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Why do people run for elective office? Indeed, it is a central topic in political science that arguably is controversial to reveal, but always appealing since public authority remains in office. This study provides an explorative analysis to investigate local elites’ motives running for local parliament and village offices respectively in Kebumen, Indonesia. In examining individual’s motives, experiences and meanings of candidates are analysed using thematic analysis methods to capture emerging ideas of initial motives, enabling and constraining factors that affect the motives, and how both motives alter. The empirical findings of this study show that “people demand” and “community service” are both socially driven motives which act as a catalyst for the initial motives in candidacy process. In contrast, “monetary incentives” and “personal satisfaction” are both individually driven motives, which in turn replace the initial motives in response to high-cost political competition, that is so-called money politics. This study also captures the emergence of religious motive in the shifting process of the socially driven to the individually driven motives. Eventually, the study affirms that both motives, in combination, constitute a political motive as a desire of power to hold an elective office.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLEIDE MOCO LIMA.pdf: 1281674 bytes, checksum: a18776358c4f0b8fd600ceb0770b47f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-25 / Stream Barreiro in Goiânia-GO is a Meia Ponte s tributary. It has approximately 8 km long and has 10 sources distributed in six neighborhoods. Currently, it has been shown that these sources are suffering more negative interventions to ecosystems due the growth of city and raising the level of pollution. In this research were studied the sources, quality of water and environmental impacts. Six sources are completely dry. One is located at Oscar Niemeyer Culture Center. Two are located near GO- 020. The main source is located in private property in Jardim da Luz. Three points were designed to collect. Water quality was analyzed by Standart Methods. Point 1 was outburst in the water, the middle section 2 and section 3 of the dam at the outlet of water to the bed of the stream. It was observed that water in point 1 is great quality, according to the parameters analyzed. However, the other two points of collection showed changes, mainly in conductivity, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, OD, DBO e coliforms. These points the water is dammed and a large variety of aquatic animals. On site there is no riparian vegetation and the environment is completely anthropogenic disturbance. / O córrego Barreiro em Goiânia-GO é um afluente do rio Meia Ponte, apresenta aproximadamente 8 km de extensão e possui 10 nascentes distribuídas em seis bairros residenciais. Atualmente, tem sido evidenciado que estas nascentes vêm sofrendo várias intervenções negativas para os ecossistemas, devido ao crescimento da cidade e elevação do nível da poluição. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar as nascentes do córrego Barreiro, determinar a qualidade da água da nascente localizada no bairro Jardim da Luz e a água da mesma a qual é usada para criação de peixes, em termos físico-químicos e microbiológicos. Os métodos de análises foram segundo Standard Methods. Foram definidos três pontos de coleta, sendo o ponto 1 no afloramento da água, o ponto 2 no meio da represa e o ponto 3 na saída da água para o leito do córrego. A qualidade da água foi avaliada por medidas de temperatura, condutividade elétrica, cor, pH, turbidez, alcalinidade total, dureza, OD, DBO, STD, STS, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. As coletas foram realizadas no período seco. Observou-se que seis nascentes do córrego encontram-se completamente secas. Uma está localizada no centro Cultural Oscar Niemeyer e duas se encontram nas proximidades da rodovia GO- 020. A nascente Jardim da Luz é a de maior vazão e se encontra dentro de uma propriedade particular, a qual foi objeto de estudo. De modo geral no ponto 1, a água se encontra em ótima qualidade, segundo os parâmetros analisados, ou seja e límpida, inodora e com ausência de coliformes fecais. No entanto, nos outros dois pontos de coleta, onde existe a criação de peixes, a água apresentou alterações nos parâmetros físico-químicos, na condutividade, turbidez, alcalinidade, dureza, OD, DBO e coliformes. Nestes pontos a água está represada e existe uma grande variedade de animais aquáticos. No local não existe mata ciliar e a nascente está completamente antropizada. Todas as nascentes do córrego não estão protegidas e não houve respeito à Legislação

In light of developing a nascent gas industry, present multiple challenges in restructuring, regulations and meeting infrastructure investments requirements. To identify an appropriate industry structure and provide suitable regulatory framework to attract adequate infrastructure investments are the requirement to maintain a viable nascent gas industry. The purpose of the study is to examine the conditions required for developing a viable nascent gas industry in Ghana. The study develops an analytical framework by combining the Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm and the Transaction Cost Economics theory with stakeholder consultation in an integrated cash flow model, which identified inappropriate industry structure, ineffective regulation and high risk as challenges in the gas industry in Ghana. The current gas industry structure and regulatory framework in Ghana is identified as state control monopoly. To strengthen the analysis of the study alternative gas industry structural models were reviewed. The Single Buyer Model (SBM) is suggested as an initial stage structure for Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) to commercialize upstream natural gas resources and ease transactions cost. However, the SBM is constrained by the Volta River Authority (VRA) and Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) inefficiencies. The Multiple Buyer Model (MBM) is considered as a transitional structure to solve the existing hold-up and lock-in inefficiencies of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation-Ghana National Gas Company-Volta River Authority (GNPC-GNGC-VRA) firm structure. Enforcing open access regulations to essential infrastructure is required in the long run. Developing an integrated gas-to-power project in Ghana is a viable business. Nevertheless, non-associated gas production from the Sankofa Gas Project is risky and requires higher gas prices and alternative downstream consumers to be viable. The Gas Processing Plant and transmission pipeline tariffs are inappropriately set and requires regulations. Providing effective regulations and governance arrangements by establishing an independent regulator through a gas sector law are important in protecting the interest of various stakeholders in the nascent gas industry in Ghana.

