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Le scandale est un concept qui suscite l’intérêt des chercheurs de plusieurs disciplines comme l’histoire de l’art, la sociologie ou la politique, mais moins ceux du domaine musical savant. Il s’agit d’une chose surprenante étant donné que certains des scandales les plus flamboyants ont pris place sur les scènes musicales. La période qui correspond à la IIIe République en France est remplie de ces œuvres célèbres qui ont suscité réactions violentes et négatives chez une grande partie de l’auditoire. Qu’est-ce qui a déclenché de telles passions? Quels sont les facteurs qui peuvent expliquer le rejet de ces œuvres au moment de leur présentation? L’objectif de ce mémoire est de présenter ces différents scandales d’envergure et de proposer une schématisation plus claire des actions des différents acteurs du champ sous la forme d’un système simple axé autour de la métaphore conceptuelle de l’opposition entre une force centrifuge, exercée par l’œuvre sur le champ, et une force centripète, exercée par le champ sur l’œuvre. Axée principalement autour de la lutte en constante évolution entre les traditionalistes et les modernes, la recherche réalisée présente sept cas particuliers entre 1902 et 1924 : Pelléas et Mélisande de Claude Debussy (1902), Le Sacre du Printemps d’Igor Stravinski (1913), Salomé de Richard Strauss (1907), les Histoires naturelles de Maurice Ravel (1907), le Pierrot Lunaire et la musique atonale d’Arnold Schoenberg à Paris (1922), Parade d’Érik Satie (1917) et 1finalement Relâche du même compositeur (1924). La question qui sera posée est la suivante : Comment les forces en action, qu’elles soient sociales, politiques, culturelles ou esthétiques, qui entourent la présentation d’une œuvre scandaleuse affectent-t-elles sa réception et son acceptation auprès du public et des acteurs du champ musical? / Scandal is a concept that attracts the interest of researchers in many disciplines, such as art history, sociology and politics, but less so in the field of scholarly music. This is surprising, given that some of the most flamboyant scandals have taken place on the musical stage. The period corresponding to the Third Republic in France is full of these famous works, which provoked violent and negative reactions from large sections of the audience. What triggered such passions? What factors might explain the rejection of these works at the time of their presentation? The aim of this dissertation is to present these various large-scale scandals and propose a clearer schematization of the actions of the various players in the field in the form of a simple system centered around the conceptual metaphor of the opposition between a centrifugal force, exerted by the work on the field, and a centripetal force, exerted by the field on the work. Focusing mainly on the constantly evolving struggle between traditionalists and moderns, the research carried out presents seven specific cases between 1902 and 1924: Claude Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande (1902), Igor Stravinsky's Le Sacre du Printemps (1913), Richard Strauss's Salomé (1907), Maurice Ravel's Histoires naturelles (1907), Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire and atonal music in Paris (1922), Érik Satie's Parade (1917) and finally Relâche by the same composer (1924). The question that will be asked is: How do the social, political, cultural and aesthetic forces at work around the presentation of a scandalous work affect its reception and acceptance by the public and those involved in the musical field?

Jazz and rock have been historically treated as separate musical traditions, despite having many similar musical and cultural characteristics, as well as sharing significant periods of interaction and overlap throughout popular music history. The rift between jazz and rock, and jazz and rock scholarship, is based on a set of received assumptions as to why jazz and rock are different. However, these assumptions are not naturally inherent to the two genres, but are instead the result of a discursive construction that defines them in contrast to one another. Furthermore, the roots of this discursive divide are to be found in the history of popular music journalism. In this thesis I challenge the traditional divide between jazz and rock by examining five historical case studies in American jazz and rock journalism. My underlying argument is that we cannot take for granted the fact that jazz and rock would ultimately become separate discourses: what are now represented as inevitable musical and cultural divergences between the two genres were actually constructed under very particular institutional and historical forces. There are other ways popular music history could have been written (and has been written) that call the oppositional representation of jazz and rock into question. The case studies focus on the two oldest surviving and most influential jazz and rock periodicals: Down Beat and Rolling Stone. I examine the role of critics in developing a distinction between the two genres that would eventually be reproduced in the academic scholarship of jazz and rock. I also demonstrate how the formation of jazz and rock as genres has been influenced by non-musicological factors, not least of all by music magazines as commercial institutions trying to survive and compete in the American press industry.

