scope of activity of the chosen division in the period of five years, as well as the information on the used evaluating criteria. Out of this overview, the sample of the typical tenders is defined, on which the chosen methods of multicriteria assessment analysis are applied. The aim of this process is to assess the order of the variations after the application of the methods of multicriteria assessment analysis and the newly determined evaluating criterion, as well as compare the results with the originally given basic evaluating criterion. Point method, WSA method and TOPSIS method are used for the assessment. In the final part of this thesis, the recommendation on more frequent utilization of multicriteria assessment is suggested to the contract owner, more precisely using such criteria that would be more effective when using public funds.

A gestão dos resíduos sólidos, principalmente a dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, tem sido um dos principais temas em discussão nos municípios brasileiros na atualidade. Entretanto, ainda pouco se debate nessa esfera governamental sobre a gestão e, particularmente, a disposição dos resíduos industriais, um problema ainda maior devido à periculosidade potencial desses resíduos para o meio e para a saúde humana. A disposição final em lixões ou aterros é certamente o processo ainda mais utilizado no mundo. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetiva desenvolver métodos e técnicas no âmbito do conhecimento geográfico para auxiliar na busca de sítios propícios a receberem aterros de resíduos sólidos industriais, utilizando-se como espaço de estudo o município de Osório, localizado no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, inicialmente, apresentou-se a problemática dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil e, especificamente, dos industriais, no âmbito do planejamento, da gestão e da legislação. Em seguida, realizou-se um diagnóstico da gestão dos resíduos sólidos industriais do município, na perspectiva de identificar tipos, volumes e formas de destinação final desses resíduos, feito por meio de levantamento de dados apresentados pelas indústrias nos processos de licenciamento ambiental nos órgãos estadual e municipal de meio ambiente e de entrevistas nas indústrias. Na sequência, através de pesquisa bibliográfica, avaliou-se os parâmetros essenciais (rocha, solo, relevo e dinâmicas hídricas, assim como as ocupações e usos humanos), bem como os métodos utilizados para a seleção de áreas para aterro de resíduos sólidos. Por fim, apresentou-se os caminhos trilhados através do geoprocessamento para a apresentação do mapa final de aptidão para os aterros. Para alcançar tal resultado, aplicou-se a análise multicritério, utilizando as funções de pertinência fuzzy (para a padronização dos fatores), o método AHP ou Processo Analítico Hierárquico (para atribuição dos pesos) e a lógica booleana (para eliminar áreas totalmente inadequadas para a instalação de aterro de resíduos sólidos industriais). Contatou-se a partir do mapa final que existem áreas passíveis de receberem aterros de RSI no município, no entanto o seu potencial para tal fim não é muito alto, tendo em vista que o maior escore de aptidão ponderado alcançado, localizado na porção centrosul do município, distanciou-se da condição ideal. Avalia-se que os resultados finais obtidos no estudo são, principalmente, em função das características naturais encontradas no município, localizado em planície predominantemente arenosa entremeada por um rosário de lagoas conectadas entre si, que desembocam no mar através dos canais fluviais que drenam a área costeira. / The solid waste management, especially municipal solid waste, has been one of the main issues under discussion in Brazilian cities today. However, little is debate in that sphere of government on the management and particularly the disposal of industrial waste, an even bigger problem because of the potential danger of these wastes to the environment and human health. The final disposal in dumps or landfills is certainly the process even more used in the world. In this context, this work aims to develop methods and techniques in the context of geographical knowledge to assist in finding (in the search) suitable sites for landfills receiving industrial solid waste, using as a study space for the municipality of Osório, located on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul. Therefore, initially was presented the issue of solid waste in Brazil, and specifically the industrial, in the planning, management and legislation. Then held a diagnosis of industrial solid waste management of (the) municipality, so as to identify volumes and forms of disposal of such waste, made by surveying the information submitted by industries in the process of environmental licensing in the organs state and municipal environmental and industries interviews. The following, through search bibliography and