Purpose: This research aims to study the roles played by entrepreneurial human, social, cognitive capital and related process dynamics in venture emergence, exploring their main and combined effects on the model of the determinants of success in Nascent Entrepreneurship. This provides strong evidence for the connection from resources to process dynamics and ultimately to venture outcomes. Methodology Approach: An empirical model is developed to test a research's framework that focuses on formulating and testing coherent conceptual propositions utilising a longitudinal sample of secondary data from a mix gender sample of 816 nascent entrepreneurs in the United States who were tracked over four consecutive years. Findings: The empirical analysis showed significant support for the proposed conceptual model. The findings support the partial influence of the main attributes of nascent entrepreneurial capital (social, human and cognitive capitals) on the outcomes of new venture creation process, where the drivers of positive outcomes appear to coincide with variables that relate to cognitive capital. More importantly, the empirical analysis finds significant interaction effects between elements of nascent entrepreneurial capital and their interplay with the process dynamics confirming the conceptual proposition of an integrative framework encompassing significant associations that constitute the phenomenon of new venture creation. The integrative perspective has implications for Nascent Entrepreneurship theory and practice. First, the main effects of resource endowments should not be taken into account in isolation as predictors of new venture creation outcomes. Second, the role of process dynamics and cognitive capital is best theorised as a moderating variable between the startup capital's attributes and the venture creation outcomes. Therefore, the findings demonstrate a dominant role of the integrative modelling in driving the transition to the start-up phase. Limitations: There is no consensus on the measures of success for entrepreneurship research at the nascent phase of business venturing. There is substantial variation in the literature in terms of outcomes, definitions, conceptual works and design issues, and therefore further consideration to control for variations is deemed necessary to ensure valid, cumulative and definitive answers that must be built upon a solid and unified basis. ` Originality: Thesis is original in integrating cognitive abilities and process dynamics with social and human capital in a model of the determinants of success in Nascent Entrepreneurship. While we may consider alternative ways to look at interaction/moderation effects across the three different types of " start-up capital", integrating the three elements in a structured and dynamic model of Nascent Entrepreneurship is an original contribution.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra entreprenörskap i Sverige och Japan och att få en förståelse för varför så olika länder båda har så lågt entreprenörskap. Jag har valt att avgränsa mig till data hämtade från GEM 2007. Metod: I detta arbete gör jag en jämförelse av entreprenörskap i Sverige och i Japan som jag gjort genom att införskaffa sekundär data från en rapport från GEM 2007. I detta arbete har mitt förhållningssätt främst varit abduktivt. Teoretiska Perspektiv: Wennekers (2006) har undersökt den U-kurva som uppstår när man studerar entreprenörskap i relation till ekonomisk utveckling. Länder tenderar att gå från en hög nivå av entreprenörskap till en låg nivå när man går från bondeekonomi till industriell ekonomi för att sedan öka igen när länder nått en avancerad nivå av ekonomisk utveckling. Trots dessa samband så skiljer sig länder fortfarande mycket åt när det kommer till entreprenörskap och förändringarna verkar vara ihållande. Wennekers (a.a.) menar att detta snarare beror på kulturella skillnader än ekonomiska skillnader eftersom kulturella skillnader är relativt oföränderliga över tiden. Empiri: GEM står för Global Entrepreneurship Monitor och är ett not-for-profit akademiskt forsknings konsortium. Deras mål är att göra internationell forskning av hög kvalité om entreprenöriska aktiviteter i världen som kan nå en så bred publik som möjligt. GEMs studie är den största enskilda studie av entreprenörisk aktivitet i världen och startade 1999. I detta arbete har jag använt mig av data från GEMs rapport från 2007 som är det år då både Japan och Sverige var med senast. Resultat: I en jämförelse av Japan och Sverige så hittar jag en del likheter, men främst skillnader. Detta antyder att det inte finns några enkla svar på varför entreprenörskap är lågt i ett land. Resultatet av studien indikerar att de nationella experterna hade rätt när de gav statlig politik som främsta problemområde för Sverige och kultur och sociala normer för Japan. / Purpose: The purpose with this thesis has been to compare entrepreneurship in Sweden and in Japan. It has also been to get a wider understanding why two so different countries both have a low level of entrepreneurship compared to other countries. Since the subject is wide I have chosen to delimitate to data from GEM 2007. Methodology: In this thesis I have compared entrepreneurship in Sweden and in Japan. This I have done by obtaining secondary data from GEM’s report from 2007. My approach in this thesis has foremost been abductive.  