Le système racinaire des arbres peut établir des symbioses ectomycorhiziennes (ECM) avec des champignons rhizosphériques. La mise en place de la symbiose est accompagnée d'une stimulation de la formation des racines latérales (RLs), et d'une modification de la croissance racinaire. Ces processus développementaux conduisent à la formation de racines courtes typiques des ECMs. Il a été montré que l'auxine est une phytohormone clef dans la formation des RLs ainsi que dans la croissance racinaire. Notre projet s'est focalisé sur l'étude de la régulation des voies de l'auxine dans la racine de peuplier en réponse à L. bicolor. Dans cette étude, nous avons mis en évidence un arrêt de croissance des RLs et des racines adventives du peuplier Populus tremula x P. alba, après deux semaines de co-culture avec L. bicolor. De plus, nous avons aussi montré que cet arrêt n'est pas conditionné par la présence du réseau de Hartig. Une analyse de l'expression globale des gènes de peuplier dans la mycorhize a été réalisée au cours de la formation de la mycorhize. Cette analyse, couplée à des observations du gradient auxinique via le patron d'expression du promoteur DR5, montre que la signalisation auxinique est affectée dans l'organe symbiotique. La quantification de l'auxine (acide indole 3-acétique, AIA) et des métabolites associés a permis de mettre en évidence un environnement symbiotique riche en auxine dans la mycorhize, qui pourrait expliquer les modifications de la signalisation auxinique. De plus, un changement de la conjugaison et de la dégradation de l'AIA est détecté dans la racine, ainsi qu'une dégradation de l'AIA dans les hyphes de L. bicolor. En parallèle, une analyse fonctionnelle de PtaPIN9, un orthologue de AtPIN2, responsable du transport basipète de l'auxine à l'apex racinaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana, a été réalisée au cours de la mycorhization avec L. bicolor. L'immunolocalisation de PtPIN9 dans les racines de peuplier a montré une localisation similaire à AtPIN2, dans les cellules épidermiques. Les lignées transgéniques ayant une modification de l'expression de ce gène ne répondent pas à L. bicolor en terme de stimulation de RLs. Dans les racines mycorhizées, PtaPIN9 n'est plus observée, mais les modifications de l'expression de PtaPIN9 ne modifient ni l'arrêt de croissance racinaire, ni la formation du réseau de Hartig. Ces résultats montrent des modifications majeures des voies de l'auxine du peuplier par le champignon symbiotique L. bicolor. Cette étude ouvre des perspectives sur la compréhension du rôle de l'auxine dans le développement racinaire ainsi que dans le contexte des interactions plantes-microorganismes / Root systems of host trees are known to establish the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis with rhizospheric fungi. This mutualistic association leads to modifications of root development that including a stimulation of lateral host roots, and a modification in root growth. The phytohormone auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) is known to regulate LRs formation and root growth. Our research focussed on auxin pathways in poplar root in response to L. bicolor. In this study, our data showed that the poplar-Laccaria bicolor interaction leads to the arrest of LRs and adventitious root growth after two weeks of interaction. We also showed that this arrest is not regulated by the Hartig net. Differential auxin responses were analyzed by using an auxin-responsive DR5::GUS marker line and revealed a loss of auxin response in ECM roots. An oligoarray-based transcript profiling of poplar roots in contact with L. bicolor highlights a differential expression of auxin asociated genes in ECM. Measurement of auxin metabolite in ECM and in the free living partners revealed an IAA accumulation, an activation of the IPyA (Indol-3-Pyruvic Acid) dependant IAA biosynthesis pathway in both partners, as well as changes in IAA conjugation pathways in poplar and in IAA degradation pathways in L. bicolor. Our findings illustrate the impact of L. bicolor colonization on root auxin metabolism and response, and also suggest a role of auxin as a signal in the formation of ECM and in the regulation of ECM function. In parallel, PtaPIN9 function analysis in response to L. bicolor has been performed. PtaPIN9 immunolocalization in poplar roots showed similar localization to AtPIN2 in epidermis cells. Transgenic lines having a modification in PtaPIN9 expression, did not formed new LRs in respond to L. bicolor. In ECM roots, the loss of PtaPIN9 signal is observed but modifications of PtaPIN9 expression did not modify the root growth arrest and the Hartig net formation. These results show major changes in auxin associate pathways in poplar root by the symbiotic fungus L. bicolor, during the formation of the mycorrhiza root. Our results offer perspectives on the role of auxin in root development and in the context plants-microbes interactions

