Snow depth variability at the plot scale: Assesment of topography and vegetation influence Abstract This master thesis deals with the evaluation of snow depth variability at the plot scale. It focuses on influence of topography and vegetation factors as slope, exposure, curvature, solar radiation and leaf area index. There is also assesment the impact of the size scale. Measurement was carried out in period of accumulation and snowmelt in winter 2014/2015 in the Krkonoše Mountains on Hanapetrova glade. To evaluate the effect of selected factors on variability of snow depth there was used multiple linear regresion and other descriptive statistical methods. The research shows that the variability of snow depth during the accumulation is greater in forest which is probably due to vegetation. The dependency was not confirmed by regression analysis. Higher variability of snow cover in the forest was also observed in the melting period. The variability of snow cover increased in the forest in general. The results show that the snow depth variability decreasses with increasing grid size. Keywords: snow accumulation, snowmelt, topography, vegetation, multivariate analysis

Depuis une quinzaine d'années, l'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) permet d'extraire de l'information sur le fonctionnement cérébral et particulièrement sur la localisation des processus cognitifs. L'information contenue par les acquisitions en IRMf est extraite à l'aide du modèle linéaire général et du processus d'inférence statistique. Bien que cette méthode dite « classique » ait permis de valider la plupart des modèles lésionnels de manière non invasive, elle souffre de certaines limites. Pour résoudre ce problème, différentes techniques d'analyse ont émergé et proposent une nouvelle façon d'interpréter les données de la neuroimagerie. Nous présentons deux nouvelles méthodes multivariées basées sur les cartes de Kohonen. Nos méthodes analysent les données IRMf avec le moins d'a priori possibles. En parallèle, nous tentons d'extraire de l'information sur les réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans les émotions. La première de ces méthodes s'intéresse à l'information de spécialisation fonctionnelle et la seconde à l'information de connectivité fonctionnelle. Nous présentons les résultats qui en découlent, puis chacune des méthodes est comparée à l'analyse dite classique en termes d'informations extraites. De plus, notre attention s'est focalisée sur la notion de valence émotionnelle et nous tentons d'établir l'existence d'un éventuel réseau partagé entre valence positive et valence négative. La constance de ce réseau est évaluée à la fois entre modalités perceptives et entre catégories de stimuli. Chacune des méthodes proposées permet de corroborer l'information recueillie par la méthode classique, en apportant de nouvelles informations sur les processus étudiés. Du point de vue des émotions, notre travail met en lumière un partage du réseau cérébral pour les va-lences négative et positive ainsi qu'une constance de cette information dans certaines régions cérébrales entre modalités perceptives et entre catégories. / In the last fifteen years, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been used to extract information about cognitive processes location. The information contained in fMRI acquisitions is usually extracted using the general linear model coupled to the statistical inference process. Although this classical method has validated noninvasively most of the lesional models, it suffers from some limitations. To solve this problem, various analysis techniques have emerged and propose a new way of interpreting neuroimaging data. In this thesis, we present two multivariate methods to analyze fMRI data with the least possible a priori. In parallel, we are trying to extract information about brain emotion processing. The first method focuses on the brain functional specialization and the second method on the brain functional connectivity. After results presentation, each method is compared to the so-called classical analysis in terms of extracted information. In addition, emphasis was put on the concept of emotional valence. We try to establish the existence of a possible split between positive and negative valence networks. The consistency of the network is evaluated across both perceptual modalities and stimuli categories. Each of the proposed methods are as accurate as the conventional method and provide new highlights on the studied processes. From the perspective of emotions, our work highlights a shared brain network for positive and negative valences and a consistency of this information in some brain regions across both perceptual modalities and stimuli categories.

The purpose of this thesis work was to investigate possible in-, on- or at-line methods to determine the degree of oxidation in dialdehyde cellulose. Several technologies were reviewed which led to a feasibility study into a possible on-line or at-line method using near infrared spectroscopy for determining the degree of oxidation in wet dialdehyde cellulose. A calibration model was built using the near infrared spectra of 19 samples created from kraft pulp with a degree of oxidation between 0 and 52.1 %. The obtained model uses five significant principal components and has a goodness of fit (R2) of 0.998 and a goodness ofprediction (Q2) of 0.991. The first principal component describes the degree of oxidation and the second the water content. A validation set of six samples was used to test the model and the predicted values resulted in a root mean square error of prediction of 0.85 in comparison with the reference method which had a pooled standard deviation of 0.69.