Theoretical perspectives: Wennekers (2006) have studied the U-shape curve that occurs when you put entrepreneurship in relation to economic growth. Countries tend to go from a high level of entrepreneurship to a low level when they go from agricultural economy to an industrial economy. Then they tend to go up again when they reach a advanced level of economic development. However countries seem to differ when it comes to entrepreneurship despite this relation and the differences seems to be lasting. Wennekers (a.a.) believe that these differences has to do with cultural differences rather than economics differences since cultural differences are relatively immutable over time. Empirical foundation: GEM stands for Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and is a not-for-profit academic research consortium. Their goal is to make international research of high quality about entrepreneurial activity in the world that is able to reach a wide public. GEM’s study is the biggest study in the world about entrepreneurial activity and started 1999. In this thesis I have used data from GEM’s report from 2007, which is the latest report with both Sweden and Japan. Conclusions: In a comparison between Japan and Sweden I have found some similarities but mostly differences. This suggests that there are no simple answers to a low level of entrepreneurship in a country. However, in my opinion, I think that the national experts were right to put government policies as the biggest problem for Sweden and Cultural, Social norms as Japan’s biggest problem.

<p>The proper modification and trafficking of plasma membrane proteins are essential for normal neuronal function, such as dendrite morphogenesis, spine formation and synaptic plasticity. The secretory organelles including endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are critical for the trafficking of these molecules as shown in fibroblasts. Although these secretory organelles have been observed in neurons including dendritic branches, their spatial organization and function in protein trafficking, neuronal development and plasticity are not clear yet. Here, I used photobleaching and photoactivation approaches combined with electron microscopy to show that although rapidly diffusing within the continuous network of the somato-dendritic ER, membrane proteins such as nascent AMPA receptors are confined by ER spatial complexity. The spatial range of ER membrane protein mobility becomes progressively confined over neuronal development and is rapidly restricted by synaptic activity. Thus, constrained lateral mobility within the ER provides a novel mechanism for compartmentalized trafficking of nascent receptors throughout dendrites. I also identified an ER protein as a novel microtubule-associated protein regulating dendritic ER spatial complexity, neuronal dendrite elongation and spine formation. Together, these results describe the spatial organization of dendritic ER and its role in regulating membrane protein trafficking, neuronal morphogenesis and postsynaptic functions.</p> / Dissertation

Entrepreneurial intention has become perhaps the fastest growing line in entrepreneurship cognition research. Such inquiries of intention-based models generally focus on answering and predicting why an individual makes his/her decision to be an entrepreneur. However, a few limitations inspired the researcher, such as the antecedents of intentions and opportunity evaluation in front-end factors and nascent activities in back-end factors, which were excluded in past studies. In terms of entrepreneurship opportunities, this research suggests that the new paradigm could answer the following questions: Firstly, what are the main factors that influence the intentions of nascent entrepreneurs after entering the implementation stage? Secondly, why do they strive for entrepreneurial goals by means of various actions? Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the research focuses on nascent entrepreneurs, examining the roles of concrete entrepreneurial opportunities and nascent activities in an existing intention-based model. How can an intention-action model with both predicting and explaining abilities be created? The sample poll was from the participants of an entrepreneurship plan financially sponsored by the Taiwan government. This work confirmed that the voluntary sample was consistent with nascent entrepreneurs and was opportunity-based. Deleting those lacking opportunities or with missing data resulted in 207 usable responses, and then, the qualitative research of 19 participants from participant observation or in-depth interviews was conducted. By way of such a multimethod analysis, the results show that the ¡§attitude toward entrepreneurial opportunity,¡¨ entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and perceived social norms are the main factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions. Besides, intentions and entrepreneurial self-efficacy dominate and influence the nascent entrepreneurs¡¦ activities to reach the entrepreneurial goals. Finally, this research identifies two research approaches: one is ¡§To Be¡¨ and the other is ¡§To Act.¡¨ The latter forms a more explaining and predictable opportunity-based ¡§entrepreneurial intention-action model.¡¨ The stakeholders of entrepreneurial policy will face the challenges of how to improve the ¡§attitude toward entrepreneurial opportunity¡¨ and how to inspire the further actions of nascent entrepreneurs.