focuses on the essential parameters (rock, soil, topography and water dynamics, as well as the occupations and human uses) as well as the methods for selecting areas for solid waste landfill. Finally, was presented the paths through the Geoprocessing to present the final map of suitability for landfill. To achieve this result, we applied a multicriteria analysis using fuzzy pertinence functions (for the standardization of factors), the method AHP or Analytic Hierarchy Process (for assignment of weights) and Boolean logic (to eliminate areas totally unsuitable for installation of industrial solid waste landfill). It was noted from the final map that there are areas likely to receive in the county landfill of industrial solid waste, however the potential for such a purpose is not very high, considering that the highest weighted score of fitness attained, located in the central- south of the municipality, distanced him from the ideal condition. It is estimated that the final results obtained in the study are mainly a function of the natural features found in the municipality, located in predominantly sandy plain interspersed by a rosary of interconnected lakes that debouch into the sea through the river channels that drain the area coast.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 7408782 bytes, checksum: a6771bef4cf5c06b03b5966badb61c88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-04 / The habitational subjects are directly related to the stability and social justice, public health and to the incentive to the economical growth. Thus, the solving of the habitational problem of the population of low income demand a group of political strategies, techniques, social and territorial, whose face should be assumed by the State. Technological innovations presents in the contemporary society, such as the nets of communications have been providing a deep transformation in the production of the urban spaces and they put the challenge to adopt methods and techniques to guide the space organization of the cities. In this context, the main goal of this work is to identify the offer and availability of soil urbanized favorable to the occupation for house, starting from the parameters established locacionais for the Caixa Econômica Federal and the Companhia de Habitação do Estado de Minas Gerais (COHAB - MG) to financing of destined enterprises the house of social interest promoted by the municipal public power, in order to identify susceptible to areas to compose the Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (ZEIS) and to define guidelines for the habitational politics in the city of Viçosa MG and their adequation for programs of financing of the Caixa and COHAB-MG. GIS - Geographical Information System was used as instrument for the treatment and analysis of the base of data of the city, and the Multicriteria Decision Analysis with the purpose of joining the parameters locacionais demanded by the announcements of financing of the Caixa and the COHAB-MG. Were performed place four sceneries for the Caixa's parameters and four for the COHAB's-MG, these sceneries were elaborated from the application of one analysis WLC and of three analyses OWA (OWA 1 - high risk and medium-high compensation; OWA 2 - medium risk and medium compensation and OWA 3 - low risk and low compensation). The scenarios were obtained from the aggregation of constraints and factors, which, after elected, and standardized, were included in the multicriteria decision analysis. For the current analysis was chosen to medium risk and medium compensation as the best answer to the problem proposed, resulting in nine areas with suitability intermediate. The method was complemented by field research in order to characterize each of the xvi areas. The analysis indicated that none of these areas are fully conformed to all criteria defined by Caixa and by COHAB-MG. However, as the government intends to address the politics issues that are inherent in housing issues and to acquire land or improved urbanize those indicated as possible ZEIS, you have options for construction of projects intended for house of social interest in the area of study. / As questões habitacionais estão diretamente relacionadas à estabilidade e justiça social, saúde pública e ao estímulo ao crescimento econômico. Dessa forma, o equacionamento do problema habitacional da população de menor renda demanda um conjunto de estratégias políticas, técnicas, sociais e territoriais, cujo enfrentamento deve ser assumido pelo Estado. As inovações tecnológicas presentes na sociedade contemporânea, como as redes de comunicações, têm proporcionado uma profunda transformação na produção dos espaços urbanos e colocam o desafio de se adotarem métodos e técnicas que orientem a organização espacial das cidades. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo identificar a oferta e disponibilidade de solo urbanizado propício à ocupação por habitação, a partir dos parâmetros locacionais estabelecidos pela Caixa Econômica Federal e pela Companhia de Habitação do Estado de Minas Gerais (COHAB - MG) para financiamento de empreendimentos destinados a habitação de interesse social promovidos pelo poder público municipal, a fim de identificar áreas passíveis de compor as Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (ZEIS) e definir diretrizes para a política habitacional no município de Viçosa-MG e para sua adequação aos programas de financiamento da Caixa e da COHAB-MG. Utilizou-se o SIG Sistema de Informações Geográficas como instrumento para o tratamento e análise da base de dados do município, e a análise multicritério com a finalidade de agregar os parâmetros locacionais exigidos pelos editais de financiamento da Caixa e da COHAB-MG. Realizaram-se quatro cenários para os parâmetros da Caixa e quatro para os da COHAB-MG, elaborados a partir da aplicação de uma análise WLC e de três análises OWA (OWA 1- risco alto e compensação média a alta; OWA 2 risco médio e compensação média e OWA 3 risco baixo e compensação baixa). Os cenários foram obtidos a partir da agregação das restrições e dos fatores, que, depois de eleitos e padronizados, foram inseridos na análise multicritério. Das análises empreendidas elegeu-se a de risco médio e adequabilidade média como a melhor resposta para o problema proposto, resultando em nove áreas com adequabilidades intermediárias. O método foi complementado através de pesquisa in loco objetivando caracterizar cada uma das áreas. A análise indicou que nenhuma destas áreas adequou-se plenamente a todos os critérios definidos pela Caixa e pela COHAB-MG. Porém, à medida que o poder público se propuser a enfrentar as questões políticas que são intrínsecas às questões habitacionais e adquirir terrenos urbanizados ou urbanizar aqueles indicados como possíveis ZEIS, terá opções para implantação de empreendimentos destinados à habitação de interesse social na localidade em estudo.

Spatial analysis for optimization of student assignments in cartography Abstract The aim of the diploma thesis is to perform a multi-criteria analysis of large spatial data, which will result in the identification of a predetermined number of the variants of the territory, which are optimal for creating the student assignments. The main part of the thesis is to design and to calculate the spatial evaluation criteria. In the theoretical part, a theory of multi-criteria analysis and examples of its use in general in geoinformatics and assessment of landscape potential are presented. The practical part is devoted to the design of own methodology for assessment of the territory from the point of view of suitability for processing of student tasks, including its application over the territory of the Czechia in order to obtain information about the territory. Multi-criteria analysis was divided into two steps: pre-selection of the territory based on Boolean evaluation and subsequent sorting of the variants from the most suitable to the least appropriate using the TOPSIS method. The scales of the individual criteria were determined by the scoring method. The main result of the thesis is a new set of the variants of the territory, which are comparable with their processing demands. Keywords Spatial analysis,...

O planejamento da expansão do sistema elétrico é uma das principais atividades em uma distribuidora de energia elétrica, representando uma grande parcela dos investimentos realizados pelas distribuidoras para atender a demanda dos consumidores e os critérios estabelecidos pela agência reguladora (ANEEL). As empresas buscam o apoio de métodos multicritério no processo decisório de investimento, para otimizar e priorizar, com o intuito de obterem êxito na elaboração de um plano de obras que contemple aspectos técnicos e econômicos. A revisão sistêmica da literatura foi realizada em trabalhos de relevância para o tema em estudo, com auxílio de cinco bases de dados. O referencial teórico, que totaliza 52 publicações, apresenta conceitos teóricos sobre o processo decisório através de métodos multicritério de apoio à decisão, bem como exemplifica, através de aplicações práticas como os métodos estão sendo utilizados na área de energia. Com base nesta revisão foi possível estruturar a aplicação da Teoria da Utilidade Multiatributo (MAUT) em um processo decisório de investimento para fins de planejamento da expansão do sistema de distribuição em uma concessionária distribuidora de energia elétrica. Com a aplicação do método fica evidenciada a importância de um procedimento formal para auxiliar os decisores na hierarquização de forma objetiva dos alimentadores de energia elétrica mais críticos, proporcionando maior clareza e aprendizado em todo o processo de planejamento da expansão do sistema elétrico. Ao final, desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta para tratamento do grande volume de dados, que disponibiliza as informações depuradas para auxiliar na