Usefulness of a particular clinical assay is directly correlated with its ability to extract highest possible signal from available data. This is particularly relevant for personalized radiation therapy since early plan modifications confer greater benefits to treatment outcome. Recent studies have demonstrated capability of single-cell Raman microscopy to detect cellular radiation response at clinical (below 10Gy) doses, but only in certain strongly responding cell lines and after at least two day incubation. One possible cause is rather unoptimized signal processing used. This work investigates application of several advanced multivariate methods - weighted principal component analysis (WPCA), robust PCA, probabilistic PCA, and nonlinear PCA to increase radiation response signal. Representative datasets from strongly (H460 - human lung) and weakly (LNCaP - human prostate) responding cell lines were analysed in 0-50Gy and 0-10Gy dose ranges and results quantified to determine relative and absolute algorithm performance. It was found that with careful tuning, significant improvements in sensitivity and better signal separation could be achieved as compared to conventional PCA. / Graduate

Recherche des neutrinos de ultra haute energie avec le telescope ANTARES. Exploitations de 3 ans de donnees (2008-2011) pour la recherche d'un signal astrophysique, soit flux de Waxman Bahcall, soit neutrinos cosmogeniques. Utilization de technique d'analize multivariable. / Search for ultra high energy neutrinos with ANTARES telescope. Data analysis on 3 years of lifetime (2008-2011), to look for astrophysical signal, according to Waxman-Bahcall flux or cosmogenic one. Exploitation of multivariate analysis techniques.

[pt] Nos últimos anos, a excelência em serviços vem sendo tratada, tanto no meio acadêmico quanto no meio empresarial, como um assunto de extrema importância para os novos modelos empresariais. Entretanto, a qualidade em serviços no comércio eletrônico ainda é pouco discutida. Evidências indicam que o serviço oferecido aos clientes virtuais ainda é crítico principalmente quando se trata de troca e devolução. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar a avaliação dos consumidores online sobre o processo de troca e devolução. Para isso, além da pesquisa bibliográfica, foi realizado um estudo de caso na Americanas.com, braço virtual da rede Lojas Americanas, considerada uma referência em comércio eletrônico B2C (business-to-consumer). Foi desenvolvido um instrumento de avaliação baseado na escala SERVQUAL - e aplicado aos clientes que já experimentaram o processo de troca ou devolução da Americanas.com - e um estudo com base no modelo de gaps, ambos propostos por Parasuraman et al. (1988 e 1985). No tratamento dos dados serão utilizados: análise multivariada , estatísticas descritivas e teste t- Student. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). / [en] In the last years, the service excellence is being discussed at academic and business environment as an extremely important subject for new business models. However, in the e-commerce the service quality is not as much discussed. Evidences show that the service delivered for e-costumers is critical especially when concerned with reverse logistics. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the customers online evaluation about the reverse logistics process. In order to fulfill the objectives, a review of the bibliography was made and also a case study at Americanas.com, an online shop of the Lojas Americanas S.A., generally recognized as a reference in the electronic commerce B2C (business-to-consumer) in Brazil. An evaluation instrument based on the SERVQUAL scale was developed - and applied to customers involved in the reverse logistics process at Americanas.com - and a study based on gaps model, both proposed by Parasuraman et al. (1988 and 1985). In the data treatment the following instruments have been used: multivariate analysis, descriptive statistics and t-Student test. The software SPSS was used to perform the analyses.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Padovani / Banca: Adriano Wagner Ballarin / Banca: José Carlos Martinez / Banca: Jacinta Ludovico Zamboti / Banca: Marie Oshiiwa / Resumo: Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de avaliar a divergência genética de 12 populações de girassol do Banco de Germoplasma da EMBRAPA /Soja de Londrina por meio de técnicas multivariadas; divulgar tópicos recentes e interessantes das técnicas multivariadas que não são explorados nos trabalhos científicos de melhoramento de plantas e orientar a escolha de populações para cruzamentos nos programas de melhoramento genético da cultura de girassol. O modelo experimental constitui-se de delineamento bloco casualizado