Chapter One introduces the problem that existed in music and logic-psychology at the end of the 19th century. Both music and logic-psychology were in the cul-de-sac of relativism, which had led to obscurity of method and language. Asthetics-criticism is seen to be in the same relativistic position. It is postulated that phenomenological method could aid in music criticism and aesthetic awareness. The second chapter presents a motivic, or Idea, analysis of Schoenberg's second and third string quartets, showing how the twelve-tone method was developed as a way of curing musical composition of the tonal obscurity of late Romanticism. The third chapter is a short exposition of Husserl's development of phenomenological method from his initial work in logic and mathematics to transcendental phenomenology. Chapter Four discusses some of the methodological parallels between Schoenberg and Husserl. Parallels are drawn from all creative periods of their respective work. Chapter Five focuses on similar problems raised in contemporary aesthetic-criticism and their relationship to the methods of Husserl and Schoenberg. Showing how both men solved their problems, a solution is projected for aesthetics-criticism.

Exploration empirique et théorique des diverses contraintes sociales agissant sur la pratique de la critique musicale dans les médias montréalais en contexte de compétition marchande. Pour ce faire, une enquête sociologique qualitative fut menée auprès d’un échantillon de dix animateurs et journalistes musicaux de Montréal. L’auteur développe une théorie selon laquelle critiquer esthétiquement consiste à trier et à choisir en fonction du goût au moyen d’un concept appelé « dynamique EGC », soit le processus par lequel les expériences esthétiques sont filtrées par le goût, qui commande une réponse actée sous forme de critique d’art. Sa recherche s’intéresse d’abord aux impératifs (obstacles) du métier d’animateur et de journaliste musical et montre que c’est la compétition marchande qui prédomine dans un tel travail parce qu’elle surplombe tout le reste. Le mémoire s’attarde ensuite à étudier les déterminismes sociaux poussant certains individus à vouloir pratiquer ce métier. Il est montré que les déterminismes particuliers incitant à la pratique du métier d’animateur musical ne sont pas les mêmes que ceux incitant à la pratique du journalisme musical. Les animateurs sont des « conservateurs esthétiques » qui aiment constamment partager implicitement leur passion, tandis que les journalistes sont des « progressistes esthétiques » préférant donner leur avis explicitement lorsque nécessaire, mais pas nécessairement tout le temps. Dans tous les cas, animateurs et journalistes musicaux sont à comprendre comme des « militants esthétiques », des gens qui tentent de convaincre en même temps qu’ils tentent d’acquérir de la notoriété critique. / Empirical and theoretical exploration of the constraints acting on the professionnal practice of music criticism in the Montreal’s media industry and in the context of market competition. To do so, the author conducted a qualitative sociological fieldwork with a sample of ten musical hosts and journalists from Montreal. The author develops a theory that to criticize is to sort and to select according to taste using a concept called the “ETC dynamic“. In this process, aesthetic experiences are filtered by taste, which produces answers that become art critiques. The study begins by exploring the way the market economy shapes the media culture and influences the journalistic critical work. Then the author studies the social factors that drive some people to speak about music in the media as music hosts and journalists. It is shown that the factors inciting the practice of musical hosting are not the same as the factors inciting the practice of musical journalism. Musical hosts are “asthetic conservatives” who constantly like to share their passion, while musical journalists are « aesthetic progressive » who prefer to give their opinion explicitly when necessary but not all the time. In all cases, musical hosts and journalists are to be understood as « aesthetic militants »: people who try to convince as well as acquire critical prestige and authority.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liliana Harb Bollos.pdf: 1307438 bytes, checksum: 8847167e3d089b9bcfa66fa3dbc869ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-15 / The principal objective of this research is to discuss the critical reception of the first phenomena of popular Brazilian music and the interest of the press at large in the Bossa Nova. It attempts also to insert literary criticism into the formation of modern Brazilian criticism, therefore including journalistic criticism, capable of creating parameters for other art critics. The body of the work consists of critiques made available by the researcher, José Ramos Tinhorão, through the Moreira Salles Institute in Sao Paulo. Added to these are collections from the popular music magazine, Revista Clima, and in additional books, the important example of the literary supplement of the newspaper, O Estado de São Paulo. (The State of Sao Paulo). The methodology involved a lengthly and exhaustive study of the pioneering critics of Bossa Nova. The theoretic body of the study deals with a group of works on the ideas of Mario de Andrade and the thinking borne from him, the example of the Clima Group incontradiction with the universalist vision of Oswald de Andrade, and reexaminations by the concrete poets and by Caetano Veloso. As a result, it is argued that the reception of