Le ribosome bactérien (70S) catalyse la formation de la liaison peptidique et représente une cible majeure pour les antibiotiques. Le peptide synthétisé passe à travers le tunnel de sortie de la sous-unité 50S du ribosome avant d’être libéré dans le cytoplasme. Des peptides spécifiques peuvent inhiber la traduction en agissant en cis (peptides naissants) ou en trans (peptides antimicrobiens riches en proline, PrAMPs) sur ce tunnel. Il a été montré que les PrAMPs inhibent la synthèse des protéines en se liant au ribosome 70S. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai résolu les structures cristallines de quatre PrAMPs en complexe avec le ribosome 70S. J’ai ainsi pu révéler que tous ces peptides recouvrent le centre peptidyl transferase (PTC) et se lient avec le tunnel dans une orientation inverse par rapport au peptide naissant. J’ai aussi pu conclure que les PrAMPs inhibent la traduction en bloquant la transition de la phase d’initiation vers l'élongation. L'arrêt de la traduction induit par le peptide naissant se produit lorsqu'un peptide naissant interagit avec le tunnel, entraînant l'inactivation du PTC. L'arrêt peut être uniquement dû à la séquence du peptide ou peut nécessiter un co-inducteur, tel un antibiotique. Les mécanismes d'action des peptides d'arrêt courts (motifs polyproline ou M+X(+)) restent inconnus. Afin d'étudier ces peptides de manière biochimique et structurale, j’ai formé des complexes ribosomaux bloqués avec un peptidyl-ARNt d'arrêt préparé à l'aide d'un ribozyme appelé flexizyme. J’ai ainsi pu obtenir une structure par cryo-EM d’un 70S bloqué par un motif M+X(+) en présence d'érythromycine et de formuler un modèle expliquant l'inactivation allostérique du PTC. / The bacterial (70S) ribosome catalyzes peptide bond formation and represents a major target for antibiotics. The synthesized peptide passes through the exit tunnel of the large ribosomal subunit before it is released into the cytoplasm. Specific peptides can inhibit translation by acting in cis (nascent peptide) or in trans (proline-rich antimicrobial peptides; PrAMPs) due to interactions with the tunnel. PrAMPs were reported to inhibit protein biosynthesis and bind to the 70S ribosome. During my thesis, I solved the crystal structures of four different PrAMPs in complex with the bacterial ribosome, revealing that all peptides cover the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) and bind in a reverse orientation within the exit tunnel relative to a nascent chain. From this, I concluded that PrAMP binding inhibits the transition from initiation towards elongation. Nascent chain-mediated translational arrest occurs when a nascent peptide interacts with the exit tunnel, leading to the rearrangement and inactivation of the PTC. Arrest can be solely due to the peptide’s sequence or may require a small molecule co-inducer, such as a drug. The underlying mechanisms of action for short arrest peptides (polyproline or M+X(+) motifs) remain unknown. In order to study these short arrest peptides biochemically and structurally, I adopted a strategy to form arrested ribosomal complexes through the direct addition of the arrest peptidyl moiety to tRNAiMet with the help of a small ribozyme known as flexizyme. I was able to solve the cryo-EM structure of a ribosome arrested by an M+X(+) motif in the presence of erythromycin and to propose a model for the allosteric inactivation of the PTC.

The study assesses Adler and Barnett's (1998) three tier framework with a specific focus on the mature phase of their framework that emphasises mutual trust and collective identity as necessary conditions for establishing a security community. Adler and Barnett's (1998) three tier framework is applied to SADC's efforts of establishing a security community in the Southern African region. The study explores the reasoning behind SADC's creation with a specific focus on regional integration and how it defines its security architecture and political rationale. By focusing on regional integration and defining SADC's security architecture and political rationale the study outlines how the organisation is making efforts of establishing a security community. This is indicated by describing how SADC has attained the nascent and ascendant phase through its various initiatives and programmes such as the RISDP, SIPO I and II and MDP which provide evidence that there is a sense of cooperation and coordination among SADC member states. The study argues that SADC has reached the nascent and ascendant phase although the regional organisation has not yet progressed to the mature phase of establishing itself as a security community. The study critiques Adler and Barnett's (1998) third phase, which stresses the importance of two necessary conditions of mutual trust and collective identity. Mutual trust and collective identity are evaluated and analysed in respect of whether or not they are relatable and recognised within SADC as a possible emerging security community. The main finding of the study is that mutual trust and collective identity are not recognised in SADC in the manner in which Adler and Barnett (1998) describe them in their three tier framework. However SADC does make efforts to strengthen mutual trust, coordinate strategies and policies to develop collective identity, rather its efforts are not sufficient to make it a security community in the manner Adler and Barnett (1998) understand it. SADC continues to uphold a strict adherence to sovereignty, and is also characterised by domestic instability, lack of common norms and interests among member states and these are major problems for the organisation to create a security community. / Mini Dissertation (M Security Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Political Sciences / M Security Studies / Unrestricted