Dans son environnement, la plante interagit sans cesse avec des microorganismes. Elle est confrontée à une variété de microorganismes bénéfiques, neutres ou pathogènes, qui sont fortement dépendants des ressources carbonées que la plante libère dans le sol, leur conférant ainsi un apport de nutriments et d’énergie nécessaire à leur développement. La mycorhize à arbuscules est une symbiose mutualiste formée par 80% des plantes terrestres datant de l’Ordovicien, i.e. environ 450 millions d’années avant notre ère. L’ensemble des travaux de recherche présenté au sein de ce manuscrit, s’inscrit dans le cadre de deux objectifs généraux : (i) acquérir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes à l’origine des relations trophiques chez la plante mycorhizée, et (ii) étudier l’impact de la mycorhization sur la production végétale tant en terme de quantité que de qualité. Nous avons étudié la réponse à la mycorhization de variétés anciennes de blé afin d’appréhender s’il existait une différence dans un environnement semi-contrôlé (serres) ou dans un environnement non contrôlées (champ), et/ou en fonction de la communauté de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules présente. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence que la mycorhization et la nature des champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires endogènes peuvent influer sur le rendement au stade tallage, même chez des variétés de blé ayant une faible capacité mycorhizogène. Nous avons aussi illustré l’importance de bien choisir les critères utilisés pour mesurer ce gain éventuel. Dans un deuxième axe de recherche nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact de la mycorhize à arbuscules sur le développement de la tomate Micro-Tom, et les échanges trophiques au cours de l’interaction. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence, grâce à une analyse multivariée, à la fois des différences de comportement parmi les plantes particulièrement aux stades fruit vert mature et fruit rouge mature selon la nature des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules présents, et des potentiels phénomènes d’interaction entre deux souches de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules; nos résultats confirmant que les arbuscules ne sont pas les seules sites d’échanges dans la mycorhize à arbuscules. Le troisième axe de ce travail a porté sur l’impact potentiel des méthodes de production de semences de variétés anciennes de tomate en condition de sécheresse, à la fois sur la communauté endogène de champignons mycorhiziens au champ, sur la tolérance de la plante au stress hydrique et sur la production végétale en terme de rendement et de qualité des fruits. Le site d’expérimentation se situait au Potager de santé (ferme de production de semences gérée par Pascal Poot). Nos résultats ne montrent aucune différence, en conditions de stress hydrique au champ, entre des variétés cultivées régulièrement sur ce site et des variétés commerciales. Alors, on peut se demander si d’autres facteurs liés au site d’exploitation, tels que les microorganismes interagissant avec les racines de la plante pourraient être à l’origine de la tolérance accrue au stress hydrique. Des travaux sont en cours au laboratoire pour étudier cette hypothèse. L’ensemble de ces travaux ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles recherches visant à élucider les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation des échanges trophiques au cours de la mycorhize à arbuscules et à la valorisation des services écosystémiques rendus par la mycorhize à arbuscules au champ. / In its environment, the plant interacts constantly with microorganisms. It is confronted with a variety of beneficial, neutral or pathogenic microorganisms, which are highly dependent on the carbon resources that the plant releases into the soil, giving them a supply of nutrients and energy necessary for their development. The arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis formed by 80% of terrestrial plants from the Ordovician period, i.e. about 450 million years ago. The research presented in this manuscript was focused on two main goals: (i) to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying trophic relationships in the mycorrhizal plant, and (ii) to study the impact of mycorhization on plant production, both in terms of quantity and quality. We investigated the mycorrhizal response of wheat landraces in order to understand if there were differences in a semi-controlled environment (greenhouses) or in an uncontrolled environment (field), and / or depending on the community of mycorrhizal fungi. Our results showed that mycorrhization and the nature of endogenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can affect yield, even in wheat varieties with low