tomada decisão de investimento em ações eficientes, que melhorem a qualidade do fornecimento e atendam o crescimento do sistema. A partir da revisão bibliográfica e com a aplicação do método, oportunidades para estudos futuros foram identificadas. / The expansion planning of the electric system is one of the main activities in an electric energy distributor, representing a large part of the investments made by the distributors to meet the consumer demand and the criteria established by the regulatory agency (ANEEL). The companies seek the support of multi-criteria methods in the investment decision-making process, to optimize and prioritize, in order to succeed in the elaboration of a work plan which contemplates technical and economic aspects. The systemic review of the literature was carried out in current and relevant articles for the subject under study, with the aid of five database sources. The theoretical reference, which totals 52 publications, presents theoretical concepts on the decision process through multicriteria methods of decision support, as well as exemplifies through practical applications how the methods are have been used in the area of energy. Based on this review, it was possible to structure the application of the Multiattribute Utility Theory (MAUT) in an investment decision process for the purpose of planning the expansion of the distribution system in an electric power distribution concessionaire. The application of the method shows the importance of a formal procedure to assist decision makers in the objective hierarchy of the most critical electric power feeders, providing greater clarity and learning throughout the planning process of the expansion of the electric system. In the end, a tool was developed to treat the large volume of data, which provides the purified information to assist in the decision making of investment in assertive actions that improve the quality of supply and meet growth of the system. From the literature review and with the application of the method, opportunities for future studies have been identified.

[pt] No Brasil, o planejamento da operação energética do Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN é realizado atualmente por meio de uma cadeia de modelos matemáticos concebidos para otimizar o planejamento segundo o critério de minimização do valor esperado do custo total de operação. No entanto, desde a crise ocorrida no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro entre os anos de 2001 e 2002, cujo ápice ocorreu no racionamento de energia, houve uma intensificação na busca por métodos de otimização que permitam a consideração explicita de critérios adicionais na otimização, tal como a segurança operativa. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe uma modelagem utilizando algoritmos genéticos que permite a consideração de múltiplos objetivos no processo de otimização sem que a representação física do sistema e de suas incertezas se- jam comprometidas. A abordagem multicritério para o problema possibilita que diversos indicadores, dentre os quais destaca-se o risco anual de déficit, que atualmente são apenas resultados da otimização, se tornem controláveis a partir de sua consideração diretamente no processo de otimização. A modelagem proposta foi computacionalmente implementada na linguagem C# utilizando a biblioteca GAcom desenvolvida pelo ICA/PUC-Rio. O desempenho da metodologia proposta foi avaliado por meio de estudos de casos aplicados ao SIN. Os resultados obtidos, assim como as vantagens observadas ao se utilizar a otimização multicritério, são discutidos ao longo do texto. / [en] In Brazil, the planning of the energy operation of the National Interconnected Power System is currently done through a chain of mathematical models designed to optimise the planning according to criterion of minimisation of the expected value of the total operation`s cost. However, since the 2001-2002 energy supply crisis, there was an intensification in the search for methods of optimization allowing explicit consideration of additional criteria, such as the operative security. In this context, this work proposes a modelling using genetic algorithms that makes possible the consideration of multiple objectives in the optimisation process without compromising the physical representation of the system and its uncertainties. A multicriteria approach to the problem allows that various indicators, like, for instance, annual deficit, which currently are only results of the optimisation, become controllable from its consideration in the optimisation process. The modelling proposal was computationally implemented in language C# using the GAcom library developed by the ICA/PUC-Rio. The performance of the proposed methodology was evaluated through potential National Inter- connected Power System case studies. The results, as well as the benefits seen when using the multicriteria optimisation, are discussed throughout the text.