the Bossa Nova in the press was a polyphony of voices in dialogue, in spite of the various dissonant chords that may have existed among them. The formation of two distinct groups of critics is perceived, two schools of thought, one sociologic and one esthetic, represented fy two books of criticism in the 1950s: Popular music in Debate (J.R.Tinhorão) and the Swing of Bossa (Augusto de Campos) / O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é discutir a recepção crítica do primeiro fenômeno da música popular brasileira a interessar a grande imprensa - a Bossa Nova. Trata-se também de inserir a crítica literária na formação de uma crítica moderna brasileira, aí incluída a jornalística, capaz de criar parâmetros para outras críticas de arte. O corpus do trabalho é constituído de críticas disponibilizadas pelo pesquisador José Ramos Tinhorão através do Instituto Moreira Salles de São Paulo. Soma-se a este repertório uma produção coletada na Revista da música popular, Revista Clima e em segundos cadernos, a exemplo do importante Suplemento Literário do jornal O Estado de São Paulo. A metodologia envolveu uma delongada pesquisa de campo para o levantamento das pioneiras críticas em torno da Bossa Nova. O corpo teórico do trabalho constitui-se num conjunto de obras em torno do pensamento de Mário de Andrade e nas correntes dele nascidas, a exemplo da plataforma do Grupo Clima, contrapondo-se com a visão universalista de Oswald de Andrade, revisto pelos poetas concretos e por Caetano Veloso. Como resultado, argumenta-se que a recepção da Bossa Nova na imprensa foi uma polifonia de vozes em diálogo, apesar dos vários acordes dissonantes que possam existir entre elas. Percebe-se a formação de dois grupos distintos de críticos, duas tendências de pensamento, uma de cunho sociológico e outra de cunho estético, representadas por dois livros de crítica, ainda na década de 1960: Música popular em debate (J. R. Tinhorão) e Balanço da bossa (Augusto de Campos)

Les sonates pour piano de la « génération romantique » (Rosen) et des compositeurs qui l’ont suivie s’éloignent des conventions qui régissent la forme classique, et ce à plusieurs égards : schéma tonal, découpage, fonctions formelles, voire même l’affect ou l’esthétique générale du mouvement. Lorsqu’il s’agit de sonates de jeunesse, ces écarts ont généralement été interprétés comme des maladresses ou comme un manque de métier. Cette thèse remet en question cette perspective et propose une démarche analytique permettant de rétablir ce répertoire dans sa spécificité en définissant une nouvelle conception esthétique de la sonate romantique. L’approche développée ici n’est pas fondée sur une construction musicale purement théorique : elle repose plutôt sur une conciliation entre, d’une part, les valeurs esthétiques caractéristiques de cette époque, et, d’autre part, l’analyse structurelle et formelle. Cette approche est exposée en deux grandes étapes. Les chapitres 1 et 2 parcourent les écrits philosophiques, littéraires, théoriques et critiques des années 1790-1860 pour y découvrir six valeurs esthétiques qui définissent la sonate au XIXe siècle : la forme abstraite, la cohérence à grande échelle, l’organicisme, la tension entre tradition et innovation, l’expression du sublime et celle de la noblesse. Les chapitres 3 à 5 emploient différentes techniques d’analyse (la Formenlehre de William Caplin, l’analyse réductionnelle de Heinrich Schenker et l’étude de l’organisation rythmique et métrique d’après Lester, Krebs et de Médicis) pour montrer comment ces six valeurs esthétiques permettent de rendre compte de la structure spécifique des oeuvres sélectionnées : la Sonate pour piano en mi majeur, op. 6 (1826), de Mendelssohn ; la Grande Sonate pour piano en fa dièse mineur, op. 11 (1832-1835), de Schumann ; la Grande Sonate pour piano en fa mineur, « Concert sans orchestre », op. 14 (1835-1836, rév. 1853), de Schumann ; et la Sonate pour piano en fa dièse mineur, op. 2, de Brahms (1852). Cette approche, qui permet d’appliquer la théorie de la forme à un répertoire pour lequel elle n’a pas a priori été conçue, met l’accent sur la souplesse du rapport entre le discours esthétique et la pratique compositionnelle. Chaque compositeur, sinon chaque oeuvre, répond aux valeurs esthétiques à divers degrés et selon différentes combinaisons. Au final, cette démarche permet de montrer à quel point les considérations esthétiques jouent un rôle primordial dans la conception même de la forme sonate au XIXe siècle. Elle ouvre de nouvelles perspectives en permettant de mieux cerner les points de contact et les divergences entre la sonate classique et la sonate romantique, et fournit des éléments qui permettront une comparaison plus légitime entre ces deux répertoires. / Piano sonatas written by composers from the ‘Romantic Generation’ (Rosen), as well as those from the following generation, tend to move away from the conventions of classical form in many ways: tonal plan, form, formal functions, and even the general affect or aesthetic of the movement. When the sonatas in question are early works, unconventional details are frequently interpreted as mistakes or the result of a lack of training. This dissertation challenges that perspective and develops an analytical approach that establishes the unique elements of this repertoire by defining a new aesthetic understanding of romantic sonata form. This approach is not based on a purely musical construct. Rather, it combines characteristic aesthetic values of the period with formal and structural analysis. The approach is presented in two stages. The first