envolvendo 12 variedades de girassol avaliadas sob cinco caracteres morfoagronômicos. Por meio da análise univariada foi verificada diferença significativa (p<0,05) dos tratamentos para todos caracteres. A aplicação dos componentes principais permitiu a redução bidimensional, com a explicação de 82,5% da variação total. O número de componentes foi avaliado pelo critério de Kaiser e critério Scree-test. A visualização da divergência genética proporcionada pelos escores das duas primeiras variáveis canônicas, evidenciaram grupos geneticamente diferentes. Ambas técnicas apontaram concordância nos resultados. Com base nas estimativas da distância Mahalanobis e distância euclideana foi realizada a análise de agrupamento adotando-se três algoritmos hierárquicos. Para determinar o número de grupos adotou-se o dendrograma, a análise do nível de fusão e a análise do comportamento de similaridade. Para validação utilizou-se o critério de Wilks dentro de cada grupo e gráficos multivariados auxiliaram na interpretação dos resultados. Pode-se concluir pela existência da divergência genética, detectando-se quatro grupos geneticamente diferentes e caracterizado pelos escores médios. / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate genetic divergence in 12 sunflower populations from EMBRAPA/ Londrina Soybean Germplasm Bank, using multivariate techniques, to discuss recent and interesting topics related to the multivariate techniques donþt found in plant improvement scientific papers, and to offer guidelines on how to choose populations for sunflower genetic improvement crossing programs. The experiment included a totally block casualized design, with twelve sunflower varieties, evaluated according to 5 morphoagronomics traits. The univariate analysis showed a significant difference (p<0,05) among treatments for all the traits. Application of main components allowed for a bi-dimensional reduction, with 82,5% of the total variation. The number of components were evaluated by the Kaiser and Scree-test criteria. Genetic divergence visualization provided by the two first canonical variables showed genetically different groups. Both techniques showed the same results. Based on Mahalanobis and Euclidean distance estimates, a clustering analysis was carried out using three hierarchicals algorithms. A dendrogram, a fusion level analysis and a similarity behavior analysis were conducted to determine the number of groups. Validation used the Wilks criteria inside each group, while multivariate graphs helped with data interpretation. Results from this study showed genetic divergence in four groups characterized by average/mean scores. / Doutor

Resumo: Estratégias para reduzir o aquecimento da Terra e aumentar a produção animal requerem novos sistemas, onde devem ser consideradas as emissões de metano e de outros gases que possam provocar danos ao meio ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a mensuração da produção de metano por arquéias e aplicação da metagenômica para detecção destas na fração sólida do conteúdo ruminal. Para a análise da produção de metano foi colhido o conteúdo ruminal seguido do preparo da solução a ser fermentada e armazenamento dos gases. A amplificação da região 168 rDNA foi obtida por PCR e a seguir foram feitas clonagem, seqüenciamento e análise das seqüências pelos programas "Sequencing Analysis 3.4" e Phred/Phrap/Consed, submetendo-as ao programa BLA8T. Maiores produções de metano e relações acetato:propionato foram observadas nos tratamentos contendo 70% de volumoso. As análises do BLA8T permitiram identificar nos tratamentos com 70% e 30% de feno, 96 seqüências relacionadas à família Methanobacteriaceae, 47 seqüências a arquéias não cultiváveis e 60 seqüências foram de arquéias desconhecidas (T1), 125 seqüências relacionadas à família Methanobacteriaceae, 42 seqüências a arquéias não cultiváveis e 32 seqüências foram de arquéias não conhecidas (T2). Para os tratamentos feitos com 70% e 30% de silagem de milho, foram observadas 30 seqüências referentes à família Methanobacteriacea, 18 seqüências à família Methanomicrobiacea, 43 seqüências a arquéias não cultiváveis e 118 seqüências foram de arquéias desconhecidas (T3) e 173 seqüências referentes à família Methanobacteriacea, 31 seqüências a arquéias não cultiváveis e 25 seqüências foram de arquéias desconhecidas (T4). As análises deste experimento mostraram variação na produção de metano quanto às diferentes proporções V:C e a metagenômic... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Strategies to reduce the Earth worming and raise animal production require new systems, where it must be considered methane and other gases emission that might cause environmental damages. The aim of this work was to evaluate the archaea methane production and the metagenomic evaluation of these bacteria present on the solid phase of the bovine ruminal content. For methane production analysis the ruminar content was collected followed by the proper manipulation for the fermentation process to take place and produced gas storage. The ribosomal 16S rRNA region was obtained by PCR amplification which was followed by cloning and DNA sequencing. The data was later analyzed by the software Sequencing Analysis 3.4, Phred/Phrap/Consed and BLAST. The highest methane production and acetate:propionate ratios were observed for the treatments containing 70% of roughage. The BLAST analysis allowed to identify 96 DNA sequences related to the Methanobacteriaceae family, 47 DNA sequences related to unculturable archaea and 60 DNA sequences were related to unknown archaea (T1), 125 DNA sequences related to Methanobacteriaceae, 42 DNA sequences do unculturable archaea and 32 DNA sequences were considered related to unknown archaea (T2) for the treatments containing 70% and 30% of hay. For those containing 70% and 30% of com silage it was possible to detect 30 DNA sequences related to Methanobacteriaceae, 18 DNA sequences related to Methanomicrobiaceae, 43 sequences related to unculturable archaea, 118 DNA sequences related to unknown archaea (T3) and 173 DNA sequences related to Methanobacteriaceae, 31 sequences related to unculturable archaea, and 25 to unknown archaea (T4). The analysis carried out in this experiment have shown a variation of the methane production as different R:C ratio were used and metagenomic with the rDNA conserved region together with archaea taken from the ruminal content DNA... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Coorientadora: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Maria Isabel da Silva / Banca: Raul Franzolin Neto / Banca: Janete Apparecida Desidério Sena / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Doutor

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Padovani / Banca: Teresa Cristina Martins Dias / Banca: Sandra Fiorelli de P. Simeão / Banca: Marie Oshiiwa / Banca: Antonio Carlos Simões Pião / Resumo: A necessidade de entender o relacionamento entre variáveis biológicas faz da análise multivariada uma metodologia com grande potencial de aplicação em várias áreas do conhecimento. Na agricultura, sua utilização vem auxiliando a compreensão e a obtenção de respostas altamente interessantes e práticas, que permitem optar pelo seu emprego, tanto pela eficiência como pela acurácia do método na interpretação dos resultados. A partir da utilização de técnicas multivariadas pautadas em procedimentos quantitativos mais robustos e sensíveis, buscou-se caracterizar o perfil produtivo e climático das microrregiões do Sudeste do estado de Mato Grosso e construir modelos para quantificar e aprofundar a interrelação entre produtividade e variáveis climáticas nas respectivas regiões. Para classificar microrregiões semelhantes segundo suas características, quando nenhuma suposição foi feita concernente ao número de grupos ou a estrutura do grupo, utilizou-se a análise de agrupamento. Buscando variáveis agrícolas e de produtividade e a incorporação de novos procedimentos multivariados na interrelação desses indicadores, utilizou-se a análise de correlação canônica. Para a operacionalização desses procedimentos multivariados foram estabelecidas técnicas para estimar os componentes climáticos não disponíveis em algumas das microrregiões estudadas. A análise de agrupamento permitiu desenhar um mosaico de heterogeneidade espacial e estabelecer diferentes perfis na composição dos grupos de microrregião, reunindo as mais tradicionais no cultivo de uma espécie, ou mais produtivas, ou aquelas mais propícias ao desenvolvimento de determinada cultura. A análise fatorial estabeleceu dois eixos canônicos para as interrelações entre as culturas, sendo o primeiro fator explicando 42,22% da variância total correlacionado com as culturas anuais, podendo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The knowledge of the relationship between biological variables makes the multivariate analysis a potential tool for applications in several science fields. In agriculture, this technique has enabled the understanding and obtaining responses very real, which show the possibility of use by both the efficiency and the accuracy of the method in the interpretation of results. The purpose of this research is to use of multivariate techniques based on quantitative procedures to improve the knowledge about the climatic variables of the southeast of Mato Grosso state, which helps to solve problems in the agricultural sector. Also, the grouping analysis classified the micro regions in similar groups. The factorial analysis showed the dimensions of the variation