mycorrhizal ability. We also highlighted the importance of choosing the criteria used to measure this potential gain. In a second line of research, we were interested in the impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the development of Micro-Tom tomato, and the trophic exchanges during the interaction. Multivariate analysis revealed behavioral differences between plants at mature green fruit and red ripening stages depending on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal strain, as well as potential interaction event between two arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus trains. Our results confirm that the arbuscules are not the only sites of exchange in arbuscular mycorrhiza. The third axis of this work focused on the potential impact of seed production methods of ancient tomato varieties in drought condition, both on the endogenous community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the field, on the tolerance of the plant to water stress and on crop production in terms of fruit yield and quality. The experimental site was located in the Potager de santé (seed farm managed by Pascal Poot). Our results show no difference, under conditions of water stress in the field, between varieties regularly cultivated on this site and commercial varieties. Then, one may wonder if other factors related to the exploitation site, such as the beneficial microorganisms interacting with the roots of the plants could be at the origin of the increased tolerance to water stress. Work is underway in the laboratory to study this hypothesis. All of this work paves the way for new research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of trophic exchanges during arbuscular mycorrhizae and the valuation of the ecosystem services rendered by arbuscular mycorrhizae in the field.

L'étude de l'écologie des micro-organismes est récente malgré son importance pratique et théorique intrinsèque mais également son rôle central dans la niche des macro-organismes. Les interactions plantes-champignons, de par leur importance socio-écologique et de leur diversité -- du mutualisme au parasitisme en passant par le commensalisme --, offrent un modèle judicieux pour étudier l'écologie des communautés de micro-organismes en interaction avec des macro-organismes. À l'aide de techniques de séquençage à haut débit (NGS) et d'analyse des réseaux, nous explorons certains déterminants de la structure des champignons des forêts corses à travers trois guildes : les champignons ectomycorhiziens, endophytiques et saprotrophes. Ce travail considère les processus de dispersion, les perturbations (feux et chablis), les facteurs environnementaux (par ex. la profondeur du sol) et les contraintes dérivées de l'interaction avec les hôtes (par ex. taxinomie). Les assemblages des communautés des différentes guildes présentent des patrons communs qui pourraient être issus de mécanismes identiques. Ainsi, l'ensemble des guildes étudiées présentent des variations fortes à l’échelle des micro-régions de Corse et entre forêts ayant des histoires de feux différentes. En revanche, l'importance des différents processus d'assemblage et les échelles spatiales auxquelles ils s'appliquent varient selon les guildes. Nous discutons des implications que suscitent ce travail pour les écologues des communautés et pour les gestionnaires d'espaces naturels. / Study of micro-organisms ecology arose recently despite its intrinsic importance -- both practical and theoretical --, but also despite its overriding role in the niches of macro-organisms. Plant-fungi interactions offer a relevant model to study the ecology of micro-organisms interacting with macro-organisms because of their considerable ecological and economical values in addition to their high taxonomic and ecological diversity. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and network analysis, we explore some drivers of fungal community composition in Corsica, at various scales and through three guilds: ectomycorrhizal, endophytic and saprotrophic fungi. We investigate the effect of disturbance (e.g. fire and treefall), environmental variables (e.g. soil depth), constraints due to the interacting plants (e.g. taxonomy) and dispersion on fungal communities. Some community assembly rules are similar across guilds. For instance, forests in different micro-regions of Corsica harbor dissimilar fungal communities. However relative importance of processes and the scales at which they occur vary across guilds. In Corsican pine forests, fifteen years after fire occurrence, soil fungal diversity is close to the level of diversity in unburnt stand. Despite the absence of effect on diversity, fire induces marked shifts in soil fungal community composition, in particular for soil saprobic fungi. We discuss the implication of this work for ecologists -- both plant and fungal ecologist -- and stakeholders.