two chapters of the dissertation survey philosophical, literary, theoretical and critical texts from 1790 to 1860, uncovering six aesthetic values that define the sonata in the 19th century: abstract form, large-scale coherence, organicism, the opposition of tradition and innovation, an expression of the sublime and of nobility. Chapters 3 to 5 use different analytical methods (Caplin’s Formenlehre, Schenkerian linear analysis, and rhythmic analysis based on Lester, Krebs, and de Médicis) to illustrate how these six core aesthetic values illuminate the specific structures of four sonata-form movements: Mendelssohn’s Piano Sonata in E Major, op. 6 (1826), Schumann’s Piano Sonata in F-sharp Minor, op. 11 (1832-1835) and Piano Sonata in F Minor, “Concert sans orchestre”, op. 14 (1835-1836, rev. 1853), and Brahms’ Piano Sonata in F-sharp Minor, op. 2 (1852). This approach, which applies Caplin’s theory of form to a repertoire for which it was not originally developed, underscores the fluidity of the relationship between aesthetic discourse and compositional practice. Each composer, perhaps each individual work, responds to the aesthetic values in different ways and to varying degrees. In the end, this type of analysis shows how significant aesthetic considerations are in conceptualising sonata form in the 19th century. It broadens our perspective on form by better identifying the commonalities and divergences between classical and romantic sonata form, and provides elements that will allow a more accurate comparison of these two repertoires.

Since the development of interactive music software in the 1980s, a new genre of works for clarinet and computer has emerged. The rapid proliferation of interactive music resulted in a great deal of experimentation, creating a lack of standardization in both the composition and performance of this repertoire. In addition, many performers are reluctant to approach these works due to unfamiliarity with the genre and its technical and musical considerations. Performance practice commonly refers to interpretation of a written score, but the technology involved in interactive music requires a broader definition of performance practice; one that also addresses computer software, coordination between the performer and computer system, and technology such as microphones and pedals. The problems and potential solutions of interactive music performance practice are explored in this paper through review of the relevant published literature, interviews with experts in the field, and examination of musical examples from works for clarinet and computer by Lippe, May, Pinkston, Rowe, and Welch. Performance practice considerations of interactive music fall into the categories of notation, technology, collaboration, interpretation, and rehearsal. From the interviews and the literature, it is clear that the performance of interactive music requires specific knowledge and skills that performers may not encounter in other genres of contemporary music, including microphone technique, spatialization, sound processing, and improvisation. Performance practice issues are often mediated by close collaboration between performers and composers, but they can inhibit the accessibility of these works to new performers, and may be detrimental to the long-term viability of interactive music. Recommendations for resolving these issues are directed at both composers and performers of interactive music. A listing of over one hundred interactive works for clarinet and computer is also included.

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Paul L. Rosenfeld ( 1890-1946) almost single-handedly established the music of living American composers on a solid critical foundation in the period between the two world wars. Although he built a reputation chiefly as a critic of music, he was a man ofletters who ranged across all the arts with unrivaled competence and ease. Rosenfeld's contemporaries acknowledged him as a champion of that strain of modernism which celebrated the interrelatedness of the arts. His importance for the wider culture of early twentieth-century American modernism also lay in his seriousness about the arts. Rosenfeld earned forward the American democratic and romantic belief, epitomized by Walt Whitman and Alfred Stieglitz, in the capacity of art to articulate basic values that enrich and even ennoble the human person. Such an idealistic conception of the value of art was increasingly losing favor among the American literati during the 1920s, the period when Rosenfeld enjoyed his greatest influence and prestige. During this decade of"terrible honesty," American intellectuals tended to dismiss the "ideals of men" in favor of a single-minded interest in a more bitter realism. Inasmuch as they denigrated the notion that art held any kind of privileged status as a conveyor of values, they were in effect nascent postmodemists. This study ofPaul Rosenfeld's life and work examines the achievements ofPaul Rosenfeld as a critic of the arts in their relation to the wider American culture of the interwar years, and as a purveyor of modernism against the background of the first strains of postmodemism. It will also treat at length Rosenfeld's efforts as a writer, editor, and minor philanthropist on behalf of establishing a distinctively American music, literature, and painting. This cultural nationalism, I argue, is best understood as part ofRosenfeld's modernist project. To a lesser degree this thesis also deals with the changing position of the man of letters in American life. / History / D. Litt et Phil. (History)