structure of data, enabling the determination of the extent of each variable in each dimension. The smaller regions were defined from interpreting of the interrelationship between the products grown in the region. The correlation canonic analysis was used to describe the association between the number of variables and agricultural productivity. Thus, new procedures were incorporated in multivariate interrelationship of these indicators. Some climatic components, not available in a few micro regions, were estimated through multivariate techniques. Cluster analysis allowed the design of a mosaic of spatial heterogeneity regions. It established different profiles in the composition of groups, joining the more traditional in the culture of a species, or more productive, or those for the development of a particular culture. The factorial analysis established two canonical axes for the interrelationships between cultures. The first factor explaining 42.22% of total variance associated with annual crops (called "annual crops factor "). The second factor explained 16, 11% ("semi perennial crop factor")... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial da suscetibilidade magnética para estimar atributos do solo e mapear áreas de manejo especifico para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro, foram amostrados 50 pontos de forma aleatória em uma área de 2 ha, na profundidade de 0,00 - 0,20 m. Foi construída uma curva de calibração para converter as leituras das amostras de solo feitas na balança em medidas de suscetibilidade magnética. A suscetibilidade magnética medida por uma balança analítica teve uma correlação de 0,58 com o teor de argila, -0,75 com o teor de matéria orgânica, 0,41 com a saturação por bases e 0,82 com o teor de hematita do solo na profundidade 0,00 - 0,20 m. A análise estatística multivariada dos componentes principais mostrou que a suscetibilidade magnética explica 10,69% da variância do conjunto de atributos do solo estudados. No segundo experimento, foram retiradas aleatoriamente (grade irregular) 110 amostras em uma área de 770 ha em duas profundidades, 0,00-0,20 m e 0,20- 0,40 m, para avaliação dos atributos granulométricos, químicos e da suscetibilidade magnética do solo. Foram avaliados os atributos da cana-de-açúcar em 32 subáreas. A dependência espacial dos atributos foi estimada por meio do semivariograma, semivariograma escalonado e correlação dos mapas de distribuição espacial. Os resultados mostram que a suscetibilidade magnética apresentou um erro 33 a 50% menor do que a outros atributos físicos e químicos do solo na delimitação dos limites para áreas de manejo específico para cana-de-açúcar. Além disso, a suscetibilidade magnética teve correlação espacial significativa com os atributos físicos e químicos do solo e os atributos da cana-de-açúcar, podendo ser utilizada para auxiliar no mapeamento de áreas de manejo especifico para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of magnetic susceptibility in estimating soil attributes and to map specific management areas under sugar cane cultivation. Two experiments were carried out. In the first, 50 points were sampled, at random, in an area of 2 ha, in 0.00 to 0.20 m depth. It has been constructed a calibration curve in order to convert the soil sample readings, taken from the balance, in magnetic susceptibility measurements. The magnetic susceptibility measured by an analytical balance had a 0.58 correlation with the clay content, -0.75 with the organic matter content, 0.41 to saturation and 0.82 with the hematite content in a soil depth from 0.00 to 0.20 m. The multivariate statistical analysis of principal components show that the magnetic susceptibility explains 10.69% of the soil set properties variance. In the second experiment were taken (irregular grid) 110 samples, at random, in a 770 ha area in two different depths, one from 0.00 to 0.20 m and other from 0.20 to 0.40 m, to assess the soil texture and chemical attributes and the magnetic susceptibility. The sugar cane attributes over 32 subareas were also evaluated. The spatial dependence in soil attributes was estimated through the semivariogram, scaled semivariogram and spatial distribution correlation maps. The results show that the magnetic susceptibility presented 33 to 50% error which is lower than the physical and chemical properties to define the specific management areas limits in sugar cane. In addition, the magnetic susceptibility had a significant spatial correlation with the sugar cane chemical and physical attributes and can be used to aid in the specific management areas mapping for sugar cane cultivation / Orientador: José Marques Júnior / Coorientador: Gener Tadeu Pereira / Banca: Marlene Cristina Alves / Banca: Marcos Omir Marques / Mestre