Increasing atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gasses coupled to the accelerated rate of global warming puts plants and ecosystems under the strain of a rapidly changing abiotic environment. Understanding the impacts of changing global climate is a strong focus of plant science and the establishment of more resilient crop variants is an important goal for breeding programs. Our understanding of plant responses and acclimation to abiotic conditions has improved substantially over the last decades but the combination of a complex abiotic environment and high biological diversity, both on molecular as well as on species level, leaves us still with a lot of uncertainties. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to establish a link between plant thermal responses and the carbon-nitrogen balance of plants. The work in this thesis focused on ecologically significant species of the boreal region: Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula; and Betula utilis, which is one of the prominent tree species in the high altitudes of the Himalayas. The results presented demonstrate that sub-optimal temperatures combined with other abiotic factors can have additive effects that are not easily deducible from the effect of the two factors separately. Low nitrogen availability enhanced the negative effect of low temperature, while elevated CO2 enhanced plant growth under moderate increases in temperatures but under a more extreme temperature increase it exacerbated the negative effect of heat. I also show evidence that species, despite being grouped into the same functional group or inhabiting the same biome can have different thresholds to temperature and to shifts in the C/N balance of their environment and that these differences can, to some extent, be explained by their differential growth strategies. Furthermore, I demonstrate results supporting the hypothesis that the C-N fluxes between mycorrhizal fungi and tree are strongly dependent on the C and N in the environment, highlighting the significance of the tree-mycorrhiza associations in the C sequestration capacity of the boreal region. In this thesis I also present a generalised empirically based mathematical model that can describe the respiration-temperature response of plant functional types or biomes with high precision, giving a more accurate estimate of NPP when implemented in global climate models, and has the potential to incorporate the thermal acclimation of respiration, further increasing the precision of estimating carbon fluxes under future warming temperatures. My results provide novel insights into the interactive temperature-carbon-nitrogen responses of plants, taking a step towards better understanding the response of plants and forests to future climates. / Ökande atmosfäriskt CO2 och andra växthusgaser kopplade till den accelererande globala uppvärmningen utsätter växter och ekosystem för stressen av en snabbt förändrande abiotisk miljö. Att förstå påverkan av ett globalt klimat i förändring står i fokus inom växtforskning och utvecklandet av mer motståndskraftiga grödor är ett viktigt mål inom programmen för växtförädling. Vår förståelse av växters responser och acklimatisering till abiotiska förhållanden har förbättrats avsevärt under de senaste decennierna, men på grund av kombinationen av en komplex abiotisk miljö och stor biologisk mångfald, både på molekylär nivå såväl som på art-nivå, kvarstår en del frågetecken. Syftet med denna avhandling var att upprätta ett samband mellan växters responser på temperaturförändringar och kol-kvävebalansen hos växter. Arbetet i denna avhandling inriktades på ekologiskt betydande arter i den boreala regionen, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula; samt Betula utilis som är en av de framträdande trädarterna på höga höjder i Himalaya. Resultaten som presenteras visar att suboptimala temperaturer i kombination med andra abiotiska faktorer kan ha additiva effekter som inte enkelt kan härledas från effekten av de två faktorerna var för sig. Låg kvävetillgänglighet ökade den negativa effekten av låg temperatur, medan förhöjd CO2-halt förbättrade planttillväxt under måttliga temperaturökningar, men under en mer extrem temperaturökning förvärrades dock den negativa effekten av värme. Jag framför även bevis på att arter, trots att de grupperas i samma funktionella grupp eller finns inom samma biom, kan ha olika tröskelvärden beträffande temperatur och förskjutningar i C/N-balansen i sin miljö och att dessa skillnader, i viss utsträckning, kan förklaras av deras olika tillväxtstrategier. Vidare visar jag resultat som stöder hypotesen att C-N - flöden mellan mykorrhiza och träd är starkt beroende av C och N i miljön. Detta belyser i sin tur betydelsen av samarbetet mellan träd och mykorrhiza gällande kolbindningskapaciteten i den boreala regionen. I denna avhandling presenterar jag även en generaliserad empiriskt baserad matematisk modell som med hög precision kan beskriva respiration-temperatur svar av växtfunktionella typer eller biom, vilken ger en mer exakt uppskattning av NPP i globala klimatmodeller. Mina resultat åstadkommer nya insikter i de interaktiva temperatur-kol-kväve-responserna hos växter, och tar ett steg mot bättre förståelse för växters och skogars reaktion på framtida klimat.