Os movimentos de massa são fenômenos naturais que fazem parte dos processos de dinâmica superficial que modelam a superfície terrestre. Quando ocorrem em áreas ocupadas, podem provocar perdas econômicas, impactos sociais e, em casos extremos, perda de vidas humanas. O estabelecimento de medidas preventivas para mitigar estes danos demanda a identificação das áreas mais propensas a esses fenômenos. Partindo deste contexto, o objetivo desta dissertação foi desenvolver uma proposta metodológica para mapear a suscetibilidade a escorregamentos no município de Porto Alegre-RS, com o emprego de ferramentas de geoprocessamento. As variáveis utilizadas foram: declividade, geologia, distância de lineamentos, acúmulo de fluxo, uso do solo e cobertura vegetal, as quais foram processadas no software Idrisi. Após a padronização das variáveis por meio da aplicação de funções fuzzy e pela atribuição direta de notas, definiu-se a importância de cada uma na predisposição do terreno a escorregamentos com base na consulta a especialistas, com o apoio da técnica denominada processo analítico hierárquico. A integração das variáveis foi realizada por meio de combinação linear ponderada, estabelecendo-se dois cenários de suscetibilidade a escorregamentos: o primeiro com a suscetibilidade natural e o segundo com a suscetibilidade induzida. Os resultados indicam que as áreas mais suscetíveis a escorregamentos situam-se, principalmente, nos morros da Crista de Porto Alegre e nos morros isolados no sul do município. O restante do município apresenta, de maneira geral, baixa suscetibilidade. A validação dos resultados obteve uma exatidão geral de 95% e 94% respectivamente para os Cenários 1 e 2. As áreas abaixo da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) foram respectivamente de 0,960 e 0,966, o que indica que as variáveis e os pesos foram adequados e que ambos os cenários são robustos. Assim, constata-se que as ferramentas de geoprocessamento são úteis no mapeamento da suscetibilidade a escorregamentos, pois tornam ágil o mapeamento e sua atualização, e dão mais clareza e transparência ao processo de avaliação da suscetibilidade. Além disso, o método proposto permite reduzir os esforços nas etapas iniciais da gestão de riscos, possibilitando ao gestor priorizar os mapeamentos mais detalhados nas áreas com maior suscetibilidade. Isso demonstra que as rotinas de apoio à decisão, como as utilizadas neste trabalho, podem ser incorporadas em estudos de suscetibilidade, provendo importantes informações para o planejamento urbano dos municípios. / Mass movements are natural phenomena that are part of the surface dynamic processes that shape the Earth’s surface. When they occur in urban areas, can cause economic losses, social impacts and, in extreme cases, losses of human lives. The implementation of preventive measures to mitigate those damages requires the identification of the areas prone to these events. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to develop a methodological approach to map landslide susceptibility at the municipality of Porto Alegre-RS, with the use of geoprocessing tools. The variables used were: slope, geology, distance from lineaments, flow accumulation and land use, which were processed in the Idrisi software. After the standardization of the variables through the application of fuzzy functions and the direct assignment of notes, the importance of each one on the predisposition of landslides was defined, based on the opinion of experts, with the support of the technique entitled analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The integration of the variables was based on weighted linear combination, resulting in two scenarios: the first with the natural susceptibility and the second with the induced susceptibility. The results indicate that the most susceptible areas to landslide are located in the hills of the Crista de Porto Alegre and in the isolated hills located at the south of the municipality. The remaining area has, in general, low susceptibility. The validation of the results obtained an overall accuracy of 95% and 94%, respectively for Scenarios 1 and 2. The areas under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve were respectively 0.960 and 0.966, indicating that the variables and weights were adequate and both scenarios are robust. Thus, it is noted that geoprocessing tools are useful to map the landslide susceptibility, since they make the mapping process and its updates agile, and give more clarity and transparency to the susceptibility assessment process. In addition, the proposed method reduces efforts in the early stages of risk management, enabling the manager to prioritize the most susceptible areas for detailed mappings. This demonstrates that decision support routines, such as those used in this dissertation, can be incorporated into susceptibility studies, providing important information for the urban planning.