Species prescriptions are developed for revegetating abandoned acidic coal overburden seepage sites in the Collie region of Western Australia. The research involved selecting appropriate plant species and determining successful methods of enhancing revegetation. Candidate species were screened for tolerance to acidic overburden materials, local climate conditions and metal toxicity. Methods tested included improving spoil conditions and trialing an alternative method for seeding.Twelve species of native plants were tested for tolerance in two acid overburden materials in pot and field trials. Eucalyptus robusta is the most tolerant, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus cladocalyx are highly tolerant, Eucalyptus rudis and Melaleuca hamulosa demonstrate potential, provided adequate soil moisture is available.An important growth restriction factor in acid soils is the presence of free aluminium ions. A glasshouse trial performed on seven species for tolerance to aluminium toxicity revealed E. robusta as most tolerant and E. camaldulensis and Kunzea ericifolia a highly tolerant. E. rudis and M. hamulosa are moderately tolerant, but E. cladocalyx and Eucalyptus diversicolor are very sensitive to aluminium.Various methods were trialed to increase growth of seedlings transplanted on to acidic overburden sites. Both commercial cow manure and slow-release fertiliser tablets increase growth, whereas commercial potting mix and lime do not. Inoculation of plants with the ectomycorrhiza fungus Pisolithus tinctorius increases the amount of infection in roots but does not enhance plant growth.Supplementary fertilisation is necessary to maintain growth (nitrogen) and restore chlorophyll production (phosphorus) in fast growing eucalypt seedlings planted into typical acidic spoils. Poor levels of nutrient availability in such acidic sites appear to be the primary factor in ++ / retarding growth. In the absence of supplementation, foliage reddening is observed in several species.An alternative method of seeding dumps is fascining. Prepared dump surfaces may be covered with capsule-laden branchwood of myrtaceous species. Material of the locally available Kunzea ericifolia is effective in producing many seedlings. Subsequent seedling growth is enhanced with fertiliser and lime addition.

The Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is an endosymbiont of higher plant roots. Most land plants and cultivated crops are concerned to AM symbiosis. This endosymbiosis is based on the mutual exchange of nutrients between plant and fungus. Therefore, AM symbiosis leads to an increased demand for photosynthetic products. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathway used by plants during AM symbiosis to increase photosynthetic performance. Therefore, we have carried out a systematic characterization of photosynthesis in Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula), which is a model legume. We observed colonization by the fungus in roots and that AM symbiosis increases the fresh and dry plant biomass. This could be attributed to an increase in both photosynthetic efficiency and capacity in AM plants. Consistent with these observations, AM symbiosis enhanced phosphorus uptake from the soil into roots, stems and leaves, as based on analyses of phosphorus content. Based on equal chl loading, no differences were found regarding D1, Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 protein content in four plant groups. This indicates similar ratio between chl and PSII proteins. Furthermore, AM symbiosis increases the amount of chlorophyll, steady state oxygen evolution activities, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), and photosynthetic electron transport rate (about 5 fold). Nevertheless, photoprotection was not affected by AM symbiosis. We observed an increase in weight of seed/fruit and weight of seed/plant in AM plants (about 2 fold). Based on these results, we propose that AM symbiosis increases both the efficiency and the capacity of photosynthetic apparatus in the M. truncatula.

No description available.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association results from a successful interaction between the genomes of the two symbiotic partners. In this context, the aim of my research was to better characterize the role of the late stage symbiosis-related pea genes PsSym36, PsSym33 and PsSym40 in the functional AM (i) by investigating the effect of mutations in the three genes on fungal and plant gene responses and (ii) by creating conditions for the localization of two of the genes, PsSym36 and PsSym40, on the pea genetic map for future map-based cloning. The expression of a subset of ten fungal and eight plant genes,previously reported to be activated during mycorrhiza development, was compared in Glomus intraradices-inoculated roots of wild type and Pssym36, Pssym33 and Pssym40 mutant pea plants. Most of the fungal genes were down-regulated in roots of the Pssym36 mutant where arbuscule formation is defective, and several were upregulated with more rapid fungal development in roots of the Pssym40 mutant. Microdissection of mycorrhizal PsSym40 roots corroborated preferential expression of the three G. intraradices genes SOD, DESAT and PEPISOM in arbuscule-containing cells. Inactivation of PsSym36 also resulted in down regulation of plant genes whilst mutation of the PsSym33 and PsSym40 genes affected plant gene responses in a more time-dependent way. Results thus indicate an implication of the investigated pea SYM genes in the modulation of plant and fungal molecular interactions linked to signaling, nutrient exchange or stress response regulation during AM symbiosis formation and functioning. Conditions for localization of the PsSym36 and PsSym40 genes on the pea genetic map were developed for their future map-based cloning. Based on the molecular markers obtained, it was possible to conclude that localization of the PsSym40 gene most likely resides outside the linkage groups I, II, III or V of the genetic map of pea.

Orientador: Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato / Banca: Luiz Antonio Graciolli / Banca: Gilberto Colodro / Resumo: O solo é um meio que engloba diferentes substâncias químicas e colóides e uma alta diversidade biológica. Estes componentes apresentam íntima relação funcional para sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas e, sua degradação, geralmente causada pela ação antrópica, acarreta um grande prejuízos ambientais e socioeconômicos para as gerações atuais e um enorme risco para as gerações futuras. Para reverter um processo como este, são necessárias intervenções por meio de estratégias como a revegetação. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar crescimento e colonização micorrízica do pinhão manso em solo decaptado que recebeu inoculo de fungos micorrizicos arbusculares, hidrogel e materiais orgânicos. O experimento foi conduzido de maio de 2008 a maio 2009, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) da UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Ilha Solteira, no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental foi o em blocos casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2x2, ou seja, 3 tratamentos com material orgânico (aguapé, composto e aguapé+composto), 2 tratamentos com hidrogel (com e sem adição) e 2 tratamentos de inoculação (com e sem inoculação) empregando solo proveniente de uma área preservada de cerrado como fonte de microrganimos, incluíndo fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, com 4 repetições e 5 plantas por tratamentos. O composto foi preparado com materiais de poda e esterco de bovino. Avaliou-se: o crescimento das plantas em 7 épocas diferentes, a caracterização química e número de esporos em 4 épocas, além da porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, presença de flores, número de ramos e de folhas e peso fresco e seco da parte aérea. O tratamento com hidrogel não mostrou interferência no crescimento de plantas, mas, assim como o solo-inóculo, aumentou a esporulação, a colonização micorrízica e a produção de matéria seca... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The soil is a medium that contain different chemical substances and colloids and a high biological diversity. These components have functional relationship on the sustainability of ecosystems and their degradation, usually caused by human action, which causes great socio-economic damage to the present generations and an enormous risk for the future generations. To reverse such process, action is needed using strategies, such as, revegetation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and mycorrhiza colonization of Jatropha on decapitated soil that received organic materials and hydrogel. The experiment was conducted from May 2008 to May 2009, the Farm Education, Research and Extension (FEPE), UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira Campus, located at Selvíria city-MS, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 3x2x2, i.e., 3 treatments with organic materials (water hyacinth, compost and water hyacinth + compost), 2 hydrogel treatments (with and without addition) and 2 inoculations treatments (with and without inoculation) using natural soil from a preserved 'cerrado' area as a source of microorganisms, including mycorrhizal fungi, with 4 replications and 5 plants per each. The compound was prepared with materials pruning and cow dung. The growth of plants in 7 different times, the chemical characterization and number of spores in 4 times, and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, presence of flowers, branches and leaves and fresh and dry weight of air part was evaluated. Treatment with hydrogel showed no interference with the growth of plants; however, as well as the soilinoculum, they increased sporulation, root colonization and production of dry matter. The organic materials treatments positively altered the condition of the ground, plant growth, mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation; the improved performances... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_aa_me_ilha.pdf: 676511 bytes, checksum: f49f6d1a9f6dfba6539f793f9e93426c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O solo é um meio que engloba diferentes substâncias químicas e colóides e uma alta diversidade biológica. Estes componentes apresentam íntima relação funcional para sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas e, sua degradação, geralmente causada pela ação antrópica, acarreta um grande prejuízos ambientais e socioeconômicos para as gerações atuais e um enorme risco para as gerações futuras. Para reverter um processo como este, são necessárias intervenções por meio de estratégias como a revegetação. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar crescimento e colonização micorrízica do pinhão manso em solo decaptado que recebeu inoculo de fungos micorrizicos arbusculares, hidrogel e materiais orgânicos. O experimento foi conduzido de maio de 2008 a maio 2009, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) da UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Ilha Solteira, no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental foi o em blocos casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2x2, ou seja, 3 tratamentos com material orgânico (aguapé, composto e aguapé+composto), 2 tratamentos com hidrogel (com e sem adição) e 2 tratamentos de inoculação (com e sem inoculação) empregando solo proveniente de uma área preservada de cerrado como fonte de microrganimos, incluíndo fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, com 4 repetições e 5 plantas por tratamentos. O composto foi preparado com materiais de poda e esterco de bovino. Avaliou-se: o crescimento das plantas em 7 épocas diferentes, a caracterização química e número de esporos em 4 épocas, além da porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, presença de flores, número de ramos e de folhas e peso fresco e seco da parte aérea. O tratamento com hidrogel não mostrou interferência no crescimento de plantas, mas, assim como o solo-inóculo, aumentou a esporulação, a colonização micorrízica e a produção de matéria seca... / The soil is a medium that contain different chemical substances and colloids and a high biological diversity. These components have functional relationship on the sustainability of ecosystems and their degradation, usually caused by human action, which causes great socio-economic damage to the present generations and an enormous risk for the future generations. To reverse such process, action is needed using strategies, such as, revegetation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and mycorrhiza colonization of Jatropha on decapitated soil that received organic materials and hydrogel. The experiment was conducted from May 2008 to May 2009, the Farm Education, Research and Extension (FEPE), UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira Campus, located at Selvíria city-MS, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 3x2x2, i.e., 3 treatments with organic materials (water hyacinth, compost and water hyacinth + compost), 2 hydrogel treatments (with and without addition) and 2 inoculations treatments (with and without inoculation) using natural soil from a preserved ‘cerrado’ area as a source of microorganisms, including mycorrhizal fungi, with 4 replications and 5 plants per each. The compound was prepared with materials pruning and cow dung. The growth of plants in 7 different times, the chemical characterization and number of spores in 4 times, and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, presence of flowers, branches and leaves and fresh and dry weight of air part was evaluated. Treatment with hydrogel showed no interference with the growth of plants; however, as well as the soilinoculum, they increased sporulation, root colonization and production of dry matter. The organic materials treatments positively altered the condition of the ground, plant growth, mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation; the improved performances... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)